Balsam in the Mediaeval Mediterranean: A Case Study of Information and Commodity Exchange
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v14i1.3Abstract
The economic and political implications of commodity exchange in the mediaeval Mediterranean have been the subject of extensive study by historians and archaeologists. In recent years anthropologists and archaeologists working in other regions and historical periods have begun to focus greater attention upon the cultural aspects of commodity exchange. The functions performed by a commodity, and the value consequently accorded to it, may be subject to considerable variation across cultural boundaries. The control of both exotic imported commodities themselves and the information concerning their functions and provenance may form part of the ideologies of political elites. These issues are explored in a case study based on a luxury commodity, balsam. It is argued that greater attention needs to be paid to the role of information in the exchange of luxury commodities across cultural and political boundaries in the mediaeval Mediterranean.References
Abu Lughod, J. 1989 Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Adams, R. 1974 Anthropological perspectives on ancient trade. Current Anthropology 15: 239-58.
Ahsan, M. 1979 Social Life under the Abbasids 170-269 A.H.I 786-902 A.D. London: Longmans.
Allsen, T. 1997 Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles. Carrubridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
AUUmari, Ibn Fadl Allah 1985 Masalik al-absa (ed. A. Sayyid ). Textes arabes et études islamiques 23. Cairo: Institute Français d’Archéologie Orientale.
Appadurai, A. 1986 Introduction: commodities and the politics of value. In A. Appadurai (éd.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Exchange, 3-63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ashtor, E. 1983 Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Atchley, E. 1909 A History of the Use of Incense in Divine Worship. Alcuin Club Collections 13. London: Longmans & Green.
Atiya, A.S. 1938 Egypt and Aragon: Embassies and Diplomatic Correspondence between 1300 and 1330 A.D. Abhandlungen fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes 23.7. Leipzig: Brockhaus.
Atiya, A.S. (ed.) 1991 The Coptic Encyclopedia, 2. New York: Macmillan.
Bacharach, J. 1973 The dinar versus the ducat. International Journal of Middle East Studies 4: 11-96.
Balducci Pegolotti, F. 1936 Pratica della mercatura (ed. A. Evans). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Bara:, D. 1994 Bartolomeo da Trento’s book of Marian miracles: a new insight into Arabic collections of Marian miracles. Orientalia Christiana Periodica 60: 69-85.
Bass, G., and F. Van Doominck 1978 An eleventh-century shipwreck at Serçe Liman, Turkey. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 7: 119-32.
Behrens-Abouseif, D. 1981 The north-eastern extension of Cairo under the Mamluks. Annales Islamologiques 27: 157- 90.
Berti, G., and L. Tongiorgi 1989 I Bacini ceramici Mediaevali della chiese di Pisa. Quaderni di cultura materiale 3. Rome: Bretschneider.
Brock, S. 1979 The Holy Spirit in the Syrian Baptismal Tradition. The Syrian Churches Series 9. Poona.
Cahen, C. 1947-48 Une traité d’armeurie composé pour Saladin. Bulletin d’Études Orientales 12: 103-63.
Carswell, J. 1979 Sin in Syria. Iran 17: 15-24.
Champion, T. 1990 Mediaeval archaeology and the tyranny of the historical record. In D. Austin and L. Alcock (eds.), From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Mediaeval Archaeology, 79-"95. London: Unwin Hyman.
Chartier, R. 1984 Culture as appropriation: popular culture uses in Early Modem France. In S. Kaplan (ed.), Understanding Popular Culture: Europe from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. New Babylon. Studies in the Social Sciences 40: 229-53. Berlin: Mouton.
Chazaud, A.-M. 1871 Inventaire et comptes de la succession d’Eudes, comté de Nevers (Acre, 1266). Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France 32, Series 4, Volume 2: 164-206.
Ciggaar, K. 1996 Manuscripts as intermediaries: the Crusader states and literary cross-fertilization. In K. Ciggaar, A. Davids and H. Teule (eds.), East and West in the Crusader States: Context—Contacts—Confrontations. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 75: 131-51. Leuven: Peeters.
