Perils, Potential and Perspectives of Bioarchaeological Analyses in the Study of Mediterranean Mobility
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.43203Keywords:
bioarchaeological analyses, identity, Mediterranean archaeology, mobilityAbstract
The resolution of bioarchaeological analyses has improved dramatically in recent years, and bioarchaeology is increasingly employed in areas of the world where preservation issues and disciplinary traditions had previously hindered its application. One such area is the Mediterranean region. Bioarchaeological analyses arguably are the most direct indicator of human behavior in the past, and as a result the full integration of bioarchaeology and archaeology into Mediterranean research shows much promise. However, several methodological, theoretical and practical challenges have emerged: (1) discrepancies between cultural and biological variability; (2) discrepancies in the dating of skeletal samples and of migration events in the two subdisciplines; (3) diverging interpretations of (collective) identities; and (4) the fostering of effective cross-disciplinary communication and collaboration. While the first two points are especially salient for Mediterranean research, the third and fourth are relevant for the archaeological discipline more generally. In this paper, we discuss each challenge in turn, focusing on the first millennium bc Greek diaspora in the Mediterranean. We believe that both disciplines would benefit from open discussion of these issues, which we hope might spur more collaborative efforts towards their resolution.
References
Abulafia, D. 2005 Mediterraneans. In W.V. Harris (ed.), Rethinking the Mediterranean, 64-93. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. London: Allen Lane. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.001.0001
Achilli, A., A. Olivieri, M. Pellecchia and A. Torroni 2008 Mitochondrial genomes of extinct aurochs survive in domestic cattle. Current Biology 18(4): R157-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.019
Alberti, B. 2005 Bodies in prehistory: beyond the sex/gender split. In P.P. Funari, A. Zarankin and E. Stovel (eds.), Global Archaeological Theory: Contextual Voices and Contemporary Thoughts, 107-20. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers.
Allegro, N. 2008 I blocchi 1-4. In N. Allegro, HIMERA V. L’abitato. Isolato II. I blocchi 1-4 della zona 1, 211-20. Palermo: Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università di Palermo.
Allentoft, M.E., M. Sikora, K.G. Sjögren and E. Willerslev 2015 Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522: 167-72.
Amore, M.G. 2010 The Complex of Tumuli 9, 10, and 11 in the Necropolis of Apollonia (Albania). British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2059. International Centre for Albanian Archaeology Monograph Series 2. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Angel, J.L. 1946a Social biology of Greek culture growth. American Anthropologist 48: 493-533. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1946.48.4.02a00020
b Some interrelationships of classical archaeology with anthropology. American Journal of Archaeology 50: 401.
Antonaccio, C.M. 2001 Ethnicity and colonization. In I. Malkin (ed.), Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, 113-57. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Appadurai, A. 1986 Introduction: commodities and the politics of value. In A. Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, 3-63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819582.
Argawal, S.C., and J. Wesp 2017 Exploring Sex and Gender in Bioarchaeology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Barth, F. 1969 Introduction. In F. Barth (ed.), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, 1-38. Boston: Little, Brown.
Bartoloni, G. 1989 La cultura villanoviana: all’inizio della storia etrusca. Rome: La Nuova Italia Scientifica.
Bentley, A.R. 2006 Strontium isotopes from the earth to the archaeological skeleton: a review. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 13: 135-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-006-9009-x
Bettelli, M. 2002 Italia meridionale e mondo miceneo. Ricerche su dinamiche di acculturazione e aspetti archeologici, con particolare riferimento ai versanti adriatico e ionico della penisola italiana. Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio.
Bhabha, O. 1992 The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
Bietti Sestieri, A.M. 1969 Ripostigli di bronzi dell’Italia meridionale: scambi fra le due sponde dell’Adriatico. Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana 78: 259-76.
L’Adriatico fra l’età del Bronzo e gli inizi dell’età del Ferro. In F. Lenzi (ed.), L’archeologia dell’Adriatico dalla preistoria al medioevo, 49-64. Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio.
L’Italia nell’età del Bronzo e del Ferro. Rome: Carocci.
Braudel, F. 1949 La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II. Paris: Armand Colin.
Briquel, D. 1991 L’origine lydienne des Étrusques: histoire de la doctrine dans l’antiquité. Rome: École Française de Rome.
