Sustainable Practices? A Story from Roman Cosa (Central Italy)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.36807Keywords:
Cosa, Rome, southern Etruria, sustainability water, water-lifting devicesAbstract
The thermal complex at the site of Cosa in Tuscany offers a clear example of how a Roman community, though crippled by the lack of springs or aqueducts, was nevertheless able to secure and husband sufficient water to operate a public bath, thanks to ingenious architectural adaptations and a unique strategy of water conservation. Regulated by the annual oscillation from wet to dry season and plausibly framed by institutional and social norms, this water supply system seemingly served the local community for at least three centuries. The results of excavation thus far show, in particular, that a still imperfectly known predecessor was superseded and upscaled by a substantial bath complex dating to the mid-second century ad. Attesting to a locally adaptive tradition, this overhaul ultimately wedded the reconfiguration of reservoirs and cisterns of the Republican period to a newly engineered supply system that sought to minimize leaks. Overall, this research affords an opportunity to gain insights into the vision and forethought of an ancient society as it dealt with the most precious of its natural resources and managed to allocate a sizable portion of it to the supply of an amenity. More fundamentally though, it describes Cosa's hydraulic achievements and the questions at stake: how they were integrated, formed a water system that underpinned the growth of the town, and ultimately informed the socio-ecological realities of the site.References
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Blair, I., R. Spain, D. Swift, T. Taylor and D. Goodburn 2006 Wells and bucket-chains: unforeseen elements of water supply in early Roman London. Britannia 37: 1-52. https://doi.org/10.3815/
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Brown, F., E. Richardson and L. Richardson 1993 Cosa III. The Buildings of the Forum: Colony, Municipium and Village. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Bruno, V., and R.T. Scott 1993 Cosa IV. The Houses. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.
23275
Buttrey, T.V. 1980 Cosa: The Coins. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Butzer, K. 1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558245
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Carlsen, J. 1984 Considerations on Cosa and Ager Cosanus. Analecta Romana 13: 49-58.
Castagnoli, F. 1956 La centuriazione di Cosa. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 24: 147-65. https://doi.org/10.2307/4238642
Castellani, V., and S. Mantellini 2006 Le cisterne campanulate. In E. Acquaro and B. Cerasetti (eds.), Pantelleria Punica. Saggi critici sui dati archeologici e riflessioni storiche per una nuova generazione di ricerca, 113-26. Bologna: Ante Quem.
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Döring, M. 2002 Wasser für den Sinus Baianus. Römische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder. Antike Welt 33: 305-19.
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Fish, S.K., and P.R. Fish 1992 Prehistoric landscapes of the Sonoran Desert Hohokam. Population and Environment 13: 269-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01271027
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Garbrecht, G., and H. Manderscheid 1994 Die Wasserbewirtschaftung römischer Thermen. Archäologische und hydrotechnische Unterschungen. Braunschweig: Leichtweiss-Institut für Wassenbau der Technischen Universität Braunschweig.
Giuliani, C.F. 2003 I rilievi Torlonia dal Fucino. In A. Campanelli (ed.), Il Tesoro del Lago. L’archeologia del Fucino e la collezione Torlonia, 40-42. Pescara, Italy: Carsa Edizioni.
Grant, M. 1994 The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition. London and New York: Routledge.
Horden, P., and N. Purcell 2000 The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Blackwell: Oxford.
Kristiansen, K. 2011 Theory does not die, it changes direction. In J.L. Bintliff and M. Pearce (eds.), The Death of Archaeological Theory?, 72-79. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Leveau, P. 1993 Mentalité économique et grands travaux hydrauliques: le drainage du Lac Fucin aux origines d’un modèle. Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 48: 3-16.
Manacorda, D. 1980 L’Ager Cosanus tra Tarda Repubblica e Impero: forme di produzione e assetto della proprietà. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 36: 173-84. https://doi.org/10.2307/4238703
Mantellini, S. 2014 Water harvesting on Pantelleria Island: archaeological survey and analysis of the bottle-shaped cisterns. In T. Schäfer, F. Schön, A. Gerdes and J. Heinrichs (eds.), Antike und modern Wasserspeicherung, 73-101. Raden, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
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McCann, A.M., J. Bourgeois, E.K. Gazda, J.P. Oleson and E.L. Will (eds.) 1987 The Roman Port and the Fishery of Cosa. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
McCormick, M., U. Büntgen, M.A. Cane, E.R. Cook, K. Harper, P. Huybers, T. Litt, S.W. Manning, P.A. Mayewski, A.F.M. More, K. Nicolussi and W. Tegel 2012 Climate change during the and after the Roman Empire: reconstructing the past from scientific and historical evidence. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 43: 169-220. https://doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_00379
Nielsen, I. 1990 Thermae et Balnea: The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
Oleson, J.P. 1984 Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology. Phoenix Supplement 16. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
----- 1987 The Spring House complex. In A. McCann, J. Bourgeois, E.K. Gazda, J.P. Oleson and E.L. Will (eds.), The Roman Port and the Fishery of Cosa, 98-128. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
----- 1996 Water-lifting devices at Herculaneum and Pompeii in the context of Roman technology. In N. de Haan and C.M. Jansen (eds.), Cura Aquarum in Campania: Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, 67-77. Leuven: Peeters.