Colin, G.-S., and E. Levi-Provencal (eds.) 1931 Un Manuel hispanique de hisba. Traité d’Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad b. Abi Muhammad ah Sakati de Malaga sur la surveillance des corporations et la répression des fraudes en Espagne musulmane. Publications de l’Institut des Hautes-Études Marocaines, 21. Paris: Institut des Hautes-Études Marocaines.
Constantine the African 1536 Opera, coquisita undique magno studio, iam primum typis euulgata, praeter paucula quedam quae impressa fuerunt. Basel.
1983 Constantine: Liber de Coitu. El Tratado de Andrologiá de Constantino el Africano (ed. E. Cartekke). Estudio y Edición Critica. Monografías de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 77. Santiago de Compostela: Europa Artes Gráficas.
Curtin, P. 1984 Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Studies in Comparative World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
D’Altroy, T., and T. Earle 1985 Staple finance, wealth finance, and storage in the Inka political economy. Current Anthropology 26: 187-206.
Davis, J. 1991 Exchange. Concepts in Social Sciences. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Donceel-Voûte, P. 1998 Traces of fragrance along the Dead Sea. Res Orientales 11: 93-124.
Ehrenkreutz, A. 1981 Strategic implications of the slave trade between Genoa and Mamluk Egypt in the second half of the thirteenth century. In A. Udovitch (ed.), The Islamic Middle East, 700-1900, 335-45. Princeton: Darwin Press.
Fabri, F. 1843-49 Evagatorium in Terrae Sanctae, Arabiae et Egypti peregrinationem (ed. C. Hassler). Bibliothek des Literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart 2-4; 3 vols. Stuttgart: Gedruckt auf Kosten des Literarischen Vereins.
Fischei, W. 1958 The spice trade in Mamluk Egypt: a contribution to the economic history of Mediaeval Islam. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1: 157-74.
Gillett, J. 1991 Burseraceae. Flora of East Africa. Rotterdam: Bulkema.
Ginzberg, L. 1982-83 The Legends of the Jews. Trans. FI. Szold et a i; 6 vols. 8th edn. Washington, DC: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
Ginzburg, C. 1992 The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller. Trans. J. and A. Tedeschi. London: Penguin.
Goitein, S.D. 1967-88 A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. 5 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Grisar, H. 1908 Die Römische Kapelle Sancta Sanctorum und ihrer Schatz: Meine Entdeckungen und Studien in der Palastkapelle der Mittelalterichen Päpste. Freiburg: Herdesche Verlagschandlung.
Groom, N. 1981 Frankincense and Myrrh: A Study of the Arabian Incense Trade. London: Longman.
Helms, M. 1988 Ulysses' Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge and Geographical Distance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Heyd, W. 1923 Histoire du commerce du Levant au Moyen Age. Trans. F. Reynaud 1885-86, 2 vols. repr. Leipzig: Harrassowitz.
Ibn Hawqal, Muhammad Abu al-Qasim 1873 Viae et regna, descriptio ditionis moslemicae (ed. M. de Goeje). Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum 2. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Ibn Iyas, Abu al-Barakat Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Hanafi 1960-74 Die Chronik des Ibn ljas (eds. M. Mustafa, M. Sobernheim and P. Kahle). Bibliotheca islamica 5. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Istakhri, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-Farisi 1870 Viae regnorum, descriptio . ditionis moslemicae (ed. M. de Goeje). Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum 1. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Jacquart, D., and Micheau, F. 1990 La Médecine arabe et l’Occident médiévale. Collection Islam-Occident 7. Paris: Maisonneuve and Larose.
Jullien, M. 1904 L’Arbre de la Vierge à Matarieh. 4th edn. Cairo: Imprimerie Nationale.
Kantorowicz, E. 1957 The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kubiak, W. 1969 Overseas pottery of Alexandria as shown by recent archaeological discoveries. Folia Orientalia 10: 5-30.
Läufer, B. 1919 Sino-Iranica: Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran. Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 201. Anthropological Series 15, No. 3. Chicago: Field Museum Press.
Levey, M. 1971 Substitute Drugs in Early Arabic Medicine with Special Reference to the Texts ofMasarjawaih, al-Razi, and Pythagoras. Veröffentlichungen der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie, Neue Folge 37. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft.