Broodbank, C. 2013 The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World. London: Thames and Hudson.
Buchner, G. 1975 Nuovi aspetti e problemi posti dagli scavi di Pithecusa con particolari considerazioni sulle oreficerie di stile orientalizzante antico. In Centre Jean Bérard (ed.), Contribution à l’étude de la société et de la colonisation eubéennes. Cahiers du Centre Jean Bérard 2: 59-86. Naples: Centre Jean Bérard. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pcjb.1158
Buikstra, J., and A. Lagia 2009 Bioarchaeological approaches to Aegean archaeology. In L.A. Schepartz, S.C. Fox and C. Bourbou (eds.), New Directions in the Skeletal Biology of Greece. Hesperia Supplement 43: 7-29. Princeton, New Jersey: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
Burgers, G.-J. 2004 Western Greeks in their regional setting: rethinking early Greek-indigenous encounters in southern Italy. Ancient West and East 3: 252–82.
Burmeister, S. 2000 Approaches to an archaeological proof of migration: archaeology and migration. Current Anthropology 41: 539-67. https://doi.org/10.1086/317383
Butler, J. 1990 Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
Campbell, L., A. Maldonado, E. Pierce and A. Russell (eds.) 2016 Creating Material Worlds: The Uses of Identity in Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Camporeale, G. 2011 Gli Etruschi: storia e civiltà. Torino: Utet.
Card, J. (ed.) 2013 The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture. Center for Archaeological Investigation, Occasional Paper 30. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Casella, E.C., and C. Fowler (eds.) 2005 The Archaeology of Plural and Changing Identities: Beyond Identification. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/b109969
Cavazzuti, C., R. Skeates, A.R. Millard, G. Nowell, J. Peterkin, M. Bernabò Brea, A. Cardarelli and L. Salzani 2019 Flows of people in villages and large centres in Bronze Age Italy through strontium and oxygen isotopes. PLoS ONE 14: e0209693. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209693
Concannon, C., and L.A. Mazurek (eds.) 2016 Across the Corrupting Sea: Post-Braudelian Approaches to the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315565514
Cunliffe, B. 2008 Europe Between the Oceans: 9000 BC-AD 1000. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
De Siena, A. 1986 Metaponto. Nuove scoperte in proprietà Andrisani. In A. De Siena and M. Tagliente (eds.), Siris-Polieion. Fonti letterarie e nuova documentazione archeologica. Incontro studi, Policoro (8-10 giugno 1984), 135-56. Galatina: Congedo Editore.
Denti, M. 2018 Aegean migrations and the indigenous Iron Age communities on the Ionian coast of southern Italy: sharing and interaction phenomena. In É. Gailledrat, M. Dietler and R. Plana-Mallart (eds.), Trade and Colonization in the Ancient Mediterranean: The Emporion, from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period, 207-18. Montpellier: Presses Universitaires de la Méditerranée.
Díaz-Andreu, M., and S. Lucy 2005 Introduction. In M. Díaz-Andreu, S. Lucy, S. Babic? and D.N. Edwards (eds.), The Archaeology of Identity: Approaches to Gender, Age, Status, Ethnicity and Religion, 1-12. London: Routledge.
Dickinson, O. 2006 The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203968369
Dietler, M. 2007 Culinary encounters: food, identity, and colonialism. In K. Twiss (ed.), The Archaeology of Food and Identity. Center for Archaeological Investigation, Occasional Paper 30: 218-42. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University.
Duday, H. 2009 The Archaeology of the Dead: Lectures in Archaeothanatology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1cd0pkv
Eisenmann, S., E. Bánffy, P. van Dommelen … D. Reich and P.W. Stockhammer 2018 Reconciling material cultures in archaeology with genetic data: the nomenclature of clusters emerging from archaeogenomic analysis. Nature Scientific Reports 8: 13003. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31123-z
Emberling, G. 1997 Ethnicity in complex societies: archaeological perspectives. Journal of Archaeological Research 5: 295-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02229256
Fowler, C. 2010 From identity and material culture to personhood and materiality. In D. Hicks and M.C. Beaudry (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies, 352-85. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Furholt, M. 2018 Massive migrations? The impact of recent aDNA studies on our view of third millennium Europe. European Journal of Archaeology 21: 159-91. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.43
Re-integrating archaeology: a contribution to aDNA studies and the migration discourse on the 3rd millennium BC in Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85: 115-29. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2019.4
Geller, P.L. 2009 Identity and difference: complicating gender in archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 38: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164414
Giangiulio, M. 2010 Deconstructing ethnicities. Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 85: 13-23.
