Diverging Paths

Settlement Strategies and Conflict during the Early Bronze Age in the Southeastern Quadrant of Iberia

Authors

  • Adrià Moreno Gil Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
  • Marcello Peres Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
  • Roberto Risch Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.27147

Keywords:

Big Data, Early Bronze Age Iberia, settlement archaeology, spatial analysis

Abstract

During the Early Bronze Age (EBA), a relatively small number of European societies developed into highly centralised and hierarchical political entities. In contrast to the intensive research focused on these groups, little attention has been paid to their relationship with neighbouring populations, which had a much more egalitarian structure. In the southeast quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula, over a century of research on the EBA (ca. 2200 –1550 BC) communities has failed to identify distinctive traits leading to the definition of archaeological entities beyond the El Argar group, which according to many authors reached the form of an early state organisation around 1750 BC. This study aims to go beyond previous culturalist approaches and to focus on how communities with very different social organisations interacted in this macro-region as well as in a border region between El Argar and La Mancha. To that effect, we analyse primarily settlement size as an expression of the demographic and economic strength of a community, and ‘enrockment’ (enrocamiento), a concept that defines the degree of protection and spatial distancing of a settlement from its surrounding land and neighbouring communities. This large-scale comparative approach reveals the distinctiveness of highly dispersed and well-protected communities settling in the belt immediately north of El Argar and shows how this cost-intensive strategy changes with increasing distance from El Argar, when flat land and often larger settlements become dominant. The combination of settlement patterns and economic organisation also highlights the marked differences between El Argar and all the other communities living in the Iberian Peninsula.

Author Biographies

  • Adrià Moreno Gil, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

    Adrià Moreno Gil recently completed his doctoral project at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, focusing on the Argaric borderlands in the middle and upper Segura. His research interests revolve around landscape archaeology, GIS and the study of prehistoric boundaries. He has directed the archaeological survey of the middle and upper Segura and participated in numerous excavations in Spain and Germany.

  • Marcello Peres, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

    Marcello Peres is a postdoctoral fellow at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and the Università degli Studi di Padova. His main research interests are spatial analysis, photogrammetry and management of Big Data in archaeology. Currently, his research is focused on settlement patterns and forces of production in the later prehistory of the Mediterranean. He is also a film director, co-founder of Heracles Archaeology. Since 2003 he has carried out several excavations and archaeological surveys in Italy and Spain.

  • Roberto Risch, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

    Roberto Risch is Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and ICREA Acadèmia Research Fellow. His research is mainly concerned with the economy, ecology and mobility of prehistoric societies. He has investigated and co-directed the excavations of several prehistoric sites in Spain, Germany and India and conducted ethnoarchaeological fieldwork in Ghana and Mali.

References

Ache Delgado, M. 2019 Los artefactos macrolíticos de los asentamientos argáricos de La Bastida y Tira del Lienzo (Totana, Murcia): una aproximación a la dinámica económica y social en el sudeste de la Península Ibérica (2200-1550 cal ANE). Unpublished PhD dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona. https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/669868.

Ache Delgado, M., S. Delgado-Raack, E. Molina, R. Risch and A. Rosell-Melé 2017 Evidence of bee products processing: a functional definition of a specialized type of macro-lithic tool. Journal of Archaeological Science, Reports 14: 638-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.025

Aranda Jiménez, G. 2013 Against uniformity cultural diversity: the ‘others’ in Argaric societies. In M.C. Cruz Berrocal, L. García Sanjuán and A. Gilman (eds.), The Prehistory of Iberia: Debating Early Social Stratification and the State, 99-118. New York: Routledge.

Aranda Jiménez, G., S. Montón Subías and S. Jiménez-Brobeil. 2013 Conflicting evidence? Weapons and skeletons in the Bronze Age of south-east Iberia. Antiquity 83(322): 1038-51.

Aranda Jiménez, G., M. Sánchez Romero, M. Díaz-Zorita Bonilla, A. Lozano Medina, J. Escudero Carrillo and L. Milesi 2020 Cultural resistance to social fragmentation: the continuity and reuse of megalithic monuments during the Argaric Bronze Age in southeastern Iberia. In P. Díaz Del Río, K.T. Lillios and I. Sastre (eds.), The Matter of Prehistory: Papers in Honor of Antonio Gilman Guillén, 213-34. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC.