Macguckin de Slane, R. 1883-95 Catalogue des manuscrits arabes de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
Magagnato, L. 1983 Le Stoffe di Cangrande: ritrovamenti e richerche sul 300 Veronese. Florence: Alinari.
Majno, G. 1975 The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in Antiquity. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
Megaw, A. 1968 Zeuxippus ware. Annual of the British School in Athens 63: 67-88.
Menevisoglou, P. 1972 To Ayiov Mopov ev xr| opGoôoÇco avaxoÀiKri £KK?tr|cia (The Holy Chrism in the Eastern Orthodox Church) (ed. P. Christou). Analecta Vlatadon 14. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies.
Meyerhof, M., and G. Sobhy (ed. and trans.) 1932-40 The Abridged Version of the ‘Book of Simple Drugs’ of Ahmad ibn Ghâfiqî by Gregorius Abu'l'Farag (Barhebraeus). Egyptian University Faculty of Medicine Publication 4. 5 fascs. Cairo: Al-Ettemad.
Milvvright, M. 1999 Pottery in written sources of the Ayyubid-Mamluk period (c. 567-923/1171-1517). Bublenn of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63: 504-18. in prep. The balsam of Matariyya: a preliminary exploration of a mediaeval panacea, (in preparation).
Moldenke, H., and A. Moldenke 1952 Plants of the Bible. New Series of Plant Sciences Books 28. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica Botanica.
Morgan, D. 1986 The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nelson, J. 1986 Politics and Ritual in Early Mediaeval Europe. London: Hambledon Press.
Niebuhr, C. 1776-80 Voyage en Arabie et en d’autres pays circonvoisins. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Baalde.
Patrich, J., and B. Arubas 1989 A juglet containing balsam oil( ?) from a cave near Qumran. Israel Exploration Journal 39: 43-59.
Pingree, D. (ed.) 1986 Picatrix: the Latin Version of G hay at al-Hakim. Studies of the Warburg Institute 39. London: Warburg Institute.
Polanyi, K. 1957 The economy as an instituted process. In K.
Polanyi, C. Arensberg and H. Pearson (eds.), Trade and Market in the Early Empires, 243-69. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pomet, P. 1694 Histoire générale des drogues. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Loyson and Augustin Pillon.
Popper, W. 1951 The Cairo Nilometer: Studies in lbn Taghrî Birdî’s Chronicles of Egypt I. University of California Publications in Semitic Philology 12. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Raby, J. 1995 Terra Lemnia and the potteries of the Golden Horn: an antique revival under Ottoman auspices. Byzantinische Forschungen 21: 305-42.
2000 in vitro veritas: glass pilgrim vessels from 7thcentury Jerusalem. In J. Johns (ed.), ‘Abd al-Malik’s Jerusalem. Oxford Studies in Islamic Art IX.2: 113-90. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Raby, J., and U. Yiicel. 1986 Chinese porcelain at the Ottoman court. In R. Krahl and J. Ayers, Chinese Ceramics in the Topkapi Saray Museum (ed. J. Ayers), vol. I, 27-54- London: Sothebys.
Riddle, J. 1985 Dioscorides on Pharmacy and Medicine. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Rowlands, M.J. 1998 Centre and periphery: a review of a concept. In K. Kristiansen and M. Rowlands (eds.), Social Transformations in Archaeology: Global and Local Perspectives, 219-42. London: Routledge.
Rubin, S. 1974 Mediaeval English Medicine ( a d 500-1300). Newton Abbot: David Charles.
Sandys, G. 1615 A Relation of a Journey begun Anno Domini 1610. London: W. Barrett.
Sarton, G. (ed.) 1927 Introduction to the History of Science I. From Homer to Omar Khayyam. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 376. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Savage-Smith, E. 1999 Tibb. The Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd edn): 451-60. Leiden: Brill.
Savary des Bruslons, J. 1723-30 Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce, (ed. with continuation by P. Savary). 3 vols. Paris: J. Estienne.
Scanlon, G. 1970 Egypt and China: trade and imitation. In D.S. Richards (ed.), Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium. Papers on Islamic History 2: 81-96. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer.
Schramm, P. 1937 A History of the English Coronation. Trans. L. Wickham Legg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Seth, S. 1561 Syntagma per elementorum ordinem, de aliment torum facultate. Basle: Petrum Pemam.