Giardino, C. 2016 Evidence for foreign contacts in Sicilian and southern Italian hoards of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. In H. Baitinger (ed.), Material Culture and Identity between the Mediterranean World and Central Europe, 239-61. Darmstadt: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums.
Giblin, J.I., and R.W. Yerkes 2016 Diet, dispersal and social differentiation during the Copper Age in eastern Hungary. Antiquity 90: 81-94. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.3
Gleba, M. 2011 The ‘distaff side’ of Early Iron Age aristocratic identity in Italy. In M. Gleba and H.V. Horsnæs (eds.), Communicating Identity in Italic Iron Age Communities, 26-32. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Gosselain, O.P. 2000 Materializing identities: an African perspective. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7: 187-217. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026558503986
Gregoricka, L.A. 2021 Moving forward: a bioarchaeology of mobility and migration. Journal of Archaeological Research. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-020-09155-9
Greco, E. (ed.) 2002 Gli Achei e l’identità etnica degli Achei d’Occidente. Paestum: Pandemos.
Guzzo, P.G. 2011 Fondazioni Greche. L’Italia Meridionale e la Sicilia (VIII e VII sec. a.C.). Rome: Carocci.
Haak, W., I. Lazaridis, N. Patterson … K.W. Alt and D. Reich 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522: 207-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14317
Hall, J.M. 1997 Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511605642
Harris, W.V. (ed.) 2005 Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hartman, G., and M. Richards 2014 Mapping and defining sources of variability in bioavailable strontium isotope ratios in the eastern Mediterranean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 126: 250-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.015
Hellenthal, G., G.B.J. Busby, G. Band, J.F. Wilson, C. Capelli, D. Falush and S. Myers 2014 A genetic atlas of human admixture history. Science 343(6172): 747-51. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243518
Herring, E. 1998 Explaining Change in the Matt-Painted Pottery of Southern Italy: Cultural and Social Explanations for Ceramic Development from the 11th to the 4th Centuries B.C. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 722. Oxford: Archaeopress. https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548997
Hodos, T. 1999 Intermarriage in the western Greek colonies. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18: 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00071
Colonial engagements in the global Mediterranean Iron Age. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 19: 221-41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774309000286
Local and global perspectives in the study of social and cultural identities. In S. Halles and T. Hodos (eds.), Material Culture and Social Identities in the Ancient World, 3-31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
The Archaeology of the Mediterranean Iron Age: A Globalising World c.1100-600 BCE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511979316
Hofman, D. 2015 What have genetics ever done for us? The implications of aDNA data for interpreting identity in Early Neolithic central Europe. European Journal of Archaeology 18: 454-76. https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000083
Horden, P., and N. Purcell 2000 The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford: Blackwell.
The Mediterranean and the new thalassology. American Historical Review 111: 722-40. https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.3.722
Hu, D. 2013 Approaches to the archaeology of ethnogenesis: past and emergent perspectives. Journal of Archaeological Research 21: 371-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-013-9066-0
Hubbard, A.R., D. Guatelli-Steinberg and J.D Irish 2015 Do nuclear DNA and dental nonmetric data produce similar reconstructions of regional population history? An example from modern coastal Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 157: 295-304. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22714
Hutchinson, J., and A.D. Smith 1996 Introduction. In J. Hutchinson and A.D. Smith (eds.), Ethnicity, 1-14. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Insoll, T. (ed.) 2007 The Archaeology of Identities: A Reader. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203965986
Irish, J.D. 2016 Who were they really? Model-free and model-bound dental nonmetric analyses to affirm documented population affiliations of seven South African ‘Bantu’ samples. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159: 655-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22928
Isayev, E. 2018 Migration, Mobility and Place in Ancient Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316440612
Jenkins, R. 2014 Social Identity (fourth edition). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315887104
Johannsen, N.N., G. Larson, D.J. Meltzer and M.V. Linden 2017 A composite window into human history: better integration of ancient DNA studies with archaeology promises deeper insights. Science 356(6343): 1118-20. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan0737
Jones, S. 1997 The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. London: Routledge.
