Socially Embedded Work Practices and Production Organization in the Roman Mediterranean
Beyond Industry Lines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v28i2.29532Keywords:
economy, production organization, Roman period, work practiceAbstract
Building upon a long tradition of production organization models developed from the 1970s through the 1990s and incorporating approaches developed by economic anthropologists, this paper proposes a new theoretical framework for the archaeological study of Roman work activities that analyzes not only the way that economic activities were structured but also the sets of practices that accompany the execution of tasks. Working outside of materially-defined industry parameters, this theoretical discussion is developed through the investigation of several case studies of transformative production processes in the Roman world (e.g., potting, textile working, and baking), in which similar customs can be observed that are employed across industry lines. Obviously, in any given society there are numerous ways by which to conduct business activities, and it is argued here that, by observing patterning in the arrangement of labor, movement of raw materials, and locations of production, we can begin to garner insight into broader cultural approaches to economic decision-making as embedded in larger social institutions.
References
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2014 Talking shop: multicraft workshop materials and architecture in prehistoric Tiryns, Greece. In K. Rebay-Salisbury, A. Brysbaert and L. Foxhall (eds.), Knowledge Networks and Craft Traditions in the Ancient World: Material Crossovers. Routledge Studies in Archaeology 13: 37-61. New York: Routledge.
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Costin, C. 1986 From Chiefdom to Empire State: Ceramic Economy Among the of Prehispanic Wanka of Highland Peru. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University California, Los Angeles.
1991 Craft specialization: issues in defining, documenting, and explaining the organization of production. Archaeological Method and Theory 3: 1-56.
Cubberley, A.L., J.A. Lloyd and P.C. Roberts 1988 Testa and clibani: the baking covers in Roman Italy. Papers of the British School at Rome 56: 98-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0068246200009570
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Davies, R.W. 1971 The Roman military diet. Britannia 2: 122-42.
1989 Service in the Roman Army. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
de Casa, C., and J. Fernandes 2002 La cuisson gallo-romaine en four à tubulures. In M. Genin and A. Vernhet (eds.), Céramiques de la Graufesenque et autres productions d’époque romaine: Nouvelles recherches, 191-94. Montagnac, France: Éditions Monique Mergoil.
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Erdkamp, P. 2005 The Grain Market in the Roman Empire: A Social, Political, and Economic Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482755
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Guyer, J.I. 1988 The multiplication of labor: historical methods in the study of gender and agricultural change in modern Africa. Current Anthropology 29: 247-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/203630
Greene, K. 2005 Roman pottery: models, proxies and economic interpretation. Journal of Roman Archaeology 18: 34-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400007200
Hawkins, C. 2012 Manufacturing. In W. Scheidel (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy, 175-96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139030199.012
Hayes, J.W. 1997 Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Holleran, C. 2012 Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jodry, F. 2011 First century querns of the Roman army in the light of modern texts. In D. Williams and D.P.S. Peacock (eds.), Bread for the People: The Archaeology of Mills and Milling. Proceedings of a Colloquium Held in the British School at Rome 4th–7th November 2009. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2274: 85-91. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Jones, A.H.M. 1960 The cloth industry under the Roman Empire. The Economic History Review 13: 183-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1960.tb02114.x
Kehoe, P. 2007 The early Roman Empire: production. In W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R.P. Saller (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, 543-69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.021
Kenrick, P. 1993 Italian terra sigillata: a sophisticated Roman industry. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 12: 235-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00294.x
Labrousse, M. 1980 Circonscription de Midi-Pyrénées. Gallia: fouilles et monuments archéologiques en France métropolitaine 38: 464-69.
Luley, B.P. 2014 Cooking, class, and colonial transformations in Roman Mediterranean France. American Journal of Archaeology 118: 33-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.118.1.0033
Manacorda, D. 1993 Appunti sulla bollatura in età Romana. In W.V. Harris (ed.), The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of Instrumentum Domesticum: The Proceedings of a Conference Held at the American Academy in Rome on 10-11 January, 1992, 37-54. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Marichal, R. 1988 Les graffites de La Graufesenque. Gallia Supplément 47. Paris: Éditions du CNRS.
Martin, S. 2001 Imperitia: the responsibility of skilled workers in classical Roman law. American Journal of Philology 122: 107-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajp.2001.0011
Martin, T. 1996 Céramiques sigillées et potiers gallo-romains de Montans. Montans, France: Centre de documentation d’étude et de formation archéologique de Montans ‘Elie Rossignol’.
McGovern, P.E. 1989 Ceramics and craft interaction: a theoretical framework, with prefatory remarks. In P.E. McGovern, M.D. Notis and W.D. Kingery (eds.), Cross-Craft and Cross-Cultural Interactions in Ceramics. Ceramics and Civilization 4: 1-12. Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society.
