Exploring Mediterranean Connections and Iron Age Entanglements

Authors

  • Naoíse Mac Sweeney Universität Wien
  • Jaime Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez Museo de Prehistoria de Valencia
  • Antonis Kotsonas New York University
  • Paula Waiman-Barak Tel Aviv University
  • James F Osborne University of Chicago
  • Carolina López-Ruiz University of Chicago
  • Tamar Hodos University of Sydney

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.27855

Keywords:

discussion and debate, Iron Age entanglements

Abstract

Despite the conventional association with sophisticated metallurgical technologies, the Iron Age has long fallen between the two academic poles of prehistoric and classical archaeology. The more recent invention of a self-consciously ambivalent terminology of ‘proto-historic’ and ‘proto-urban’ features represents an attempt by mostly European archaeologists to give the Iron Age socioeconomic substance in its own right, while at the same time also underscoring the ambiguity of the period. Moreover, as the Iron Age has since become synonymous with notions of state formation and urbanization, its deep evolutionist roots have only become more evident.

Author Biographies

  • Naoíse Mac Sweeney, Universität Wien

    Naoíse Mac Sweeney is Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Vienna. Her current research reconsiders the phenomenon of Greek ‘colonization’.

  • Jaime Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez, Museo de Prehistoria de Valencia

     Jaime Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez is Curator at the Museum of Prehistory in Valencia (Spain). His archaeological fieldwork and research focus on colonial situations, urbanization processes and the social and material reproduction of Iron Age Iberian communities.

  • Antonis Kotsonas, New York University

    Antonis Kotsonas is Associate Professor of Mediterranean History and Archaeology at the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University. He has published five books and numerous articles on the material culture and socioeconomic history of the ancient Mediterranean—focusing mostly on the early first millennium bc—as well as on the history of Greek and Mediterranean archaeology and the reception of classical antiquity. Kotsonas co-directs the Lyktos Archaeological Project in Crete.

  • Paula Waiman-Barak, Tel Aviv University

    Paula Waiman-Barak is the head of the petrography laboratory at the Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University. She also serves as the petrographic editor for the online Levantine Ceramic Project (https://www.levantineceramics.org/). Her research is centered on maritime archaeology, and she specializes in pottery and sediment analysis in the Levant and on Cyprus.

  • James F Osborne, University of Chicago

    James Osborne is a Near Eastern archaeologist who focuses on the Bronze and Iron Ages of ancient Anatolia. He is the author of The Syro-Anatolian City-States: An Iron Age Culture (Oxford University Press, 2021), and has edited or co-edited volumes on territoriality, monumentality and interregional connections in the Mediterranean during the early first millennium bce. Osborne currently works at the site of Türkmen-Karahöyük in Turkey’s Konya Plain.

  • Carolina López-Ruiz, University of Chicago

    Carolina López-Ruiz is Professor of Ancient Mediterranean Religions and Mythologies in the Divinity School and the Department of Classics at the University of Chicago. She specializes in Greek and Near Eastern mythology and religion, cultural contact and the Phoenician-Punic world. Her books include When the Gods Were Born: Greek Cosmogonies and the Near East (Harvard University Press, 2010), Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia (with S. Celestino; Oxford University Press, 2016) and the Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean (edited with B. R. Doak; Oxford University Press, 2019). Her latest monograph, Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean (Harvard University Press, 2021), received the Frank Moore Cross book award from ASOR and The Mediterranean Seminar book award in 2022–2023. Her books have been translated into Turkish and Spanish. She co-directs the University of Chicago excavations at the Phoenician site of Cerro del Villar in Málaga, Spain, with D. Schloen (ISAC) and the University of Malaga.

  • Tamar Hodos, University of Sydney

    Tamar Hodos is Chair of Classical Archaeology at the University of Sydney and Director of the Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens. Prior to this dual appointment she was Professor of Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom. She is a world-leading expert in the archaeology of the Mediterranean’s Iron Age, and her research spans the traditional disciplines of classical archaeology, Near Eastern archaeology and regional Mediterranean prehistories. Her particular expertise lies in the impact of colonization, and the construction and expression of social identities in mixed cultural environments. She uses postcolonial and globalization theories to examine the interactions and influences between the various communities and cultures of the Mediterranean during this period of unprecedented connectivity. Her major recent publications in this area include The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization (Routledge, 2017) and The Archaeology of the Mediterranean Iron Age (Cambridge University Press, 2020). She also works extensively with museum collections to evaluate how objects were used as social indicators within a cross-cultural framework to transcend cultural differences between ancient Mediterranean societies. In addition, she has over thirty years of fieldwork experience, honed around the eastern Mediterranean and in the United Kingdom.