Orlove, B., and S.C. Caton 2010 Water sustainability: anthropological approaches and prospects. Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 401-15. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105045
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1525/aa.2005.107.1.070
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Regoli, E. 2002 La media e la tarda età imperiale. In A. Carandini, F. Cambi, M.G. Celuzza and E. Fentress (eds.), Paesaggi d’Etruria. Valle dell’Albegna, Valle d’Oro, Valle del Chiarone, Valle del Tafone, 218-45. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
Roberts, N. 2015 Holocene climate change and archaeological implications, with particular reference to the east Mediterranean region. In S. Kerner, R.J. Dann and P. Bangsgaard (eds.), Climate and Ancient Societies, 27-35. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
Rogers, A. 2013 Water and Roman Urbanism: Towns, Waterscapes, Land Transformation and Experience in Roman Britain. Leiden: Brill.
Scarborough, V.L., and L. Grazioso Serra 2015 The evolution of an ancient waterworks system at Tikal. In D.L. Lentz, N.P. Dunning and V. Scarborough (eds.), Tikal: Paleoecology of an Ancient Mayan City, 16-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139227209.003
Schön, F. 2014 Insulare Wasserversorgung: antike Regenwassersammel- und -speicheranalgen auf Pantelleria und Linosa (Italien). In T. Schäfer, F. Schön, A. Gerdes and J. Heinrichs (eds.), Antike und moderne Wasserspeicherung, 103-18. Raden, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
Scott, R.T. 1981 A new inscription of the Emperor Maximinus at Cosa. Chiron 11: 309-14.
----- 1988 The Latin colony of Cosa. Dialoghi di Archeologia 6: 73-77.
Scott, R.T., A.U. De Giorgi, S. Crawford-Brown, A. Glennie and A. Smith 2015 The Cosa Excavations: season 2013. Orizzonti 16: 11-22.
Shaw, B. 1984 Water and society in the ancient Maghrib: technology, property and development. Antiquités Africaines 20: 121-73. https://doi.org/10.3406/antaf.1984.1103
Sidebotham, S.E. 2003 Ptolemaic and Roman water resources and their management in the eastern desert of Egypt. In M. Liverani (ed.), Arid Lands in Roman Times: Papers from the International Conference (Rome, July 9th-10th 2001), 87-116. Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio.
Taylor, R. 2000 Public Needs and Private Pleasures. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
UN Water Report 2007 Land and water. Online: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf
van der Leeuw, S., and C.L. Redman 2002 Placing archaeology at the center of socio-natural studies. American Antiquity 67: 597-605. https://doi.org/10.2307/1593793
Wilson, A. 2003 Classical water technology in the early Islamic world. In C. Bruun and A. Saastamoinen (eds.), Technology, Ideology, Water: From Frontinus to the Renaissance and Beyond, 116-41. Rome: Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae.
----- 2008 Machines in Greek and Roman technology. In J.P. Oleson (ed.), Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, 336-66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yegül, F. 1992 Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biundo, R. 2008 La gestion publique de l’eau; finances municipales et centre du pouvoir à l’époque imperiale. In E. Harmon (ed.), Vers une gestion intégrée de l’eau dans l’empire romain, 163-74. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
Blair, I., R. Spain, D. Swift, T. Taylor and D. Goodburn 2006 Wells and bucket-chains: unforeseen elements of water supply in early Roman London. Britannia 37: 1-52. https://doi.org/10.3815/
000000006784016666
Bodello Tata, M., and S. Fogagnolo 2005 Una ruota idraulica da Ostia. In A. Bouet (ed.), Aquam in altum exprimere: les machines élévatrices d’eau dans l’Antiquité. Scripta Antiqua 12: 115-38. Paris: De Boccard.
Brown, F. 1951 Cosa I. History and Topography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Brown, F., E. Richardson and L. Richardson 1993 Cosa III. The Buildings of the Forum: Colony, Municipium and Village. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Bruno, V., and R.T. Scott 1993 Cosa IV. The Houses. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.