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2005 Decisions and choices: the rationality of economic actors. In J. Carrier (ed.), Handbook of Economic Anthropology, 59-77. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/
9781845423469.00012
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Peacock, D. 1982 Pottery in the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. London: Longman.
Polanyi, K. 1944 The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.
Pucci, G. 1993 I bolli sulla terra sigillata: fra epigrafia e storia economica. In W.V. Harris (ed.), The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of Instrumentum Domesticum: The Proceedings of a Conference Held at the American Academy in Rome on 10-11 January, 1992, 73-80. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Radman-Livaja, I. 2013 Craftspeople, merchants or clients? The evidence of personal names on the commercial lead tags from Siscia. In M. Gleba and J. Pásztókai-Sze?ke (eds.), Making Textiles in Pre-Roman and Roman Times: People, Places, Identities, Ancient Textiles Series 13: 87-108. Oxford: Oxbow.
2014 Tesserae Sisciensiae: les plombes inscrits de Siscia / Olovne Tesere iz Siscije. Musei Archaeologici Zagrabiensis Catalogi et Monographiae 9.1-2. Zagreb: Musei Archaeologici Zagrabiensis.
Rebay-Salisbury, K., A. Brysbaert and L. Foxhall (eds.) 2014 Knowledge Networks and Craft Traditions in the Ancient World: Material Crossovers. Routledge Studies in Archaeology 13. New York: Routledge.
Rice, P. 1981 Evolution of specialized pottery production: a trial model. Current Anthropology 22: 219-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/202661
1987 Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sanidas, G.M. 2013 La production artisanale en Grèce. Une approche spatiale et topographique à partir des exemples de l’attique et du Péloponnèse du VIIe au Ier siècle avant J.-C. Collection Archéologie et Histoire de l’Art 33. Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques.
Schaad, D. (ed.) 2007 La Graufesenque (Millau, Aveyron) I. Condatomagos, une agglomeration de confluent en territoire Rutène II e s. a.C.–III e s. a.C. Aquitania: Editions de la Fédération Aquitania.
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Shepard, A.O. 1954 Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute.
Shimada, I. 2007 Introduction. In I. Shimada (ed.), Craft production in Complex Societies: Multicraft and Producer Perspectives, 1-21. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Skeates, R. 2007 Neolithic stamps: cultural patterns, processes and potencies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17: 184-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0959774307000248
van der Leeuw, S. 1977 Towards a study of the economics of pottery making. In B.L. van Beek, R.W. Brandt and W. Groenman-van Waateringe (eds.), Ex Horreo, 68-76. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press.
Vickers, M. 1996 Rock crystal: the key to cut glass and diatreta in Persia and Rome. Journal of Roman Archaeology 9: 48-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400016494
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Bonet-Rosado, H., and C. Mata-Parreño 2014 Who lives there? Settlements, houses and households in Iberia. In A.B. Knapp and P. van Dommelen (eds.), The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze & Iron Age Mediterranean, 471-87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cho9781139028387.034
Bradley, M. 2002 It all comes out in the wash: looking harder at the Roman fullonica. Journal of Roman Archaeology 15: 21-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400013829
Brewer, R.J. 2000 Caerleon and the Roman Army. Cardiff: National Museums and Galleries of Wales.
Brumfiel, E., and T. Earle 1987 Specialization, exchange, and complex societies: an introduction. In E. Brumfiel and T. Earle (eds.), Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, 1-9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brysbaert, A. 2007 Cross-craft and cross-cultural interactions during the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean Late Bronze Age. In S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds.), Mediterranean Crossroads, 325-59. Nicosia: Pierides Foundation.
2014 Talking shop: multicraft workshop materials and architecture in prehistoric Tiryns, Greece. In K. Rebay-Salisbury, A. Brysbaert and L. Foxhall (eds.), Knowledge Networks and Craft Traditions in the Ancient World: Material Crossovers. Routledge Studies in Archaeology 13: 37-61. New York: Routledge.
Camodeca, G. 2006 Graffito con conto di infornata di sigillata tardo-italica da isola di Migliarino (Pisa). In S. Menchelli and M. Pasquinucci (eds.), Territorio e produzioni ceramiche: paesaggi, economia e società in età romana. Atti del Convegno Internazionale, Pisa 20-22 Ottobre 2005, 207-16. Pisa: Pisa University Press.
Costin, C. 1986 From Chiefdom to Empire State: Ceramic Economy Among the of Prehispanic Wanka of Highland Peru. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University California, Los Angeles.
1991 Craft specialization: issues in defining, documenting, and explaining the organization of production. Archaeological Method and Theory 3: 1-56.