Shalem, A. 1996 Islam Christianized: Islamic Portable Objects in Mediaeval Church Treasuries of the Latin West. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Sherratt, A., and S. Sherratt 1991 From luxuries to commodities: the nature of Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems. In N. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Papers Presented at the Conference held at Rewley House, Oxford, in December 1989. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90: 351'86. Jonsered: Paul Astrom.
Spallanzani, M. 1978 Ceramiche orientali a Firenze nel Rinascimento. Florence: Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze.
Spiegel, G. 1997 History, historicism and the social logic of the text in the Middle Ages. In K. Jenkins (ed.), The Postmodern History Reader, 180'203. London: Routledge.
Stark, M. (ed.) 1998 The Archaeology of Social Boundaries. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Thorpe L. (ed. and trans.) 1986 Einhard and Notker the Stammerer: Two Lives of Charlemagne. London: Penguin.
Tomber, R. 1993 Quantitative approaches to the investigation of long'distance exchange. Journal of Roman Archaeology 6: 142'66.
Ullmann, M. 1978 Islamic Medicine. Islamic Surveys 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Villecourt, L. 1921 Un manuscrit arabe sur le Saint Chrême dans l’Eglise copte. Revue d’Histoire Ecclesiastique 16-17: 50M4.
1922 Un manuscrit arabe sur le Saint Chrême dans l’Église copte, II. Revue d’Histoire Ecclesiastique 18: 5 19.
Von Suchern, L. 1851 De innere Terrae Sanctae liber (ed. F. Deycks). Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart 25. Stuttgart: Gedruckt auf Kosten des Literarischen Vereins.
Wansbrough, J. 1965 A Mamluk commercial treaty concluded with the Republic of Venice in 894/1489. In S. Stem (ed.), Documents from Islamic Chanceries. First Series. Oriental Studies 3: 39-79. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer.
Welch, E. 1997 Art and Society in Italy, 1350-1500. Oxford Studies in Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilkinson, J., J. Hill and W. Ryan 1988 Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099-1185. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. Second Series 167. London: The Hakluyt Society.
Zaccagnini, C. 1987 Aspects of ceremonial exchange during the late second millennium BC. In M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.), Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, 57-65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zanetti, U. 1993 Matarieh, la Sainte Famille et les baumiers. Analecta Bollandiana 111: 21'68.
Adams, R. 1974 Anthropological perspectives on ancient trade. Current Anthropology 15: 239-58.
Ahsan, M. 1979 Social Life under the Abbasids 170-269 A.H.I 786-902 A.D. London: Longmans.
Allsen, T. 1997 Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles. Carrubridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
AUUmari, Ibn Fadl Allah 1985 Masalik al-absa (ed. A. Sayyid ). Textes arabes et études islamiques 23. Cairo: Institute Français d’Archéologie Orientale.
Appadurai, A. 1986 Introduction: commodities and the politics of value. In A. Appadurai (éd.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Exchange, 3-63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ashtor, E. 1983 Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Atchley, E. 1909 A History of the Use of Incense in Divine Worship. Alcuin Club Collections 13. London: Longmans & Green.
Atiya, A.S. 1938 Egypt and Aragon: Embassies and Diplomatic Correspondence between 1300 and 1330 A.D. Abhandlungen fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes 23.7. Leipzig: Brockhaus.
Atiya, A.S. (ed.) 1991 The Coptic Encyclopedia, 2. New York: Macmillan.
Bacharach, J. 1973 The dinar versus the ducat. International Journal of Middle East Studies 4: 11-96.
Balducci Pegolotti, F. 1936 Pratica della mercatura (ed. A. Evans). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Bara:, D. 1994 Bartolomeo da Trento’s book of Marian miracles: a new insight into Arabic collections of Marian miracles. Orientalia Christiana Periodica 60: 69-85.
Bass, G., and F. Van Doominck 1978 An eleventh-century shipwreck at Serçe Liman, Turkey. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 7: 119-32.
Behrens-Abouseif, D. 1981 The north-eastern extension of Cairo under the Mamluks. Annales Islamologiques 27: 157- 90.
