Fortification and Landscape Transformation in Late Antique Pessinus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v26i1.75Keywords:
Late Antiquity, fortification, Anatolia, Pessinus, landscapesAbstract
Fortified structures were a prominent feature of urban landscapes in late antique Anatolia. They served not only as defensive barriers and oppressive strongholds but also as monuments that delineated residential and inhabited spaces and enclosed zones of administrative and political power. They provided visual and physical focal points that could alter a city’s layout, and were seen and felt daily by city-dwellers. Yet, despite the significance of fortifications to the form of cities and cultural relations within them, scholarship has often isolated such structures from their spatial and social context. There is a tendency to privilege their functional military qualities and to be guided by historical accounts of wars and invasions. Considering the role of fortified buildings in the expression of power and identity has enlivened other fields of archaeology, particularly studies of late medieval castles in northwest Europe, but these perspectives have rarely been applied to the east Mediterranean during Late Antiquity. Using a case study from Pessinus, a Hellenistic-Roman city in westcentral Turkey, I approach fortifications as socially affective loci that are implicated in transformations in the use and meaning of landscapes. Building works sometimes occurred during times of war and could have specific defensive functions; equally, monuments had symbolic meaning as expressions of power and status, and were the subject of conflict and consensus within communities.References
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Crewe, L., and I. Hill 2012 Finding beer in the archaeological record: a case study from Kinssoerga-Skalia on Bronze Age Cyprus. Levant 44: 205-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0075891412Z.0000000009
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Frankel, D., and A. Tamvaki 1973 Cypriot shrine models and decorated tombs. Australian Journal of Biblical Archaeology 2: 39-44.
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Frankel, D., and J.M. Webb 2007 The Bronze Age Cemeteries at Deneia in Cyprus. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 135. Sävedalen: P. Åströms Förlag.
Gell, A. 1992 The technology of enchantment and the enchantment of technology. In J. Coote and A. Shelton (eds.), Anthropology and Aesthetics, 40-63. Oxford: Clarendon.
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Hatcher, E. 1985 Art as Culture: An Introduction to the Anthropology of Art. Lanham, Maryland and London: University Press of America.
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Johnson, R. 1993 Editor’s introduction. In P. Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature, 1-25. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Karageorghis, V. 1970 Two religious documents of the Early Cypriote Bronze Age. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 10-13.
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Keswani, P.S. 1994 The social context of animal husbandry in early agricultural societies: ethnographic insights and an archaeological example from Cyprus. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13: 255-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaar.1994.1015
Keswani, P.S. 2004 Mortuary Ritual and Society in Bronze Age Cyprus. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 9. London: Equinox.
Keswani, P.S. 2005 Death, prestige, and copper in Bronze Age Cyprus. American Journal of Archaeology 109: 341-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.109.3.341
Knapp, A.B. 1990 Production, location and integration in Bronze Age Cyprus. Current Anthropology 31: 147-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/203819
Knapp, A.B. 1996 The Bronze Age economy of Cyprus: ritual, ideology, and the sacred landscape. In V. Karageorghis and D. Michaelides (eds.), The Development of the Cypriot Economy from the Prehistoric Period to the Present Day, 71-106. Nicosia: Leventis Foundation.
Knapp, A.B. 2008 Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cyprus: Identity, Insularity, and Connectivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237371.001.0001
Knapp, A.B. 2009 Representations: female figurines and social identity on protohistoric Cyprus. Medelhavsmuseet. Focus on the Mediterranean 5: 137-44.
Knapp, A.B., and L. Meskell 1997 Bodies of evidence on prehistoric Cyprus. Cambridge Archaeology Journal 7: 183-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0959774300001931
Kopytoff, I. 1971 Ancestors as elders in Africa. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 41: 129-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159423
Layton, R. 1991 The Anthropology of Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1978 Structural Anthropology. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Manning, S.W. 1993 Prestige, distinction and competition: the anatomy of socio-economic complexity in 4th-2nd millennium BCE Cyprus. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 292: 35-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357247
Mauss, M. 2000 The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. New York, London: W.W. Norton (reprint 1950, 1990).