Cubberley, A.L., J.A. Lloyd and P.C. Roberts 1988 Testa and clibani: the baking covers in Roman Italy. Papers of the British School at Rome 56: 98-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0068246200009570
Dannell, G.B. 2002 Law and practice: further thoughts on the organization of the potteries at la Graufesenque. In M. Genin and A. Vernhet (eds.), Céramiques de la Graufesenque et autres productions d’époque romaine: Nouvelles recherches, 211-42. Montagnac, France: Éditions Monique Mergoil.
Davies, R.W. 1971 The Roman military diet. Britannia 2: 122-42.
1989 Service in the Roman Army. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
de Casa, C., and J. Fernandes 2002 La cuisson gallo-romaine en four à tubulures. In M. Genin and A. Vernhet (eds.), Céramiques de la Graufesenque et autres productions d’époque romaine: Nouvelles recherches, 191-94. Montagnac, France: Éditions Monique Mergoil.
Egger, R. 1967 Fünf Bleietikette und eine Gußform: Die neuesten Magdalensbergfunden. Anzeiger Wien, philosophisch-historische Klasse 104: 195-210.
Erdkamp, P. 2005 The Grain Market in the Roman Empire: A Social, Political, and Economic Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482755
Esposito, A., and G.M. Sanidas 2012 La question des regroupements des activités économiques et le concept de «quartier d’artisans»: quelle approche? In A. Esposito and G.M. Sanidas (eds.), «Quartiers» artisanaux en Grèce ancienne: une perspective méditerranéenne, 11-21. Villeneuve d’Ascq, France: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion.
Flad, R.K., and Z.X. Hruby 2007 ‘Specialized’ production in archaeological contexts: rethinking specialization, the social value of products, and the practice of production. In R. Flad and Z. Hruby (eds.), Rethinking Craft Specialization in Complex Societies: Analyses of he Social Meaning of Production. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 17: 1-19. Arlington, Virginia: American Anthropological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.2007.17.1.1
Flohr, M. 2013 The World of the Fullo: Work, Economy, and Society in Roman Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659357.001.0001
Fülle, G. 1997 The internal organization of the arretine terra sigillata industry: problems of evidence and interpretation. Journal of Roman Studies 87: 111-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0075435800058111
Galavaris, G. 1970 Bread and the Liturgy: The Symbolism of Early Christian and Byzantine Bread Stamps. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Garnsey, P. 1998 Mass diet and nutrition in the city of Rome. In W. Scheidel (ed.), Cities, Peasants and Food in Classical Antiquity: Essays in Social and Economic History, 226-52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511585395.016
Guyer, J.I. 1988 The multiplication of labor: historical methods in the study of gender and agricultural change in modern Africa. Current Anthropology 29: 247-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/203630
Greene, K. 2005 Roman pottery: models, proxies and economic interpretation. Journal of Roman Archaeology 18: 34-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400007200
Hawkins, C. 2012 Manufacturing. In W. Scheidel (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy, 175-96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139030199.012
Hayes, J.W. 1997 Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Holleran, C. 2012 Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jodry, F. 2011 First century querns of the Roman army in the light of modern texts. In D. Williams and D.P.S. Peacock (eds.), Bread for the People: The Archaeology of Mills and Milling. Proceedings of a Colloquium Held in the British School at Rome 4th–7th November 2009. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2274: 85-91. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Jones, A.H.M. 1960 The cloth industry under the Roman Empire. The Economic History Review 13: 183-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1960.tb02114.x
Kehoe, P. 2007 The early Roman Empire: production. In W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R.P. Saller (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, 543-69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.021
Kenrick, P. 1993 Italian terra sigillata: a sophisticated Roman industry. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 12: 235-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00294.x
Labrousse, M. 1980 Circonscription de Midi-Pyrénées. Gallia: fouilles et monuments archéologiques en France métropolitaine 38: 464-69.
Luley, B.P. 2014 Cooking, class, and colonial transformations in Roman Mediterranean France. American Journal of Archaeology 118: 33-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.118.1.0033
Manacorda, D. 1993 Appunti sulla bollatura in età Romana. In W.V. Harris (ed.), The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of Instrumentum Domesticum: The Proceedings of a Conference Held at the American Academy in Rome on 10-11 January, 1992, 37-54. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Marichal, R. 1988 Les graffites de La Graufesenque. Gallia Supplément 47. Paris: Éditions du CNRS.
Martin, S. 2001 Imperitia: the responsibility of skilled workers in classical Roman law. American Journal of Philology 122: 107-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajp.2001.0011
Martin, T. 1996 Céramiques sigillées et potiers gallo-romains de Montans. Montans, France: Centre de documentation d’étude et de formation archéologique de Montans ‘Elie Rossignol’.
McGovern, P.E. 1989 Ceramics and craft interaction: a theoretical framework, with prefatory remarks. In P.E. McGovern, M.D. Notis and W.D. Kingery (eds.), Cross-Craft and Cross-Cultural Interactions in Ceramics. Ceramics and Civilization 4: 1-12. Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society.
