Stabilizing the unstable
Exploring the histories, practices and literate actions of writers at the aging stage of life
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/wap.34590Keywords:
Literate Action, Aging, Lifespan Writing Development, Curriculum of AgingAbstract
The writing that older adults, retirees, and the elderly – what might be referred to as the aging stage of life (Conrad, 1992) – remains under-examined in writing studies. This research project explores the literate practices of five retirees who write on a regular basis in order to understand how they organize themselves and their lives for writing across lifeworlds. A theoretical framework from a lifespan perspective (Bazerman et al., 2017) serves as the departure point for a grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006; Saldana, 2009) analysis of artifacts that emerged from a series of retrospective interview protocols. These protocols were based on previous work in sponsors of literacy (Brandt, 2001) and chronotopic lamination (Prior and Shipka, 2003). Analysis of these interviews and documents reveals a core category of stabilizing that retirees engage in. Writers stabilize their work in a given moment to continue making sense of a chain of literate acts, which enables them to carry forward complex literate lives. These findings suggest that retirees write their way into new contexts shaped by their pre-retirement histories. The manner in which these subjects went about this work suggests that context is an important and complicated concept when examined through a lifespan perspective.
References
Adler-Kassner, L. (2016) What is principle? In R. Malenczyk (ed.) A Rhetoric for Writing Program Administrators, 2nd edition. Anderson: Parlor Press, 462–474.
Archya, K. R. (2015) Aging, e-literacy, and technology: Participatory user-centered design for older adults’ digital engagement. Journal of literacy and technology 16(2): 2–32.
Bazerman, C. (2008) Theories of the middle range in historical studies of writing practice. Written Communication 25(3): 298–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088308318025
Bazerman, C. (2013) Literate Action: A Theory of Literate Action, vol. 2. Fort Collins: The WAC Clearinghouse and Parlor Press. https://doi.org/10.37514/PER-B.2013.4791
Bazerman, C. (ed.) (2009) Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410616470
Bazerman, C., Brandt, D., Rowe, D., Berninger, V., Matsuda, P. K., Applebee, A., Wilcox, K., Jeffery, J., Schleppegrell, M., Graham, S. and Murphy, S. (2017) Taking the long view on writing development. Research in the Teaching of English 51(3): 351–360.
Beard, R., Riley, J., Myhill, D. and Nystrand, M. (2009) The SAGE Handbook of Writing Development. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Bowen, L. M. (2011) Resisting age bias in digital literacy research. College Composition and Communication 62(4): 586–607.
Bowen, L. M. (2012) Beyond repair: Literacy, technology, and a curriculum of aging. College English 74(5): 437–457.
Brandt, D. (1990) Literacy as Involvement: The Acts of Readers, Writers, and Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Brandt, D. (2001) Literacy in American Lives. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810237
Brandt, D. (2016) Studying writing sociologically. Paper presented at the Dartmouth Summer Institute for Writing and Rhetoric. August 1–8, 2016.
Cameron, J. (2016) The Artist’s Way. New York: Penguin.
Charmaz, K. (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory. Los Angeles: Sage Publishing.
Charmaz, K. (2009) Shifting the grounds: Grounded theory in the 21st century. J. M. Morse et al. (eds) Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation. New York: Routledge, 125–140.
Cole, T. R., Van Tassel, D. D. and Kastenbaum, R. (1992) Handbook of the Humanities and Aging. New York: Springer.
Conrad, C. (1992) Old age in the modern and postmodern western world. In T. R. Cole, D. D. Van Tassel and R. Kastenbaum, R. (eds) Handbook of the Humanities and Aging. New York: Springer, 62–95.
Crow, A. (2006) Aging Literacies: Training and Development Challenges for Faculty. Mahwah: Hampton Press.
Dyson, A. H. (1999) Coach Bombay’s kids learn to write: Children’s appropriation of media material for school literacy. Research in the Teaching of English: 367–402.
Erickson, F. (2004) Talk and Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Erickson, F. and Schultz, J. (1997) When is a context? Some issues and methods in the analysis of social competence. In M. Cole, Y. Engestrom, and O. Vasquez (eds) Mind, Culture, and Activity: Seminal Papers from the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Gilleard, C. J. and Higgs, P. (2000) Cultures of Ageing: Self, Citizen, and the Body. Pearson Education.
MacArthur, C. A., Graham, S., and Fitzgerald, J. (eds) (2008) Handbook of Writing Research. New York: Guilford Press.
McKee, H. and Blair, K. (2006) Older adults and community-based technological literacy programs: Barriers and benefits to learning. Community Literacy Journal 1(2): 13–39.
Merton, R. (1987) Three fragments from a sociologist’s notebooks: Establishing the phenomenon, specified ignorance, and strategic research materials. Annual Review of Sociology 13 (1987): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.13.080187.000245
Merton, R. K. (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Miller, P. and Goodnow, J. (1995) Cultural practices: Toward an integration of culture and development. In J. Goodnow, P. Miller, and F. Kessel (eds) Cultural Practices as Contexts for Development. New Directions for Child Development No. 67. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219956703
Morse, J. M. (2009) Tussles, tensions, and resolutions. In J. M. Morse, P. N. Stern, J. Corbin, B. Bowers, K. Charmaz and A. E. Clarke (eds) Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation. New York: Routledge.
Pigg, S. L. (2014) Coordinating constant invention: Social media’s role in distributed work. Technical Communication Quarterly 23(2): 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2013.796545
Prior, P. (1998) Writing/Disciplinarity. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Prior, P. and Hengst, J. (eds) (2010) Exploring Semiotic Remediation as Discourse Practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230250628
Prior, P. and Shipka, J. (2003) Chronotopic lamination. In C. Bazerman and D. Russell (eds) Writing Selves/Writing Societies. Fort Collins: The WAC Clearinghouse and Parlor Press.
Reiff, M. and Bawarshi, A. (2011) Tracing discursive resources: How students use prior genre knowledge to negotiate new writing contexts in first-year composition. Written Communication 28(3): 312–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088311410183
Rommetveit, R. (1974) On Message Structure: A Framework for the Study of Language and Communication. New York: Wiley.
Roozen, K. (2010) Tracing trajectories of practice: Repurposing in one student’s developing disciplinary writing processes. Written Communication 27(3): 318–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088310373529
Saldana, J. (2009) The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Los Angeles: SAGE Publishers.
Scollon, R. (2001) Mediated Discourse: The Nexus of Practice. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203420065
Smagorinsky, P. (ed.) (2006) Research on Composition: Multiple Perspectives on Two Decades of Change. New York: Teachers College Press.
Sommers, N. and Saltz, L. (2004) The novice as expert: Writing the freshman year. College Composition and Communication: 124–149. https://doi.org/10.2307/4140684
Teems, Y. R. (2016) Evidence of new literacies in seniors’ health-related literacy practice. Journal of Literacy and Technology 17(1): 112–135.
Waring, M. (2012) Grounded theory. In J. Arthur, M. Waring, R. Coe and L. V. Hedges (eds) Research Methods and Methodologies in Education. Los Angeles: SAGE Publishers.