Joyce, R.A. 2000 Girling the girl and boying the boy: the production of adulthood in ancient Mesoamerica. World Archaeology 31: 473-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240009696933
Keenleyside, A., H. Schwarcz and K. Panayotova 2011 Oxygen isotopic evidence of residence and migration in a Greek colonial population on the Black Sea. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 2658-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.06.001
Kelly, M.E., and J. Nagel 2002 Ethnic re-identification: Lithuanian Americans and Native Americans. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28: 275-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830220124332
Killgrove, K., and J. Montgomery 2016 All roads lead to Rome: exploring human migration to the eternal city through biochemistry of skeletons from two Imperial-era cemeteries (1st-3rd C AD). PLoS ONE 11(2): e0147585. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147585
King, R.J., J. Di Cristofaro, A. Kouvatsi … P.A. Underhill and J. Chiaroni 2011 The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11, 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-69
Klaus, H.D., and M.E. Tam 2009 Contact in the Andes: bioarchaeology of systemic stress in postcontact Mórrope, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138: 356-68. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20944
Knapp, A.B. 2014 Mediterranean archaeology and ethnicity. In J. McInerney (ed.), A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons.
Knüsel, C.J. 2010 Bioarchaeology: a synthetic approach. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris 22: 62-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13219-010-0003-1
Kristiansen, K.E. 2014 Towards a new paradigm? The third science revolution and its possible consequences in archaeology. Current Swedish Archaeology 22: 11-34.
Kyle, B., and L.J. Reitsema 2021 Social variation in an urban environment and its impacts on stress: preliminary results from ancient Greek Himera (Sicily). In G. Robbins Schug (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Climate and Environmental Change, 205-20. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351030465-13
Kyle, B., E. Shehi, M. Koçi and L.J. Reitsema 2020 Bioarchaeological reconstruction of physiological stress during social transition in Albania. International Journal of Paleopathology 30: 118-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.06.003
Lagia, A. 2015 The potential and limitations of bioarchaeological investigations in classical contexts in Greece: an example from the polis of Athens. In D. Haggis and C. Antonaccio (eds.), Classical Archaeology in Context, 149-73. Berlin: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781934078471-010
Laqueur, T. 1990 Making Sex: Body and Sex from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Lawler, S. 2005 Introduction: class, culture and identity. Sociology 39: 797–806. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038505058365
Leidwanger, J., and C. Knappett 2018a Maritime Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108555685
b Maritime networks, connectivity, and mobility in the ancient Mediterranean. In J. Leidwanger and C. Knappett (eds.), Maritime Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean World, 1-21. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108555685
Leppard, T.P., C. Esposito and M. Esposito 2020 The bioarchaeology of migration in the ancient Mediterranean: meta-analysis of radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr) isotope ratios. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 33: 211-41. https://doi.org/10.1558/jma.18784
Lo Schiavo, F. 1970 Il gruppo liburnico-japodico: per una definizione nell’ambito della protostoria balcanica. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
Malkin, I. 2014 Between collective and ethnic identities: a conclusion. Dialogues d’Histoire Ancienne, Supplément 10: 283-92. https://doi.org/10.3917/dha.hs91.0283
Marcus, J.H., C. Posth, H. Ringbauer … J. Krause and J. Novembre 2020 Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. Nature Communications 11, 939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6
Matisoo-Smith, E., A. Gosling, D. Platt … J. Nassar and P. Zalloua 2018 Ancient mitogenomes of Phoenicians from Sardinia and Lebanon: a story of settlement, integration, and female mobility. PLoS ONE 13: e0190169. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190169
McIlvaine, B.K., L.A. Schepartz, C.S. Larsen and P.W. Sciulli 2014 Evidence for long-term migration on the Balkan peninsula using dental and cranial nonmetric data: early interaction between Corinth (Greece) and its colony at Apollonia (Albania). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 153: 236-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22425
Moral, E. 2016 Qu(e)erying sex and gender in archaeology: a critique of the ‘third’ and other sexual categories. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 23: 788-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-016-9294-y
Morris, I. 2003 Mediterraneanization. Mediterranean Historical Review 18 (2): 30-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951896032000230471
Müller, C. 2014 Introduction. La fin de l’ethnicité? Dialogues d’Histoire Ancienne, Supplément 10: 15-33. https://doi.org/10.3917/dha.hs91.0015
Nafplioti, A. 2011 Tracing population mobility in the Aegean using isotope geochemistry: a first map of local biologically available 87Sr/86Sr signatures. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 1560-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.02.021
Nagel, J. 1994 Constructing ethnicity: creating and recreating ethnic-identity and culture. Social Problems 41: 152-76. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1994.41.1.03x0430n
Nordbladh, J., and T. Yates 1990 This perfect body, this virgin text: between sex and gender in archaeology. In J. Bapty and T. Yates (eds.), Archaeology after Structuralism: Post-structuralism and the Practice of Archaeology, 222-37. London: Routledge.