Miller, H.M.-L. 2007 Archaeological Approaches to Technology. New York: Academic Press.
Milne, M.J. 1930 A bronze stamp from Boscoreale. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 25: 188-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3255709
Moloney, C. 1999 Doune primary school, Doune (Kilmadock parish), Roman fort. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland (Old Series) 1999: 87. Edinburgh: Council for Scottish Archaeology.
Mullen, A. 2013 The language of the potteries: communication in the production and trade of Gallo-Roman terra sigillata. In M. Fulford and E. Durham (eds.), Seeing Red: New Economic and Social Perspectives on Gallo-Roman Terra Sigillata, 97-110. London: School of Advanced Study, University of London.
Nonnis, D., and C. Ricci 2007 Supplying the Roman Army. La legio II Augusta in Britannia: il contributo dei materiali iscritti. In E. Papi (ed.), Supplying Rome and the Empire: The Proceedings of an International Seminar held at Siena-Certosa di Pontignano on May 2-4, 2004 on Rome, the Provinces, Production and Distribution. Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series 69: 193-207. Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
Ortiz, S. 1998 Work, the division of labour and co-operation. In T. Ingold (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture and Social Life, 891-910. London: Routledge.
2005 Decisions and choices: the rationality of economic actors. In J. Carrier (ed.), Handbook of Economic Anthropology, 59-77. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/
9781845423469.00012
Papadopoulos, J.K., and G. Urton 2012 Introduction: the construction of value in the ancient world. In J.K. Papadopoulos and G. Urton (eds.), The Construction of Value in the Ancient World. Cotsen Advanced Seminars 5: 1-47. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
Peacock, D. 1982 Pottery in the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. London: Longman.
Polanyi, K. 1944 The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.
Pucci, G. 1993 I bolli sulla terra sigillata: fra epigrafia e storia economica. In W.V. Harris (ed.), The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of Instrumentum Domesticum: The Proceedings of a Conference Held at the American Academy in Rome on 10-11 January, 1992, 73-80. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Radman-Livaja, I. 2013 Craftspeople, merchants or clients? The evidence of personal names on the commercial lead tags from Siscia. In M. Gleba and J. Pásztókai-Sze?ke (eds.), Making Textiles in Pre-Roman and Roman Times: People, Places, Identities, Ancient Textiles Series 13: 87-108. Oxford: Oxbow.
2014 Tesserae Sisciensiae: les plombes inscrits de Siscia / Olovne Tesere iz Siscije. Musei Archaeologici Zagrabiensis Catalogi et Monographiae 9.1-2. Zagreb: Musei Archaeologici Zagrabiensis.
Rebay-Salisbury, K., A. Brysbaert and L. Foxhall (eds.) 2014 Knowledge Networks and Craft Traditions in the Ancient World: Material Crossovers. Routledge Studies in Archaeology 13. New York: Routledge.
Rice, P. 1981 Evolution of specialized pottery production: a trial model. Current Anthropology 22: 219-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/202661
1987 Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sanidas, G.M. 2013 La production artisanale en Grèce. Une approche spatiale et topographique à partir des exemples de l’attique et du Péloponnèse du VIIe au Ier siècle avant J.-C. Collection Archéologie et Histoire de l’Art 33. Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques.
Schaad, D. (ed.) 2007 La Graufesenque (Millau, Aveyron) I. Condatomagos, une agglomeration de confluent en territoire Rutène II e s. a.C.–III e s. a.C. Aquitania: Editions de la Fédération Aquitania.
Schaad, D., and A. Vernhet 2007 Les données archéologiques de La Graufesenque. In D. Schaad (ed.), La Graufesenque (Millau, Aveyron) I. Condatomagos, une Agglomeration de Confluent en Territoire Rutène II e s. a.C.–III e s. a.C., 61-218. Aquitania: Editions de la Fédération Aquitania.
Shepard, A.O. 1954 Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute.
Shimada, I. 2007 Introduction. In I. Shimada (ed.), Craft production in Complex Societies: Multicraft and Producer Perspectives, 1-21. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Skeates, R. 2007 Neolithic stamps: cultural patterns, processes and potencies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17: 184-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0959774307000248
van der Leeuw, S. 1977 Towards a study of the economics of pottery making. In B.L. van Beek, R.W. Brandt and W. Groenman-van Waateringe (eds.), Ex Horreo, 68-76. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press.
Vickers, M. 1996 Rock crystal: the key to cut glass and diatreta in Persia and Rome. Journal of Roman Archaeology 9: 48-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400016494
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Published
2016-01-21
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Murphy, E. A. (2016). Socially Embedded Work Practices and Production Organization in the Roman Mediterranean: Beyond Industry Lines. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 28(2), 221-239. https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v28i2.29532