References

Akurgal, M., M. Kerschner, H. Mommsen and W.D. Niemeier. 2002 Topferzentren der Ostagais: Archaometrische und archaologische Untersuchungen zur mykenischen, geometrischen und archaischen Keramik aus Fundorten in Westkleinasien. Vienna: Österreichisches Archaologisches Institut.

Álvarez Martí-Aguilar, M., J. Suárez Padilla, M.E. Aubet, F. Machuca Prieto, J.-M. Martín-Casado, L. Feist, C. Val-Peón and K. Reicherter. 2022 Archaeological and geophysical evidence of a high-energy marine event at the Phoenician site of Cerro del Villar (Malaga, Spain). In M. Álvarez-Martí-Aguilar and F. Machuca Prieto (eds.), Historical Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Archaeology in the Iberian Peninsula, 179-201. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1979-4_8

Arruda, A.M. 2011 Indígenas, fenicios y tartésicos en el occidente peninsular: mucha gente, poca tierra. In M. Álvarez (ed.), Fenicios en Tartessos: nuevas perspectivas. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2245: 151-60. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Artzy, M. 2016 Distributors and shippers: Cyprus and the Late Bronze II Tell Abu Hawam anchorage. In S. Demesticha and A.B. Knapp (eds.), Maritime Transport Containers in the Bronze–Iron Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology PB 183: 97-110. Göteborg: Åströms förlag.

Artzy, M., H. Jol, M. Giaime, Y. Salmon, A. Abu-Hamid, G. López, C. Morhange, D. Kaniewski, P. Bauman and A. Killebrew. 2021 The effects of coastline and river changes on anchorages, harbours, and habitation patterns: the case of Akko. In S. Demesticha and L. Blue (eds.), Under the Mediterranean I. Studies in Maritime Archaeology, 267-78. Leiden: Sidestone Press. https://hal.science/hal-03600729

Astour, M.C. 1970 Ma‘hadu, the harbor of Ugarit. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 13: 113-27. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852070X00088

Boardman, J. 2022 Syrians and Greeks: another look at Al Mina and Lefkandi. Ancient West & East 21: 279-80.

Briend, J., and J.-B. Humbert. 1980 Tell Keisan (1971–1976): Une Cité Phénicienne en Galilée I. Fribourg and Göttingen: Éditions Universitaires and Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.

Brody, A.J. 1998 ‘Each Man Cried Out to His God’: The Specialized Religion of Canaanite and Phoenician Seafarers. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004369191_003

Broodbank, C. 2013 The Making of the Middle Sea: An Archaeological History of the Mediterranean from its Earliest Peopling Until the Iron Age. London: Thames and Hudson.

Casacuberta, N.G. 2018 LIMENES. The Terminology of the Mediterranean Ports of the Roman Empire as Documented in the Literary Sources. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Southampton, United Kingdom. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/425277/

Celestino Pérez, S., and C. López-Ruiz. 2016 Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cline, E. 2024 After 1177 B.C.: The Survival of Civilizations. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Day, P.M., A. Hein, E. Kardamaki, J. Maran, M. Tenconi and P. Waiman-Barak. 2020 Maritime commodity trade from the Near East to the Mycenaean heartland: Canaanite jars in Final Palatial Tiryns. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 135: 1-99.

Day, P.M., P.S. Quinn, J.B. Rutter and V. Kilikoglou. 2011 A world of goods: transport jars and commodity exchange at the Late Bronze Age harbor of Kommos, Crete. Hesperia: 80: 511-58. https://doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.80.4.0511

Delgado Hervás, A., and M. Ferrer Martín. 2012 Life and death in ancient colonies: domesticity, material culture, and sexual politics in the western Phoenician world, eighth–sixth centuries bce. In B. Voss and E. Casella (eds.), The Archaeology of Colonialism: Intimate Encounters and Sexual Effects, 195-213. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511920011.015

Della Fina, G.M. 2008 La colonizzazione etrusca in Italia. Annali della Fondazione per il Museo ‘Claudio Faina’ 15. Rome: Quasar.