Arboledas Martínez, L., and E. Alarcón García 2018 Redefining the role of metal production during the Bronze Age of south-eastern Iberia. The mines of eastern Sierra Morena. Documenta Praehistorica 45: 138-53. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.45.11

Arboledas Martínez, L., A. Moreno Onorato and F. Contreras Cortés 2022 Exploitation of copper mining during the Bronze Age in the eastern Sierra Morena. In M. Bartelheim, F. Contreras Cortés and R. Hardenberg (eds.), Landscapes and Resources in the Bronze Age of Southern Spain. RessourceKulturen 17: 179-200. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press.

Arteaga Matute, O. 2000 La sociedad clasista inicial y el origen del estado en el territorio de El Argar. Revista Atlántica-Mediterránea de Prehistoria y Arqueología Social 3: 121-219. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.45.11

Bunnefeld, J.H., J. Becker, L. Martin, R.R. Pausewein, S. Simon and H. Meller 2023 Baltic amber in Aššur. Forms and significance of amber exchange between Europe and the Middle East, c. 2000–1300 BC. Acta Archaeologica 92: 228-43. https://doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210031

Camalich Massieu, M.D., and D. Martín Socas 1999 El territorio Almeriense desde los inicios de la producción hasta fines de la antigüedad. Un modelo: la depresión de Vera y cuenca del río Almanzora. Seville: Consejería de cultura de Andalucía.

Cámara Serrano, J.A. 2001 El ritual funerario en la prehistoria reciente en el sur de la Península Ibérica. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 913. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841711669

Cámara Serrano, J.A., R. Lizcano Prestel, F. Contreras Cortés, C. Pérez Bareas and F.E. Salas Herrera 2004 La Edad del Bronce en el Alto Guadalquivir: el análisis del patrón de asentamiento. In L. Hernández Alcaraz and M. Hernández Pérez (eds.), La Edad del Bronce en tierras valencianas y zonas limítrofes, 505-14. Villena, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Villena.

Cámara Serrano, J.A., and F. Molina González 2011 Jerarquización social en el mundo Argárico (2000-1300 aC). Quaderns de Prehistòria i Arqueologia de Castelló 29: 77-104.

Castro Martínez, P.V., R.W. Chapman, S. Gili Suriñach, V. Lull, R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada, R. Risch and M.E. Sanahuja Yll 1998 Aguas Project: Paleoclimatic Reconstrunction and the Dynamics of Human Settlement and Land Use in the Area of the Middle Aguas (Almería) of the South-east of the Iberian Peninsula. Luxembourg: Publications of the European Commission.

Castro Martínez, P.V., R.W. Chapman, S. Gili Suriñach, V. Lull, R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada, R. Risch and M.E. Sanahuja Yll 1999 Proyecto Gatas II. La dinámica arqueoecológica de la ocupación prehistórica. Seville: Junta de Andalucía.

Chapman, R. 2003 Archaeologies of Complexity. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203451779

de Miroschedji, P. 2015 L’apparition des palais au Levant meridional au Bronze ancien et sa signification. Cahiers des themes transversaux 12: 91-101.

Delgado-Raack, S. 2008 Prácticas económicas y gestión social de recursos (macro)líticos en la Prehistoria Reciente (III-I milenios AC) del Mediterráneo occidental. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5528

Delgado-Raack, S., N. Escanilla and R. Risch 2014 Mazas ocultas. Rastros de minería prehistórica en el Cerro Minado de Huércal Overa (Almería). Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada 24: 13-44. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v24i0.4087

Delgado-Raack, S., V. Lull, R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2016 The silversmith workshop of Tira del Tienzo (Totana, Murcia) in the context of the Iberian Bronze Age metallurgy. Archaeometry 58: 779-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12198

Díaz Del Río, P. 2001 La formación del paisaje agrario: Madrid en el III y II milenios AC. Arqueología, Paleontología y Etnografía, Serie de la Consejería de las Artes 9. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid.

Fernández-Posse, M.D., A. Gilman Guillen, C. Martin Morales and M. Brodsky 2008 Las comunidades agrarias de la Edad del Bronce en La Mancha oriental (Albacete). Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana 25. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, CSIC.

Fernández Vega, A. 1985 La Edad del Bronce en el Pais Valenciano. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, Madrid. http://hdl.handle.net/10486/679769 https://doi.org/10.15366/cupauam1985.12.004

Fontenla Ballesta, S., J.A. Gómez Martínez and M. Miras García 2004 Lorca, poblado más extenso y primigenio de la cultura de El Argar. Alberca 2: 39-52.