Olalde, I., S. Brace, M.E. Allentoft … C. Lalueza-Fox and D. Reich 2018 The beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555 (7695): 190-96.
Osanna, M. 2012 Prima di Eraclea: l’insediamento di età arcaica tra il Sinni e l’Agri. In M. Osanna and G. Zuchtriegel (eds.), Amfi Sirios roas. Nuove ricerche su Eraclea e la Siritide, 17-43. Venosa: Osanna Edizioni.
Pallottino, M. 1947 L’origine degli etruschi, Rome: Studium Urbis.
Nuovi studi sul problema delle origini etrusche. Bilancio critico. Studi Etruschi 29: 3-30.
Panagiotopoulou, E., J. Montgomery, G. Nowell, J. Peterkin, A. Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou, P. Arachoviti, S. Katakouta and F. Tsiouka 2018 Detecting mobility in Early Iron Age Thessaly by strontium isotope analysis. European Journal of Archaeology 21: 590-611. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.88
Papathanasiou, A., M.P. Richards and S.C. Fox (eds.) 2015 Archaeodiet in the Greek World: Dietary Reconstruction from Stable Isotope Analysis. Hesperia Supplement 49. Princeton, New Jersey: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
Pellecchia, M., R. Negrini, L. Colli … A. Torroni and P. Ajmone-Marsan 2007 The mystery of Etruscan origins: novel clues from Bos taurus mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the Royal Society 274(1614): 1175–79. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0258
Perkins, P. 2009 DNA and Etruscan identity. In J. Swaddling and P. Perkins (eds.), Etruscan by Definition: Papers in Honour of Sybille Haynes, 95-111. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Pilloud, M., and J. Hefner (eds.) 2016 Biological Distance Analysis: Forensic and Bioarchaeological Perspectives. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Price, T.D., C.M. Johnson, J.A. Ezzo, J. Ericson and J.H. Burton 1994 Residential mobility in the prehistoric Southwest United States: a preliminary study using strontium isotope analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 21: 315-30. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1031
Quinn, J. 2019 In Search of the Phoenicians. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Rathmann, H., B. Kyle, K. Harvati and G. Saltini Semerari 2019 Population history of southern Italy during Greek colonization inferred from skeletal remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 170: 519-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23937
Rathmann, H., G. Saltini Semerari and K. Harvati 2017 Evidence for migration influx into the ancient Greek colony of Metaponto: a population genetics approach using dental nonmetric traits. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 27: 453-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2569
Reitsema, L.J., B. Kyle and S. Vassallo 2020 Food traditions and colonial interactions in the ancient Mediterranean: stable isotope evidence from the Greek Sicilian colony Himera. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 57: 101-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101144
Ridgway, D. 2004 Euboeans and others along the Thyrrenian seabord in the 8th century BC. In K. Lomas (ed.), Greek Identity in the Western Mediterranean. Papers in Honour of Brian Shefton, 15-33. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/
_003
Saltini Semerari, G. 2017 Towards an archaeology of disentanglement: the Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Age transition in the central Mediterranean. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 24: 542-78.
Saltini Semerari, G., and H. Rathmann 2021 Disentangling biological and constructed identities: a case study from the Gulf of Taranto (Italy). In V. Sossau and K. Rehle (eds.), Mistaken Identity. Identitäten als Ressourcen im zentralen Mittelmeerraum. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press. (in press).