Berti, G., and L. Tongiorgi 1989 I Bacini ceramici Mediaevali della chiese di Pisa. Quaderni di cultura materiale 3. Rome: Bretschneider.
Brock, S. 1979 The Holy Spirit in the Syrian Baptismal Tradition. The Syrian Churches Series 9. Poona.
Cahen, C. 1947-48 Une traité d’armeurie composé pour Saladin. Bulletin d’Études Orientales 12: 103-63.
Carswell, J. 1979 Sin in Syria. Iran 17: 15-24.
Champion, T. 1990 Mediaeval archaeology and the tyranny of the historical record. In D. Austin and L. Alcock (eds.), From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Mediaeval Archaeology, 79-"95. London: Unwin Hyman.
Chartier, R. 1984 Culture as appropriation: popular culture uses in Early Modem France. In S. Kaplan (ed.), Understanding Popular Culture: Europe from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. New Babylon. Studies in the Social Sciences 40: 229-53. Berlin: Mouton.
Chazaud, A.-M. 1871 Inventaire et comptes de la succession d’Eudes, comté de Nevers (Acre, 1266). Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France 32, Series 4, Volume 2: 164-206.
Ciggaar, K. 1996 Manuscripts as intermediaries: the Crusader states and literary cross-fertilization. In K. Ciggaar, A. Davids and H. Teule (eds.), East and West in the Crusader States: Context—Contacts—Confrontations. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 75: 131-51. Leuven: Peeters.
Colin, G.-S., and E. Levi-Provencal (eds.) 1931 Un Manuel hispanique de hisba. Traité d’Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad b. Abi Muhammad ah Sakati de Malaga sur la surveillance des corporations et la répression des fraudes en Espagne musulmane. Publications de l’Institut des Hautes-Études Marocaines, 21. Paris: Institut des Hautes-Études Marocaines.
Constantine the African 1536 Opera, coquisita undique magno studio, iam primum typis euulgata, praeter paucula quedam quae impressa fuerunt. Basel.
1983 Constantine: Liber de Coitu. El Tratado de Andrologiá de Constantino el Africano (ed. E. Cartekke). Estudio y Edición Critica. Monografías de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 77. Santiago de Compostela: Europa Artes Gráficas.
Curtin, P. 1984 Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Studies in Comparative World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
D’Altroy, T., and T. Earle 1985 Staple finance, wealth finance, and storage in the Inka political economy. Current Anthropology 26: 187-206.
Davis, J. 1991 Exchange. Concepts in Social Sciences. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Donceel-Voûte, P. 1998 Traces of fragrance along the Dead Sea. Res Orientales 11: 93-124.
Ehrenkreutz, A. 1981 Strategic implications of the slave trade between Genoa and Mamluk Egypt in the second half of the thirteenth century. In A. Udovitch (ed.), The Islamic Middle East, 700-1900, 335-45. Princeton: Darwin Press.
Fabri, F. 1843-49 Evagatorium in Terrae Sanctae, Arabiae et Egypti peregrinationem (ed. C. Hassler). Bibliothek des Literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart 2-4; 3 vols. Stuttgart: Gedruckt auf Kosten des Literarischen Vereins.
Fischei, W. 1958 The spice trade in Mamluk Egypt: a contribution to the economic history of Mediaeval Islam. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1: 157-74.
Gillett, J. 1991 Burseraceae. Flora of East Africa. Rotterdam: Bulkema.
Ginzberg, L. 1982-83 The Legends of the Jews. Trans. FI. Szold et a i; 6 vols. 8th edn. Washington, DC: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
Ginzburg, C. 1992 The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller. Trans. J. and A. Tedeschi. London: Penguin.
Goitein, S.D. 1967-88 A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. 5 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Grisar, H. 1908 Die Römische Kapelle Sancta Sanctorum und ihrer Schatz: Meine Entdeckungen und Studien in der Palastkapelle der Mittelalterichen Päpste. Freiburg: Herdesche Verlagschandlung.
Groom, N. 1981 Frankincense and Myrrh: A Study of the Arabian Incense Trade. London: Longman.