Fregeiro Morador, M.I., C. Oliart and C. Rihuete Herrada 2023 Antropología física de las tumbas argáricas de Cerro Morrón. In E. Celdrán Beltran, V. Lull, R. Micó, C. Oliart, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch (eds.), Cerro del Morrón un asentamiento en la frontera argárica, 133-44. Barcelona: ASOME-UAB.

Gilman, A. 1976 Bronze Age dynamics in Southeast Spain. Dialectical Anthropology 1: 307-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00244595

Gilman, A. 1981 The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current Anthropology 22: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1086/202600

Gilman, A. 2001 Assessing political development in Copper and Bronze Age southeast Spain. In J. Hass (ed.), From Leaders to Rulers, 59-84. New York: Kluver Academic / Plenum Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1297-4_4

Gilman, A. 2013 Were there states during later prehistory of southeastern Iberia? In M.C. Cruz Berrocal, L. García Sanjuán and A. Gilman (eds.), The Prehistory of Iberia: Debating Early Social Stratification and the State, 99-118. New York: Routledge.

Haak, W., I. Lazaridis, N. Patterson … K.W. Alt and D. Reich 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522: 207-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14317

Hernández Pérez, M.S., J.A. López Padilla and F.J. Jover Maestre 2021 En los orígenes de El Argar: la cerámica decorada como indicador arqueológico de su espacio social inicial. Trabajos de Prehistoria 78: 86-103. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2021.12266

Hoffmann, G. 1988 Holozänstratigrapphie an der andalusischen Mittelmeerküste. Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen 2. Bremen: Bremen Universität.

Jover Maestre, F.J. 1999 Una nueva lectura del ‘Bronce Valenciano’. Alicante: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante.

Jover Maestre, F.J., S. Martinez Monleon and J.A. Lopez Padilla 2018a Sobre la estructura poblacional de las sociedades del Sur del Bronce Valenciano. Zephyrus 82: 93-117. https://doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus20188293117

Jover Maestre, F.J., S. Martínez Monleón, M.P. De Miguel Ibáñez, J.A. López Padilla, P. Torregrosa Giménez, M. Pastor Quíles and R. Basso Rial 2018b ¿Violencia física o accidente? Nuevos datos sobre el enterramiento infantil del asentamiento argárico de Caramoro I (Elche, Alicante, España). Arqueología Iberoamericana 38: 25-31. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/75177

Kaul, F. 2018 Middle Bronze Age long distance exchange: early glass, amber and guestfriendship, Xenia. In B. Nessel, D. Neubaum and M. Bartelheim (eds.), Bronzezeitlicher Transport. Akteure, Mittel und Wege, 189-211. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.15496/publikation-26722

Knappet, C. 2012 A regional network approach to Protopalatial complexity. In I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.), Back to the Beginning—Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, 384-401. Oxford: Oxbow. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dphz.19

López Padilla, J.A. 2009 El grupo argárico en los confines orientales de El Argar. In M.S. Hernández Pérez, J. Soler Díaz and J.A. López Padilla (eds.), En los confines del Argar, una cultura de la Edad del Bronce en Alicante, 246-67. Alicante: Museo Arqueológico de Alicante.

Lull, V., and J. Estévez 1986 Propuesta metodológica para el estudio de las necrópolis argáricas. In Homenaje a Luis Siret (1934-1984), 441-52. Seville: Consejería de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía.

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2005 Property relations in the Bronze Age of south-western Europe: an archaeological analysis of infant burial from El Argar (Almería, Spain). Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 71: 247-68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X0000102X

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2010 Metal and social relations of production in the 3rd and 2nd Millennia BCE in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Trabajos de Prehistoria 67: 323-47. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2010.10042

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2011 El Argar and the beginning of class society in the western Mediterranean. In S. Hansen and J. Müller (eds.), Sozialarchäologische Perspektiven: Gesellschaftlicher Wandel 5000-1500 v. Chr. Zwischen Atlantik und Kaukasus, 381-414. Berlin: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, von Zabern.

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2013 Political collapse and social change at the end of El Argar. In H. Meller, F. Bertemes, H.R. Bork and R. Risch (eds.), Cultural Change in the Shadow of the Thera-Eruption? Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschicthe Halle 9: 283-302. Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt.

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2014a The La Bastida fortification: new light and new questions on Early Bronze Age societies in the western Mediterranean. Antiquity 88(340): 395-410. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00101073

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2014b The social value of silver in El Argar. In H. Meller, R. Risch and E. Pernicka (eds.), Metalle der Macht – Fruhes Gold und Silber. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 11: 557-76. Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt.