23275
Buttrey, T.V. 1980 Cosa: The Coins. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Butzer, K. 1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558245
Calastri, C. 2007 Acquedotti romani della Valle d’Oro. Ocnus 15: 45-56.
Capogrossi Colognesi, L. 2008 Acque, terre e paesaggi umani nella storia di Roma. In E. Harmon (ed.), Vers une gestion intégrée de l’eau dans l’empire romain, 13-20. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
Carandini, A., F. Cambi, M.G. Celuzza and E. Fentress (eds.) 2002 Paesaggi d’Etruria. Valle dell’Albegna, Valle d’Oro, Valle del Chiarone, Valle del Tafone. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
Carlsen, J. 1984 Considerations on Cosa and Ager Cosanus. Analecta Romana 13: 49-58.
Castagnoli, F. 1956 La centuriazione di Cosa. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 24: 147-65. https://doi.org/10.2307/4238642
Castellani, V., and S. Mantellini 2006 Le cisterne campanulate. In E. Acquaro and B. Cerasetti (eds.), Pantelleria Punica. Saggi critici sui dati archeologici e riflessioni storiche per una nuova generazione di ricerca, 113-26. Bologna: Ante Quem.
Chase, A.F., and V. Scarborough 2014 Diversity, resiliency, and IHOPE-Maya: using the past to inform the present. In A.F. Chase and V. Scarborough (eds.), The Resilience and Vulnerability of Ancient Landscapes: Transforming Maya Archaeology through IHOPE. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 24: 1-11. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
Ciampoltrini, G. 1991 Le terme pubbliche nelle città dell’Etruria centro-settentrionale fra I e II secolo d.C. Studi Classici e Orientali 43: 427-46.
Corvo, C. 2000 Le terme. In M. Munzi and N. Terrenato (eds.), Volterra. Il teatro e le terme, 63-108. Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio.
Crawford, M.H 1996 Roman Statutes. 2 vols. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London.
Dann, R.J. 2015 Introduction: can archaeology save the world? In S. Kerner, R.J. Dann and P. Bangsgaard (eds.), Climate and Ancient Societies, 19-25. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
Degryse, P., and M. Waelkens 2008 Sagalassos VI. Geo- and Bio-Archeology at Sagalassos and its Territory. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
Döring, M. 2002 Wasser für den Sinus Baianus. Römische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder. Antike Welt 33: 305-19.
Downum, C.E. (ed.) 2012 Hisat’sinom: Ancient Peoples in a Land without Water. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School for Advanced Research Press.
Eschebach, H. 1979 Die Stabianer Thermen in Pompeji. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Fentress, E. (ed.) 2003 Cosa V. An Intermittent Town: Excavations 1991-1997. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Fish, S.K., and P.R. Fish 1992 Prehistoric landscapes of the Sonoran Desert Hohokam. Population and Environment 13: 269-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01271027
Fletcher, R. 1977 Settlement studies. In D.L. Clarke (ed.), Spatial Archaeology, 47-162. London: Academic Press.
Garbrecht, G., and H. Manderscheid 1994 Die Wasserbewirtschaftung römischer Thermen. Archäologische und hydrotechnische Unterschungen. Braunschweig: Leichtweiss-Institut für Wassenbau der Technischen Universität Braunschweig.
Giuliani, C.F. 2003 I rilievi Torlonia dal Fucino. In A. Campanelli (ed.), Il Tesoro del Lago. L’archeologia del Fucino e la collezione Torlonia, 40-42. Pescara, Italy: Carsa Edizioni.
Grant, M. 1994 The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition. London and New York: Routledge.
Horden, P., and N. Purcell 2000 The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Blackwell: Oxford.
Kristiansen, K. 2011 Theory does not die, it changes direction. In J.L. Bintliff and M. Pearce (eds.), The Death of Archaeological Theory?, 72-79. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Leveau, P. 1993 Mentalité économique et grands travaux hydrauliques: le drainage du Lac Fucin aux origines d’un modèle. Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 48: 3-16.
Manacorda, D. 1980 L’Ager Cosanus tra Tarda Repubblica e Impero: forme di produzione e assetto della proprietà. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 36: 173-84. https://doi.org/10.2307/4238703
Mantellini, S. 2014 Water harvesting on Pantelleria Island: archaeological survey and analysis of the bottle-shaped cisterns. In T. Schäfer, F. Schön, A. Gerdes and J. Heinrichs (eds.), Antike und modern Wasserspeicherung, 73-101. Raden, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
Mauss, M. 1990 [1925] The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. Trans. W.D. Halls. London and New York: Routledge.