Helms, M. 1988 Ulysses' Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge and Geographical Distance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Heyd, W. 1923 Histoire du commerce du Levant au Moyen Age. Trans. F. Reynaud 1885-86, 2 vols. repr. Leipzig: Harrassowitz.
Ibn Hawqal, Muhammad Abu al-Qasim 1873 Viae et regna, descriptio ditionis moslemicae (ed. M. de Goeje). Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum 2. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Ibn Iyas, Abu al-Barakat Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Hanafi 1960-74 Die Chronik des Ibn ljas (eds. M. Mustafa, M. Sobernheim and P. Kahle). Bibliotheca islamica 5. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Istakhri, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-Farisi 1870 Viae regnorum, descriptio . ditionis moslemicae (ed. M. de Goeje). Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum 1. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Jacquart, D., and Micheau, F. 1990 La Médecine arabe et l’Occident médiévale. Collection Islam-Occident 7. Paris: Maisonneuve and Larose.
Jullien, M. 1904 L’Arbre de la Vierge à Matarieh. 4th edn. Cairo: Imprimerie Nationale.
Kantorowicz, E. 1957 The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kubiak, W. 1969 Overseas pottery of Alexandria as shown by recent archaeological discoveries. Folia Orientalia 10: 5-30.
Läufer, B. 1919 Sino-Iranica: Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran. Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 201. Anthropological Series 15, No. 3. Chicago: Field Museum Press.
Levey, M. 1971 Substitute Drugs in Early Arabic Medicine with Special Reference to the Texts ofMasarjawaih, al-Razi, and Pythagoras. Veröffentlichungen der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie, Neue Folge 37. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft.
Macguckin de Slane, R. 1883-95 Catalogue des manuscrits arabes de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
Magagnato, L. 1983 Le Stoffe di Cangrande: ritrovamenti e richerche sul 300 Veronese. Florence: Alinari.
Majno, G. 1975 The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in Antiquity. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
Megaw, A. 1968 Zeuxippus ware. Annual of the British School in Athens 63: 67-88.
Menevisoglou, P. 1972 To Ayiov Mopov ev xr| opGoôoÇco avaxoÀiKri £KK?tr|cia (The Holy Chrism in the Eastern Orthodox Church) (ed. P. Christou). Analecta Vlatadon 14. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies.
Meyerhof, M., and G. Sobhy (ed. and trans.) 1932-40 The Abridged Version of the ‘Book of Simple Drugs’ of Ahmad ibn Ghâfiqî by Gregorius Abu'l'Farag (Barhebraeus). Egyptian University Faculty of Medicine Publication 4. 5 fascs. Cairo: Al-Ettemad.
Milvvright, M. 1999 Pottery in written sources of the Ayyubid-Mamluk period (c. 567-923/1171-1517). Bublenn of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63: 504-18. in prep. The balsam of Matariyya: a preliminary exploration of a mediaeval panacea, (in preparation).
Moldenke, H., and A. Moldenke 1952 Plants of the Bible. New Series of Plant Sciences Books 28. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica Botanica.
Morgan, D. 1986 The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nelson, J. 1986 Politics and Ritual in Early Mediaeval Europe. London: Hambledon Press.
Niebuhr, C. 1776-80 Voyage en Arabie et en d’autres pays circonvoisins. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Baalde.
Patrich, J., and B. Arubas 1989 A juglet containing balsam oil( ?) from a cave near Qumran. Israel Exploration Journal 39: 43-59.
Pingree, D. (ed.) 1986 Picatrix: the Latin Version of G hay at al-Hakim. Studies of the Warburg Institute 39. London: Warburg Institute.
Polanyi, K. 1957 The economy as an instituted process. In K.
Polanyi, C. Arensberg and H. Pearson (eds.), Trade and Market in the Early Empires, 243-69. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pomet, P. 1694 Histoire générale des drogues. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Loyson and Augustin Pillon.
Popper, W. 1951 The Cairo Nilometer: Studies in lbn Taghrî Birdî’s Chronicles of Egypt I. University of California Publications in Semitic Philology 12. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Raby, J. 1995 Terra Lemnia and the potteries of the Golden Horn: an antique revival under Ottoman auspices. Byzantinische Forschungen 21: 305-42.