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2015 Transition and conflict at the end of the 3rd millennium BC in south Iberia. In H. Meller, H.W. Arz, R. Jung and R. Risch (eds.), 2200 BC – A Climatic Breakdown as a Cause for the Collapse of the Old World? Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 12: 365-408. Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt.

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2018 La metalurgia del cobre durante el Calcolítico y El Argar: un acercamiento desde los análisis químicos. In J.L. García Pulido, L. Arboledas Martínez, E. Alarcón García and F. Contreras Cortés (eds.), Presente y futuro de los paisajes mineros del pasado: estudios sobre minería, metalurgia y poblamiento, 203-14. Granada: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Granada.

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada and R. Risch 2020 The chronology of structural changes between the Copper and Bronze Ages in Iberia. In P. Díaz Del Río, K.T. Lillios and I. Sastre (eds.), The Matter of Prehistory: Papers in Honour of Antonio Gilman Guillén, 193-211. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC.

Lull, V., R. Micó, C. Rihuete Herrada, R. Risch and N. Escanilla 2017 Halberdiers and combat systems in the Argaric. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 36: 375-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12120

Lull, V., C. Rihuete Herrada, R. Risch, … V. Villalba-Mouco and R. Micó 2021 Emblems and spaces of power during the Argaric Bronze Age at La Almoloya, Murcia. Antiquity 95(380): 329-48. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.8

Lull, V. 1983 La Cultura de El Argar, un modelo para el estudio de las formaciones económico-sociales prehistóricas. Madrid: Akal.

Lull, V., and R. Risch 1995 El estado argárico. Verdolay 7: 97-109.

Luxemburg, R. 1913 Die Akkumulation des Kapitals. Ein Beitrag zur ökonomischen Erklärung des Imperialismus. Berlin: Buchhandlung Vorwärts Paul Singer.

Martínez Monleón, S. 2014 El Argar en el Bajo Segura y el Bajo Vinalopó. Patrón de asentamiento en un territorio de frontera. Villena, Spain: Fundación municipal J. Ma. Soler.

Martínez Padilla C., and M.C. Botella López 1980 El Peñon de la Reina (Albodoluy, Almería). Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España 112. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura de España.

Milesi García, L., G. Aranda Jiménez, M. Díaz-Zorita Bonilla … M. Sánchez Romero and P. Becerra Fuello 2023 Funerary practices in megalithic tombs during the Argaric Bronze Age in south-Eastern Iberia: the cemetery of Los Eriales. Journal of Archaeological Science, Reports 49: 103972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103972

Meller, H. 2019 Princes, armies, sanctuaries: the emergence of complex authority in the central German Úntice culture. Acta Archaeologica 90: 39-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0390.2019.12206.x

Molina González, F., and J.A. Cámara Serrano 2009 El análisis de la ideología de la emulación: el caso de El Argar. Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada 19: 163-94.

Moreno Gil, A. 2023 The Power of Borders and the Borders of Power: The Early Bronze Age Argaric Borderlands in the Middle and Upper Segura, Southeast Spain (2200-1550 BCE). Unpublished PhD dissertation, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale).

Moreno Onorato, A., and F. Contreras Cortés 2010 La organización social de la producción metalúrgica en las sociedades argáricas: el poblado de Peñalosa. Menga: Revista de prehistoria de Andalucía 1: 53-76.

Nájera Colino, T. 1984 La Edad del Bronce en La Mancha occidental. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Universidad de Granada, Granada. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/32594

Nørgaard, H.W., E. Pernicka and H. Vandkilde 2021 Shifting networks and mixing metals: changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations. PLoS ONE 16: e0252376. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252376

Olalde, I., S. Brace, M. Allentoft … C. Lalueza-Fox and D. Reich 2018 The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555: 190-96. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25738

Oliart, C. 2020 Un nuevo y excepcional caso de muerte violenta en territorio argárico. In M.P. De Miguel-Ibáñez, A. Romero Rameta, P. Torregrosa Giménez and F.J. Jover Maestre (eds.), Cuidar, curar, morir: la enfermedad leída en los huesos, 31-49. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante.

Oliart, C. 2021 Aproximación osteoarqueológica a las condiciones de vida de una comunidad argárica. Análisis de las colecciones esqueléticas de La Bastida (Totana, Murcia). Unpublished PhD dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona. https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/673291?locale-attribute=es

Ortega Vallet, J.A. 1989 Paleopatología en cráneos humanos prehistóricos de Andalucía oriental. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Universidad de Granada, Granada. https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/6321.