Demesticha, S. 2022a Seascapes and maritime capacity of late Roman Cyprus. In S.W. Manning (ed.), Critical Approaches to Cypriot and Wider Mediterranean Archaeology. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 16: 313-40. Sheffield: Equinox.

––– 2022b Transport containers and maritime networks: the case of Cyprus. In G. Bourogiannis (ed.), Beyond Cyprus: Investigating Cypriot Connectivity in the Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the End of the Classical Period. Athens University Review of Archaeology, Supplement 9: 9: 421-35. Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. https://doi.org/10.26247/aurasup.9

Demesticha, S., and A.B. Knapp (eds.). 2016 Maritime Transport Containers in the Bronze–Iron Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature PB 183. Uppsala: Åströms förlag.

Dietler, M. 2010 Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France. Berkeley: University of California Press. ttps://doi.org/10.1525/9780520947948

––– 2022 Six provocations in search of a pretext. In J. Hall and J. Osborne (eds.), The Connected Iron Age: Interregional Networks in the Eastern Mediterranean, 900-600 bce, 233-52. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Elyashiv, H., R. Bookman, D. Zviely, S. Avnaim-Katav, A. Sandler and D. Sivan. 2016 The interplay between relative sea-level rise and sediment supply at the distal part of the Nile Littoral Cell. The Holocene 26: 248-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683615608687

Feldman, M. 2014 Communities of Style: Portable Luxury Arts, Identity, and Collective Memory in the Iron Age Levant. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226164427.001.0001

Gadot, Y. 2008 Continuity and change in the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition in Israel’s coastal plain: a long-term perspective. In A. Fantalkin and A. Yasur-Landau (eds.), Bene Israel: Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and the Levant during the Bronze and Iron Ages in Honour of Israel Finkelstein. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 31: 55-73. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004152823.i-308.30

Gates, M.H. 2011 Maritime business in the Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean: the view from its ports. In K. Duistermaat and I. Regulski (eds.), Intercultural Contacts in the Ancient Mediterranean. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 202: 387-400. Leuven: Peeters.

García, J.M.M., and M. Artzy. 2022 The Lower Qishon Late Bronze Age terrestrial and maritime network. Complutum 33: 121-36. https://doi.org/10.5209/cmpl.80888

Georgiou, A. 2012 Pyla-Kokkinokremos and Maa-Palaeokastro: a comparison of two naturally fortified Late Cypriot settlements. In A. Georgiou (ed.), Cyprus: An Island Culture. Society and Social Relations from the Bronze Age to the Venetian Period, 65-83. Oxford: Oxbow. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1djv0.10

Georgiou, A., A. Georgiadou and S. Fourrier. 2023 Traditions and innovations during the 12th-to-11th century bc transition in Cyprus: new data from Kition-Bamboula. Cahiers du Centre d’Etudes Chypriotes 52-53: 117-51. https://doi.org/10.4000/cchyp.1160

Giaime, M., M. Artzy, M., H.M. Jol, Y. Salmon, G.I. López and A. Abu Hamid. 2022 Refining Late-Holocene environmental changes of the Akko Coastal Plain and its impacts on the settlement and anchorage patterns of Tel Akko (Israel). Marine Geology 447: 106778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106778

Gilad, E. 2019 ––– [When Goldberg and Alterman Mobilized to Fight Against the Port.] Haaretz, 20 March. Online: https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/the-edge/mehasafa/2019-03-20/ty-article/premium/0000017f-e8a9-df2c-a1ff-fef9b0800000

Gilboa, A. 2022 The southern Levantine roots of the Phoenician mercantile phenomenon. Bulletin of ASOR 387: 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1086/718892

Gilboa, A., P. Waiman-Barak and R. Jones. 2015 On the origin of Iron Age Phoenician ceramics at Kommos, Crete: regional and diachronic perspectives across the Bronze Age to Iron Age transition. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 374: 75-102. https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.374.0075

Goiran, J.-P., W.M. Chan, C. Benech, Q. Vitale, N. Riddick, H. Delile, F. Salomon, S. Chapkanski, C. Oberlin, G. Brocard, A. Lisé-Pronovost and C. Vittori. 2022 Developments in geoarchaeological research, methodologies and applications in harbour maritime archaeology. In J. Preiser-Kapeller, T.G. Kolias and F. Daim (eds.), Seasides of Byzantium: Harbours and Anchorages of a Mediterranean Empire, 109-29. Heidelberg: Propylaeum.