McAnany, P.A. 1995 Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
Mendelson, E. 1967 Primitive secret societies. In N. MacKenzie (ed.), Secret Societies, 20-37. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Merrillees, R. 2003 The first appearances of Kamares ware in the Levant. Ägypten und Levant 13: 127-42.
Morphy, H. 1994 The anthropology of art. In T. Ingold (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 648-85. London: Routledge.
Morphy, H., and M. Perkins 2006 The anthropology of art: a reflection on its history and contemporary practice. In H. Morphy and M. Perkins (eds.), The Anthropology of Art: A Reader, 1-32. Oxford: Blackwell.
Morris, D. 1985 The Art of Ancient Cyprus. Oxford: Phaidon.
Murphy, J.M. 1998 Ideology, rites and rituals: a view of Prepalatial Minoan tholoi. In K. Branigan (ed.), Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age, 27-40. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
Murphy, W.P. 1980 Secret knowledge as property and power in Kpelle society: elders versus youth. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 50: 193-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159011
Nooter, M.H. (ed.) 1993 Secrecy: African Art that Reveals and Conceals. New York: Museum of African Art.
Orphanides, A. 1990 The meaning and function of the Bronze Age terracotta anthropomorphic figurines from Cyprus. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 45-50.
Peltenburg, E.J. 1994 Constructing authority: the Vounous enclosure. Opuscula Atheniensia 20: 157-62.
Peltenburg, E.J. 1996 From isolation to state formation in Cyprus, c.3500-1500 B.C. In V. Karageorghis and D. Michaelides (eds.), The Development of the Cypriot Economy from the Prehistoric Period to the Present Day, 17-44. Nicosia: Leventis Foundation.
Pitts, M. 2003 Don’t knock the ancestors. Antiquity 77: 172-78.
Reese, D.S. 1990 The human and animal bones. In E.D.T. Vermeule and F.Z. Wolsky, Toumba tou Skourou: A Bronze Age Potters’ Quarter on Morphou Bay in Cyprus, 388-92. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Ribeiro, E. 2002 Altering the body: representations of pre-pubescent gender groups on Early and Middle Cypriot ‘scenic compositions’. In D. Bolger and N. Serwint (eds.), Engendering Aphrodite: Women and Society in Ancient Cyprus. CAARI Monographs 3: 197-209. Boston, Massachusetts: American Schools of Oriental Research.
Robb, J. 2007 The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in Neolithic Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499647
Rutkowski, B. 1979 Religious architecture in Cyprus and Crete in the Late Bronze Age. In Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium: The Relations between Cyprus and Crete, ca. 2000-500 BC, 223-27. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.
Sahlins, M. 1972 Stone Age Economics. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Sneddon, A.C. 2002 The Cemeteries at Marki: Using a Looted Landscape to Investigate Prehistoric Bronze Age Cyprus. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1028. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Spielmann, K.A. 2002 Feasting, craft specialization, and the ritual mode of production in small-scale societies. American Anthropologist 104: 195-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.1.195
Steel, L. 2004 A goodly feast… a cup of mellow wine: feasting in Bronze Age Cyprus. In J. Wright (ed.), The Mycenaean Feast. Hesperia Supplement 73(2): 161-80. Princeton, New Jersey: American School of Classical Studies in Athens.
Stewart, E., and J.R. Stewart 1950 Vounous 1937–38. Field Report of the Excavations Sponsored by the British School at Athens. Lund: Svenska Institutet i Rom.
Stewart, J.R. 1962 The tomb of the seafarer at Karmi. Opuscula Athiensia 4: 197-204.
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Published
2013-05-05
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Anderson, W. (2013). Fortification and Landscape Transformation in Late Antique Pessinus. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 26(1), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v26i1.75