2000 in vitro veritas: glass pilgrim vessels from 7thcentury Jerusalem. In J. Johns (ed.), ‘Abd al-Malik’s Jerusalem. Oxford Studies in Islamic Art IX.2: 113-90. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Raby, J., and U. Yiicel. 1986 Chinese porcelain at the Ottoman court. In R. Krahl and J. Ayers, Chinese Ceramics in the Topkapi Saray Museum (ed. J. Ayers), vol. I, 27-54- London: Sothebys.
Riddle, J. 1985 Dioscorides on Pharmacy and Medicine. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Rowlands, M.J. 1998 Centre and periphery: a review of a concept. In K. Kristiansen and M. Rowlands (eds.), Social Transformations in Archaeology: Global and Local Perspectives, 219-42. London: Routledge.
Rubin, S. 1974 Mediaeval English Medicine ( a d 500-1300). Newton Abbot: David Charles.
Sandys, G. 1615 A Relation of a Journey begun Anno Domini 1610. London: W. Barrett.
Sarton, G. (ed.) 1927 Introduction to the History of Science I. From Homer to Omar Khayyam. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 376. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Savage-Smith, E. 1999 Tibb. The Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd edn): 451-60. Leiden: Brill.
Savary des Bruslons, J. 1723-30 Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce, (ed. with continuation by P. Savary). 3 vols. Paris: J. Estienne.
Scanlon, G. 1970 Egypt and China: trade and imitation. In D.S. Richards (ed.), Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium. Papers on Islamic History 2: 81-96. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer.
Schramm, P. 1937 A History of the English Coronation. Trans. L. Wickham Legg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Seth, S. 1561 Syntagma per elementorum ordinem, de aliment torum facultate. Basle: Petrum Pemam.
Shalem, A. 1996 Islam Christianized: Islamic Portable Objects in Mediaeval Church Treasuries of the Latin West. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Sherratt, A., and S. Sherratt 1991 From luxuries to commodities: the nature of Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems. In N. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Papers Presented at the Conference held at Rewley House, Oxford, in December 1989. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90: 351'86. Jonsered: Paul Astrom.
Spallanzani, M. 1978 Ceramiche orientali a Firenze nel Rinascimento. Florence: Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze.
Spiegel, G. 1997 History, historicism and the social logic of the text in the Middle Ages. In K. Jenkins (ed.), The Postmodern History Reader, 180'203. London: Routledge.
Stark, M. (ed.) 1998 The Archaeology of Social Boundaries. Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Thorpe L. (ed. and trans.) 1986 Einhard and Notker the Stammerer: Two Lives of Charlemagne. London: Penguin.
Tomber, R. 1993 Quantitative approaches to the investigation of long'distance exchange. Journal of Roman Archaeology 6: 142'66.
Ullmann, M. 1978 Islamic Medicine. Islamic Surveys 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Villecourt, L. 1921 Un manuscrit arabe sur le Saint Chrême dans l’Eglise copte. Revue d’Histoire Ecclesiastique 16-17: 50M4.
1922 Un manuscrit arabe sur le Saint Chrême dans l’Église copte, II. Revue d’Histoire Ecclesiastique 18: 5 19.
Von Suchern, L. 1851 De innere Terrae Sanctae liber (ed. F. Deycks). Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart 25. Stuttgart: Gedruckt auf Kosten des Literarischen Vereins.
Wansbrough, J. 1965 A Mamluk commercial treaty concluded with the Republic of Venice in 894/1489. In S. Stem (ed.), Documents from Islamic Chanceries. First Series. Oriental Studies 3: 39-79. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer.
Welch, E. 1997 Art and Society in Italy, 1350-1500. Oxford Studies in Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilkinson, J., J. Hill and W. Ryan 1988 Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099-1185. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. Second Series 167. London: The Hakluyt Society.
Zaccagnini, C. 1987 Aspects of ceremonial exchange during the late second millennium BC. In M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.), Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, 57-65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zanetti, U. 1993 Matarieh, la Sainte Famille et les baumiers. Analecta Bollandiana 111: 21'68.
Published
2001-09-01
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Milwright, M. (2001). Balsam in the Mediaeval Mediterranean: A Case Study of Information and Commodity Exchange. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 14(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v14i1.3