Goren, Y. 2013 International exchange during the late second millennium bc: microarchaeological study of finds from the Uluburun ship. In J. Aruz, S.B. Graff and Y. Rakic (eds.), Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium bce, 54-61. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.

Gubel, E. 2016 Crossing continents: Phoenician art and how to read it. In J. Aruz and M. Seymour (eds.), Assyria to Iberia: Art and Culture in the Iron Age, 168-79. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Gunneweg, J., I. Perlman and F. Asaro. 1987 A Canaanite jar from Enkomi. Israel Exploration Journal 37: 168-72.

Hall, J., and J. Osborne (eds.). 2022 The Connected Iron Age: Interregional Networks in the Eastern Mediterranean, 900-600 bce. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226819051.001.0001

Heymans, E. 2021 The Origins of Money in the Iron Age Mediterranean World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108975322

Hodos, T. 2020a The Archaeology of the Mediterranean Iron Age: A Globalising World c.1100-600 bce. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511979316

––– 2020b Eggstraordinary artefacts: decorated ostrich eggs in the ancient Mediterranean world. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7: 45. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00541-8

––– 2023 Challenging scales and challenging boundaries in globalisation perspectives of the past. Ancient West & East 22: 264-73.

Hodos, T., and C. López-Ruiz. 2024 Local experiences, global connections. In L. Gosner and J. Hayne (eds.), Local Experiences of Connectivity and Mobility in the Ancient West-Central Mediterranean. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 18: 298-309. Sheffield: Equinox.

Horden, P., and N. Purcell. 2000 The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford: Blackwell.

Jones, R.E., and S.J. Vaughan. 1988 Appendix IV.2: a study of some ‘Canaanite’ jar fragments from Maa-Palaeokastro by petrographic and chemical analysis. In V. Karageorghis and M. Demas (eds.), Excavations at Maa-Palaeokastro 1979–1986, 386-98. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities.

Kearns, C. 2022 The Rural Landscapes of Archaic Cyprus. An Archaeology of Environmental and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009071826

Knapp, A.B., and S. Demesticha. 2017 Mediterranean Connections: Maritime Transport Containers and Seaborne Trade in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315537009

Kotsonas, A. 2016 Politics of periodization and the archaeology of early Greece. American Journal of Archaeology 120: 239-70. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.120.2.0239

––– 2020a Euboeans & Co in the north Aegean: ancient tradition and modern historiography of Greek colonization. In T.E. Cinquantaquattro and M. D’Acunto (eds.), Euboica II. Pithekoussai and Euboea between East and West. Annali di Archeologia e Storia Antica, Università degli Studi di Napoli L’Orientale (new series) 26: 301-24. Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli L’Orientale.

––– 2020b History of research. In I.S. Lemos and A. Kotsonas (eds.), A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean, 75-96. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118769966.ch4

––– 2023 Why was Methone colonized? Transport amphorae, trade and Greek colonization in the northwest Aegean. In S. Morris and J.K. Papadopoulos (eds.), Excavations at Ancient Methone, 2003-2013, 499-528. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.

Kourou, N. 2011 Following the Sphinx: tradition and innovation in Early Iron Age Crete. In G. Rizza (ed.), Identità culturale, etnicità, processi di formazione a Creta fra Dark Age e Arcaismo, 165-77. Catania, Italy: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and Università di Catania.

Lehmann, G. 2021 The emergence of early Phoenicia. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 1: 272-324. https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00001.11

Lehmann, G., and M. Peilstöcker. 2012 Ahihud - 20. Archaeological Survey of Israel. Online: https://survey.antiquities.org.il/index_Eng.html#/MapSurvey/12

Lehmann, G., G. Shalvi, H. Shochat, P. Waiman-Barak and A. Gilboa. 2023 Iron Age II Phoenician transport-jars from a South-Levantine perspective: typology, evolution and high-resolution dating. Rivista di Studi Fenici 50: 41-104.

López-Ruiz, C. 2019 Phoenician literature. In C. López-Ruiz and B.R. Doak (eds.), Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean, 257-69. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499341.013.18

––– 2020 Reificar o no reificar? Fenicios, tartesios, y el problema de las identidades sin voz. In S. Celestino Pérez and E. Rodríguez González (eds.), Un viaje entre el Oriente y el Occidente del Mediterráneo. Monografías y Trabajos de Arqueología 5: 51-56. Mérida, Spain: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.

