A Behavioral Analysis of Monetary Exchange and Craft Production in Rural Tuscany via Small Finds from the Roman Peasant Project
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.38081Keywords:
craft production, exchange, multidimensional scaling, ontology, Roman Tuscany, small findsAbstract
Roman archaeology has long made use of an urban-rural dichotomy to conceptualize and frame questions about the material record, carrying over values of urbanism and rusticity explicit in ancient textual sources. The construction of rural culture deserves articulation not as a received idea, but through comparison of actual assemblages recovered from archaeological contexts in the countryside. Accordingly, this paper uses the small finds from the Roman Peasant Project (2009-2014), a project to study the lives of the ancient inhabitants of the comune of Cinigiano (GR), to investigate behavioral patterns at seven sites in south-central Tuscany. I utilize a computational approach which automates the process of interpreting finds as indices of different behaviors and I compare the socioeconomic landscape of this rural community in two broad periods, the late Republican / Julio-Claudian and Late Antique. I show not only that a formal, quantitative approach to the categorization of finds and comparison of site functionality can be used to measure overall variability in each period, but also that it is possible to assess the behavioral factors that lay behind the makeup of the Roman rural economy in this region. In the earlier period, peasants' lives were distinguished by lower levels of coin circulation and greater variability in site investment, although with a more homogenous lifestyle. In Late Antiquity, craft production and coin-based exchange were much more diffuse throughout society, perhaps indicating diminishing networks of long-term reciprocity and interdependency among different communities as local production and cash transactions became more common.
References
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Grey, C., J.R. Matthieu, A. Arnoldus-Huyzendveld, A. Patacchini and M. Ghisleni 2015 Familiarity, repetition, and quotidian movement in Roman Tuscany. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 28: 61-87.
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Haselgrove, C., and S. Krmnicek 2012 The archaeology of money. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 235-50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145716
Hermon, S., and F. Niccolucci 2003 A fuzzy logic approach to typology in archaeological research. In M. Doerr and A. Sarris (eds.), The Digital Heritage of Archaeology: Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Proceedings of the 30th Conference, Heraklion Crete, April 2002, 307-12. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture.
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Kalfoglou, Y., and M. Schorlemmer 2005 Ontology mapping: the state of the art. Knowledge Engineering Review 18: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269888903000651
Katsari, C. 2008 The monetization of Rome’s frontier provinces. In W.V. Harris (ed.), The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and the Romans, 242-66. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233359.003.0013
Kemmers, F., and N. Myrberg 2011 Rethinking numismatics: the archaeology of coins. Archaeological Dialogues 18: 87-108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203811000146
Launaro, A. 2011 Peasants and Slaves: The Rural Population of Roman Italy (200 bc to ad 100). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lockyear, K. 2000 Site finds in Roman Britain: a comparison of techniques. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19: 397-423. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00118
-----2013 Applying bootstrapped correspondence analysis to archaeological data. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 4744-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.035
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Molm, L.D., J.L. Collett and D.R. Schaefer 2007 Building solidarity through generalized exchange: a theory of reciprocity. American Journal of Sociology 113: 205-42. https://doi.org/10.1086/517900
Morse, E.S. 1894 On the so-called bow-pullers of antiquity. Bulletin of the Essex Institute 26: 141-66.
Müller, M. 2002 Die Römischen Buntmetallfunde von Haltern. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
Niccolucci, F., A. D’Andrea and M. Crescioli 2001 Archaeological applications of fuzzy databases. In Z. Stan?i? and T. Veljanovski (eds.), Computing Archaeology for Understanding the Past. CAA 2000. Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Proceedings of the 28th Conference, Ljubljana, April 2000, 107-16. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 931. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Orton, C.R. 1997 Testing significance or testing credulity? Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16: 219-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00036
Osborne, R. 1985 Building and residence on the land in Classical and Hellenistic Greece: the contribution of epigraphy. Annual of the British School at Athens 80: 119-28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S006824540000753X
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Published
2019-02-04
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Collins-Elliott, S. A. (2019). A Behavioral Analysis of Monetary Exchange and Craft Production in Rural Tuscany via Small Finds from the Roman Peasant Project. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 31(2), 155-179. https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.38081