Sarno, S., A. Boattini, L. Pagani … D. Luiselli and D. Pettener 2017 Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean. Nature Scientific Reports 7, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4
Scott, G.R., C.G. Turner, G.C. Townsend and M. Martinón-Torres 2018 The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: Dental Morphology and its Variation in Recent and Fossil Homo Sapiens (second edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316795859
Schepartz, L.A., A. Papathanasiou, S. Miller-Antonio, S.R. Stocker, J.L. Davis, M.A. Murphy, E. Malapani and M. Richards 2011 No seat at the table? Mycenaean women’s diet and health in Pylos, Greece. In L.A. Schepartz (ed.), Anthropology a la Carte: The Evolution and Diversity of Human Diet, 359-74. San Diego: Cognella.
Shepherd, G. 1999 Fibulae and females: intermarriage in the western Greek colonies and the evidence from the cemeteries. In G.R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), Ancient Greeks West and East, 267-300. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004351257_012
Sofaer, J.R. 2006 The Body as Material Culture: A Theoretical Osteology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stallo, J.R., L.A. Schepartz, V. Grimes and M. Richards 2010 Strontium isotope ratios and mobility reconstruction. In M.G. Amore (ed.), The Complex of Tumili 9, 10 and 11 in the Necropolis of Apollonia (Albania). British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2059: 78-84. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Stojanowski, C.M., and A.R. Hubbard 2017 Sensitivity of dental phenotypic data for the identification of biological relatives. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 27: 813-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2596
Stojanowski, C.M., and M.A. Schillaci 2006 Phenotypic approaches for understanding patterns of intracemetery biological variation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 43: 49-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20517
Stoneking, M., and J. Krause 2011 Learning about human population history from ancient and modern genomes. Nature Reviews Genetics 12: 603-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3029
Sulosky-Weaver, C. 2015 The Bioarchaeology of Classical Kamarina. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813061122.001.0001
Tafuri, M.A., P.D. Fullagar, T.C. O’Connell, M.G. Belcastro, P. Iacumin, C. Conati Barbaro, R. Sanseverino and J. Robb 2016 Life and death in Neolithic southeastern Italy: the strontium isotopic evidence. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26: 1045-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2516
Tofanelli, S., F. Brisighelli, P. Anagnostou … A. Facella and C. Capelli 2015 The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation in southern Italy and Sicily. European Journal of Human Genetics 24: 429-36. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2015.124
Torelli, M. 1981 Storia degli Etruschi. Rome: Laterza.
Torres-Rouff, C., and K. Knudson 2017 Integrating identities: an innovative bioarchaeological and biogeochemical approach to analyzing the multiplicity of identities in the mortuary record. Current Anthropology 58: 381-409. https://doi.org/10.1086/692026
Tsetskhladze, G. (ed.) 2006–2008 Greek Colonization: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas (two volumes). Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004155763.i-566
Vagnetti, L. 2000 I Micenei fra Mediterraneo orientale ed occidentale dopo la fine dei palazzi. In Magna Grecia e Oriente Mediterraneo prima dell’età Ellenistica, 63-89. Naples: Arte Tipografica.
van Dommelen, P. 2005 Colonial interactions and hybrid practices. In G. Stein (ed.), The Archaeology of Colonial Encounters: Comparative Perspectives, 109-41. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press.
Colonialism and migration in the ancient Mediterranean. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 393-409. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145758
van Dommelen, P., and A.B. Knapp (eds.) 2010 Material Connections in the Ancient Mediterranean: Mobility, Materiality and Identity. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203842119
Voss, B., and R.A. Schmidt 2000 Archaeologies of Sexuality. London: Routledge.
Voutsaki, S., and S.M. Valamoti 2013 Towards a better integration of archaeology and science in the study of ancient diet: an introduction. In S. Voutsaki and S.M. Valamoti (eds.), Diet, Economy and Society in the Ancient Greek World: Towards a Better Integration of Archaeology and Science. Pharos, Supplement 1: 1-8. Leuven: Peeters.
Yntema, D. 2000 Mental landscapes of colonization. Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 75: 1-50. https://doi.org/10.2143/BAB.75.0.563182
The Archaeology of South-East Italy in the First Millennium BC: Greek and Native Societies of Apulia and Lucania between the 10th and the 1st Century BC. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