––– 2021 Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674269965

––– 2022 Phoenicians and the Iron Age Mediterranean: a response to Phoenicoskepticism. In J.M. Hall and J.F. Osborne (eds.), The Connected Iron Age: Interregional Networks in the Eastern Mediterranean, 27–48. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226819051.003.0002

Lubetski, M. 1979 The Early Bronze Age origin of Greek and Hebrew limen, harbor. Jewish Quarterly Review 69: 158-80. https://doi.org/10.2307/1454596

Maisler, B. 1951 The excavation of Tell Qasile. Biblical Archaeologist 14: 43-49. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209188

Marín-Aguilera, B. 2018 Inhabiting domestic space: becoming different in the early Iron Age western Mediterranean. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 31: 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.36811

Marriner, N., and C. Morhange. 2007 Geoscience of ancient Mediterranean harbours. Earth-Science Reviews 80: 137-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.10.003

Marriner, N., C. Morhange, D. Kaniewski and N. Carayon. 2014 Ancient harbour infrastructure in the Levant: tracking the birth and rise of new forms of anthropogenic pressure. Scientific Reports 4: 5554. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05554

Mazar, A. 1985 Excavations at Tell Qasile, 1982–1984: preliminary report. Israel Exploration Journal 36: 1-15. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926005

Mazzini, I., G. Aiello, P. Frenzel and A. Pint. 2022 Marine and marginal marine Ostracoda as proxies in geoarchaeology. Marine Micropaleontology 174: 102054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2021.102054

Muhs, B. 2022 Egypt and the Mediterranean in the Early Iron Age. In J.M. Hall and J.F. Osborne (eds.), The Connected Iron Age: Interregional Networks in the Eastern Mediterranean, 194-213. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Nowlin, J. 2021 Etruscan Orientalization. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004473287

Osborne, J. 2021 The Syro-Anatolian City-States: An Iron Age Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199315833.001.0001

Osborne, J., and J. Hall. 2022 Interregional interaction in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Iron Age. In J. Hall and J. Osborne (eds.), The Connected Iron Age: Interregional Networks in the Eastern Mediterranean, 900-600 bce, 1-26. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ownby, M.F. 2012 The importance of imports: petrographic analysis of Levantine pottery jars in Egypt. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 4: 23-29. https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_jaei_v04i3_ownby

Papadopoulos, J.K. 1997 Phantom Euboians. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 10: 191-219. https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v10i2.191

––– 2014 Greece in the early Iron Age: mobility, commodities, polities, and literacy. In A.B. Knapp and P. van Dommelen (eds.), The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean, 178-95. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139028387.014

Pedrazzi, T. 2016 L’età (non più) oscura dei commerci: riflessioni sugli scambi tra l’oriente e il mediterraneo centro-occidentale agli inizi del i millennio a.C. Rivista di Studi Fenici 44: 129-44.

Pérez-Jordà, G., L. Peña-Chocarro, M. García Fernández and J.C. Vera Rodríguez. 2017 The beginnings of fruit tree cultivation in the Iberian Peninsula: plant remains from the city of Huelva (southern Spain). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 26: 527-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-017-0610-6

Pérez Jordà, G., L. Peña-Chocarro and S. Pardo-Gordó. 2021 Fruits arriving to the west. Introduction of cultivated fruits in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Archaeological Science, Reports 35: 102683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102683

Pilkington, N. 2012 A note on Nora and the Nora Stone. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 365: 45-51. https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.365.0045

Quinn, J. 2017 In Search of the Phoenicians. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Raban, A. 1985 Harbour Archaeology. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 257: 11-44. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.

Riva, C., and I. Grau Mira. 2022 Global archaeology and microhistorical analysis. Connecting scales in the 1st-milennium B.C. Mediterranean. Archaeological Dialogues 29: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203822000101

Ronen, A., and Y. Olamy. 2013 Haifa - East - 23. Archaeological Survey of Israel. Online: https://survey.antiquities.org.il/index_Eng.html#/MapSurvey/56.

Rouillard, P., E. Gailledrat and F. Sala Sellés. 2007 Fouilles de la Rábita de Guardamar II. L’établissement protohistorique de La Fonteta (fin VIIIe- fin VIe av. J.-C.). Collection de la Casa de Velázquez 96. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez.

Sader, H. 2019 The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia. Archaeology and Biblical Studies 25. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvrxk3xg

Saltini Semerari, G., and H. Rathmann. 2021 Disentangling biological and constructed identities: the Greek colonisation of southern Italy. In V. Sossau and K. Riehle (eds.), Mistaken Identity. Identitäten als Ressourcen im Zentralen Mittelmeerraum, 203-20. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press.