McCann, A.M., J. Bourgeois, E.K. Gazda, J.P. Oleson and E.L. Will (eds.) 1987 The Roman Port and the Fishery of Cosa. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
McCormick, M., U. Büntgen, M.A. Cane, E.R. Cook, K. Harper, P. Huybers, T. Litt, S.W. Manning, P.A. Mayewski, A.F.M. More, K. Nicolussi and W. Tegel 2012 Climate change during the and after the Roman Empire: reconstructing the past from scientific and historical evidence. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 43: 169-220. https://doi.org/10.1162/JINH_a_00379
Nielsen, I. 1990 Thermae et Balnea: The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
Oleson, J.P. 1984 Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology. Phoenix Supplement 16. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
----- 1987 The Spring House complex. In A. McCann, J. Bourgeois, E.K. Gazda, J.P. Oleson and E.L. Will (eds.), The Roman Port and the Fishery of Cosa, 98-128. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
----- 1996 Water-lifting devices at Herculaneum and Pompeii in the context of Roman technology. In N. de Haan and C.M. Jansen (eds.), Cura Aquarum in Campania: Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, 67-77. Leuven: Peeters.
Orlove, B., and S.C. Caton 2010 Water sustainability: anthropological approaches and prospects. Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 401-15. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105045
Redman, C.L. 2005 Resilience theory in archaeology. American Anthropologist 107: 70-77. https://doi.org/10.
1525/aa.2005.107.1.070
Redman, C.L., M.C. Nelson and A.P. Kinzig 2009 The resilience of sociological landscapes: lessons from the Hokonam. In C.T. Fisher, J.B. Hill and G.M. Feinman (eds.), The Archaeology of Environmental Change, 15-39. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Regoli, E. 2002 La media e la tarda età imperiale. In A. Carandini, F. Cambi, M.G. Celuzza and E. Fentress (eds.), Paesaggi d’Etruria. Valle dell’Albegna, Valle d’Oro, Valle del Chiarone, Valle del Tafone, 218-45. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
Roberts, N. 2015 Holocene climate change and archaeological implications, with particular reference to the east Mediterranean region. In S. Kerner, R.J. Dann and P. Bangsgaard (eds.), Climate and Ancient Societies, 27-35. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
Rogers, A. 2013 Water and Roman Urbanism: Towns, Waterscapes, Land Transformation and Experience in Roman Britain. Leiden: Brill.
Scarborough, V.L., and L. Grazioso Serra 2015 The evolution of an ancient waterworks system at Tikal. In D.L. Lentz, N.P. Dunning and V. Scarborough (eds.), Tikal: Paleoecology of an Ancient Mayan City, 16-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139227209.003
Schön, F. 2014 Insulare Wasserversorgung: antike Regenwassersammel- und -speicheranalgen auf Pantelleria und Linosa (Italien). In T. Schäfer, F. Schön, A. Gerdes and J. Heinrichs (eds.), Antike und moderne Wasserspeicherung, 103-18. Raden, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
Scott, R.T. 1981 A new inscription of the Emperor Maximinus at Cosa. Chiron 11: 309-14.
----- 1988 The Latin colony of Cosa. Dialoghi di Archeologia 6: 73-77.
Scott, R.T., A.U. De Giorgi, S. Crawford-Brown, A. Glennie and A. Smith 2015 The Cosa Excavations: season 2013. Orizzonti 16: 11-22.
Shaw, B. 1984 Water and society in the ancient Maghrib: technology, property and development. Antiquités Africaines 20: 121-73. https://doi.org/10.3406/antaf.1984.1103
Sidebotham, S.E. 2003 Ptolemaic and Roman water resources and their management in the eastern desert of Egypt. In M. Liverani (ed.), Arid Lands in Roman Times: Papers from the International Conference (Rome, July 9th-10th 2001), 87-116. Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio.
Taylor, R. 2000 Public Needs and Private Pleasures. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
UN Water Report 2007 Land and water. Online: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf
van der Leeuw, S., and C.L. Redman 2002 Placing archaeology at the center of socio-natural studies. American Antiquity 67: 597-605. https://doi.org/10.2307/1593793
Wilson, A. 2003 Classical water technology in the early Islamic world. In C. Bruun and A. Saastamoinen (eds.), Technology, Ideology, Water: From Frontinus to the Renaissance and Beyond, 116-41. Rome: Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae.
----- 2008 Machines in Greek and Roman technology. In J.P. Oleson (ed.), Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, 336-66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yegül, F. 1992 Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Published
2018-06-24
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
De Giorgi, A. U. (2018). Sustainable Practices? A Story from Roman Cosa (Central Italy). Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 31(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.36807
