Prehistoric Farming Settlements in Western Anatolia

Archaeobotanical Insights into the Late Chalcolithic of the Izmir Region, Turkey

Authors

  • Tom Maltas University of Oxford
  • Vasif Şahoğlu Ankara University
  • Hayat Erkanal† Ankara University
  • Rıza Tuncel Eastern Mediterranean University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.21981

Keywords:

agriculture, archaeobotany, Late Chalcolithic, Lathyrus (Spanish vetchling), western Anatolia

Abstract

Recovery of archaeobotanical assemblages from Late Chalcolithic Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe in western Anatolia has provided the opportunity for in-depth analysis of agricultural strategies and the organisation of farming-related activity at the two sites. We find that Late Chalcolithic farmers utilised five major crop taxa, potentially including two mixed crops. The two sites also provide the first evidence for Spanish vetchling and winged vetchling cultivation in prehistoric Anatolia and the earliest evidence for this practice to date anywhere. We suggest that the settlements were organised into small, co-residential households that processed and stored their own crops, but we also propose that potentially communal extra-household storage and high levels of social monitoring may attest to supra-household cooperation. The later agricultural history of the vetchling species and the prevalence of extra-household storage at sites in coastal western Anatolia and the eastern Aegean islands add to evidence for a cultural koine between these regions in the fourth and third millennia bc. We also suggest that the large size of extra-household storage structures and the narrow range of crops cultivated at some Late Chalcolithic sites are consistent with the emergence of more extensive farming systems than those of earlier periods. Evidence for the use of extensive agricultural production to amass arable wealth by the citadel elites of later Early Bronze Age western Anatolia suggests that the agro-ecological foundations for emergent wealth inequality within the region were laid during the Late Chalcolithic. Testing this hypothesis through direct evidence for the nature of Late Chalcolithic farming systems is a key aim of ongoing research.

Author Biographies

  • Tom Maltas, University of Oxford

    Tom Maltas is a DPhil (PhD) student in Archaeological Science at the Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. Entitled ‘Agriculture and Citadel in the Bronze Age Aegean: The View from Western Anatolia’, his DPhil investigates agricultural production within the context of social change and emergent wealth inequality within Late Chalcolithic and Bronze Age western Anatolia.

  • Vasif Şahoğlu, Ankara University

    Vasıf Şahoğlu is a Professor in the Department of Archaeology, Program for Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology, Ankara University, and the current director of ANKÜSAM. He is the director of the excavations at Liman Tepe and coordinates IRERP. He has published on Bronze Age economies, maritime archaeology, long-distance travel, contacts and trade issues, mortuary practices and pottery studies around the Aegean and Anatolia.

  • Hayat Erkanal†, Ankara University

    Hayat Erkanal (1940–2019) was a Professor in the Department of Archaeology, Program for Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology, Ankara University. He was the director of the excavations of Liman Tepe from 1992 to 2019 and co-directed the excavations at Bakla Tepe between 1994 and 2001. He published on a wide range of topics, extending from Mesopotamia / northern Syria to Anatolia and the Aegean.

  • Rıza Tuncel, Eastern Mediterranean University

    Rıza Tuncel has been a part of the İzmir Region Excavation and Research Project since 1993 and has participated in the excavations of both Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe. His specialty is the pottery of the Chalcolithic period from both sites, although his interests also extend towards the Early Bronze Age and later. He has been a member of Eastern Mediterranean University since 2005 and has continued his research in the İzmir region.

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Published

2022-01-20

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Maltas, T., Şahoğlu, V., Erkanal†, H., & Tuncel, R. (2022). Prehistoric Farming Settlements in Western Anatolia: Archaeobotanical Insights into the Late Chalcolithic of the Izmir Region, Turkey. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 34(2), 252-277. https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.21981