Peres, M. 2021 Poblamiento, producción y poder: los patrones de asentamiento de la Edad del Bronce entre la Meseta Sur y el Levante peninsular. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33466.06080

Peres, M., and R. Risch 2022 Espacios y fuerzas sociales en el centro y el este de la península ibérica entre 2200 y 1550 ANE: una aproximación macroespacial. Trabajos de Prehistoria 79: 47-66. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2022.12286

Peres, M., and R. Risch 2023 Fuerzas productivas y relaciones de producción en el centro y el este de la península ibérica entre 2200 y 1550 ANE. Trabajos de Prehistoria 80. (in press)

Risch, R. 1995 Recursos naturales y sistemas de producción en el Sudeste de la Península Ibérica entre 3000 y 1000 ANE. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona. https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/5524?show=full

Risch, R. 2002 Recursos naturales, medios de producción y explotación social. Un análisis económico de la industria lítica de Fuente Álamo (Almería), 2250-1400 antes de nuestra era. Iberia Archaeologica 3. Mainz: P. von Zabern.

Risch, R. 2012 Die Architektur der Arbeits- und Gesellschaftsteilung in den Höhensiedlungen der frühen Bronzezeit Südostspaniens. In W. Raeck and D. Steuernagel (eds.), Das Gebaute und das Gedachte. Siedlungsform, Architektur und Gesellschaft in prähistorischen und antiken Kulturen, 21-40. Bonn: Verlag Rudolf Habelt.

Risch, R., and H. Meller 2015 Change and continuity in Europe and the Mediterranean around 1600 BC. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81: 239-64. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2015.10

Risch, R., H. Meller, S. Delgado-Raack and T. Schunke 2021 The Bornhöck burial mound and the political economy of an Únetice ruler. In S. Gimatzidis and R. Jung (eds.), The Critique of Archaeological Economy, 85-116. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72539-6_6

Ruiz Taboada, A. 1998 La Edad del Bronce en la provincia de Toledo: La Mancha y su entorno. Toledo: Instituto Provincial de Investigaciones y Estudios Toledanos.

Schuhmacher, T. 2012 Elfenbeinstudien II. Chalkolithische und Frühbronzezeitliche Elfenbeinobjekte auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Studien zu Herkunft, Austausch, Verarbeitung und sozialer Bedeutung von Elfenbein. Iberia Archaeologica 16.2. Mainz: P. von Zabern.

Scott, J.C. 2009 The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Schoep, I., P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.) 2012 Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dphz

Silva, P.G., T. Bardají, M. Calmel-Ávila, J.L. Goy and C. Zazo 2008 Transition from alluvial to fluvial systems in the Guadalentín depression (SE Spain) during the Holocene: Lorca fan versus Guadalentín river. Geomorphology 100: 140-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.10.023

Toubert, P. 1973 Les structures du Latium. Le Latium méridional et la Sabine du LXe siècle. Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 221. Rome: École française de Rome.

van Wijngaarden, G. J., and J. Driessen (eds.) 2022 Political Geographies of the Bronze Age Aegean. Babesch Supplementa 43. Leuven: Peeters. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2tjdgj2

Verhagen, P., S. Gili, R. Micó and R. Risch 1997 Modelling prehistoric land use distribution in the Río Aguas Valley (S.E. Spain). In L. Dingwall, S. Exon, V. Gaffney, S. Laflin and M. van Leusen (eds.), Archaeology in the Age of Internet. CAA97. Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 750: 171-91. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.

Verhagen, P., J. McGlade, S. Gili and R. Risch 1995 Some criteria for modelling socio-economic activities in the Bronze Age of south-east Spain. In G. Lock and Z. Stancic (eds.), GIS and Archaeology: A European Perspective, 187-209. London: Taylor and Francis.

Villalba-Mouco, V., C. Oliart, C. Rihuete Herrada … R. Risch and W. Haak 2022 Kinship practices in the early state El Argar society from Bronze Age Iberia. Scientific Reports 12: 22415. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25975-9

Wickham, C. 1985 Il problema dell’incastellamento nell’Italia centrale. L’esempio di San Vincenzo al Volturno. Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio.

Published

2023-10-26

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Moreno Gil, A., Peres, M., & Risch, R. (2023). Diverging Paths: Settlement Strategies and Conflict during the Early Bronze Age in the Southeastern Quadrant of Iberia. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 36(1), 102-126. https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.27147

Most read articles by the same author(s)