Schmitt, A., K. Badreshany, E. Tachatou and H. Sader. 2018 Insights into the economic organization of the Phoenician homeland: a multi-disciplinary investigation of the later Iron Age II and Persian Period Phoenician amphorae from Tell el-Burak. Levant 50: 52-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2018.1547004

Shalvi, G., and A. Gilboa. 2023 The long 7th century bce at Tel Shiqmona (Israel): a high resolution chronological tool for the Levant and the Mediterranean. Levant 54: 190-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2022.2104525

Shtienberg, G., O. Gadol, T.E. Levy, R.D. Norris, T.M. Rittenour, A. Yasur-Landau, A. Tamberino and M. Lazar. 2022 Changing environments and human interaction during the Pleistocene–Early Holocene from the shallow coastal area of Dor, Israel. Quaternary Research 105: 64-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2021.30

Sneh, A., Y. Bartov, T. Weissbrod and M. Rosensaft. 1998 Geological Map of Israel, 1:200,000. Jerusalem: Israel Geological Survey Department.

Snodgrass, A.M. 1994 The Euboeans in Macedonia: a new precedent for westward expansion. Annali di Archeologia e Storia Antica, Università degli Studi di Napoli L’Orientale (new series) 1: 87-93.

Stern, E. 1984 Excavations at Tel Mevorakh (1973–1976), II. The Bronze Age. Qedem 18. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology and Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

van Dommelen, P., and M. Rowlands. 2012 Material concerns and colonial encounters. In J. Maran and P. Stockhammer (eds.), Materiality and Social Practice: Transformative Capacities of Intercultural Encounters, 20–31. Oxford: Oxbow. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dhvj.6

Vives-Ferrándiz, J. 2008 Negotiating colonial encounters: hybrid practices and consumption in eastern Iberia (8th–6th centuries bc). Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 21: 241-72. https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v21i2.241

Votruba, G.F. 2017 Did vessels beach in the ancient Mediterranean? An assessment of the textual and visual evidence. The Mariner’s Mirror 103 (1): 7-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2017.1274138

Waiman-Barak, P. 2007 Reconstruction of Ancient Environment of Tell Abu Hawam in the Late Bronze Age II: The 2001 Excavations. Unpublished MA thesis, University of Haifa, Israel.

––– 2016 Circulation of Early Iron Age Goods: Phoenician and Egyptian Ceramics in the Early Iron Age, and Optical Mineralogy Perspective. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Haifa, Israel.

––– 2019 Site: Tel Mevorakh. The Levantine Ceramics Project. Online: https://www.levantineceramics.org/sites/1098-tel-mevorakh

Waiman-Barak, P., and A. Gilboa 2016 Maritime transport containers: the view from Phoenician Tell Keisan (Israel) in the early Iron Age. In S. Demesticha and A.B. Knapp (eds.), Maritime Transport Containers in the Bronze–Iron Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology PB 183: 131-55. Göteborg: Åströms Förlag.

Waiman-Barak, P., A. Gilboa and Y. Goren. 2014 A stratified sequence of Early Iron Age Egyptian ceramics at Tel Dor, Israel. Ägypten und Levante 24: 315-42. https://doi.org/10.1553/s315

Waiman-Barak, P., A. Gilboa, A. Yasur-Landau and E. Arie. 2017 Iron Age Phoenician pottery at Tel Achziv: two commercial snapshots based on optical mineralogy. Rivista di Studi Fenici 45: 87-108.

Zviely, D., D. Sivan, A. Ecker, N. Bakler, V. Rohrlich, E. Galili, E. Boaretto, M. Klein and E. Kit. 2006 Holocene evolution of the Haifa Bay area, Israel, and its influence on ancient tell settlements. The Holocene 16: 849-61.

Downloads

Published

2024-05-10

Issue

Vol. 36 No. 2 (2023)

Section

Discussion and Debate

License

© Equinox Publishing Ltd.

For information regarding our Open Access policy, click here.

How to Cite

Mac Sweeney, N., Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez, J., Kotsonas, A., Waiman-Barak, P., Osborne, J. F., López-Ruiz, C., & Hodos, T. (2024). Exploring Mediterranean Connections and Iron Age Entanglements. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 36(2), 226-267. https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.27855