An exploration of the affordances of mentor texts
Everyday texts and Japanese sixth grade writing curriculum
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/wap.36389Keywords:
WRITING INSTRUCTION, MENTOR TEXTS, JAPANESE, CRITICAL LITERACY, MULTIMODAL, JAPANAbstract
The purpose of this study was to explore writing in sixth-grade textbooks in Japan and the affordances of contemporary everyday texts to be used alongside textbooks as mentor texts for writing. Mentor texts are often used in writing instruction; however, their affordances have not been well-researched. Considering that Japanese teachers modify textbook lessons with other materials, we sought out everyday adult and children’s texts found in newsstands, bookstores, convenience stores, internet sources, and libraries that shared some features with textbook genres of writing. Textbook lessons and everyday texts were analyzed using concepts from social semiotics to discover their organization, producer, user, design, layout and multimodal elements. The affordances of textbook lessons and everyday texts functioning as material resources are developed in this paper through three focal genres, poetry, informative, and persuasive writing.
References
Anderson, D. D. (2008). The elementary persuasive letter: Two cases of situated competence, strategy, and agency. Research in the Teaching of English, 42(3), 270–314.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essay (Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist). Austin, TX and London: University of Texas Press.
Beck, S. A. and Stevenson, A. D. (2015). Migrant students scaffolding and writing their own stories: From socioculturally relevant enabling mentor texts to collaborative student narratives. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 23(1), 59–67.
Bezemer, J. and Kress, G. (2008). Writing in multimodal texts: A social semiotic account of designs for learning. Written Communication 25, 166–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088307313177
Bomer, K. (2005). Writing a Life: Teaching Memoir to Sharpen Insight, Shape Meaning – and Triumph over Tests. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Burrell, A. and Beard, R. (2010). Children’s advertisement writing. Literacy, 44(2), 83–90.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4369.2010.00556.x
Cave, P. (2009). Primary School in Japan: Self, Individuality and Learning in Elementary Education. New York: Routledge.
Christie, F. (1987). Genres as choice. In I. Reid (Ed.), The Place of Genre in Learning: Current Debates, 22–34. Deakin: Deakin University Press.
Cope, B. and Kalantzis, M. (2009). Multiliteracies: New literacies new learning. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 4(3), 164–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/15544800903076044
Corden, R. (2007). Developing reading-writing connections: The impact of explicit instruction of literary devices on the quality of children’s narrative writing. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 21(3), 269–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568540709594594
Culham, R., Blasingame, J., and Coutu, R. (2010). Using Mentor Texts to Teach Writing with the Traits: Middle School Grades 6–8. Scholastic.
Dyer, B. and Friederich, L. (2002). The personal narrative as cultural artifact: Teaching autobiography in Japan. Written Communication, 19(2), 265–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/074108830201900202
Dyson, A. H. (2008). Staying in the (curriculuar) lines: Practice constraints and possibilities in childhood writing. Written Communication, 25(1), 119–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088307309552
Endo, H. (2015). Hone Banashi. Junior AERA. October 15.
Fletcher, R. and Portoulupi, J. (1999). Craft Lessons: Teaching Writing K-8. Stenhouse.
Flint, A. S. and Laman, T. T. (2012). Where poems hide: Finding critical, reflective spaces inside writing workshop. Theory Into Practice, 51, 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2012.636328
Gainer, J. (2013). 21st century mentor texts: Developing critical literacies in the information age. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 57(1), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/JAAL.210
Gee, J. P. (2004). Situated Language and Learning: A Critique of Traditional Schooling. New York: Routledge.
Gee, J. P. (2012). The old and the new in the new digital literacies. The Educational Forum, 76, 418–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131725.2012.708622
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Harman, R. (2013). Literary intertextuality in genre-based pedagogies: Building lexical cohesion in fifth-grade L2 writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 22(2), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2013.03.006
Hodges, T. S. and Matthews, S. D. (2017). Picture books aren’t just for kids! Modeling text structures through non-fiction mentor books. Voices from the Middle, 24(4), 74–79.
Jewitt, C. (2008). Multimodality and literacy in school classrooms. Review of Research in Education, 32(1), 241–267. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X07310586
Kamberelis, G. (1999). Genre development and learning: ‘Children swriting stories, science reports, and poems’ Research in the Teaching of English, 33(4), 403–460.
Katsuta, H. (2014). Case study of students’ in-class story rewriting process: Analysis of classroom discourse and student interviews. Japanese Teaching Society of Japan, 75, 24–31.
Kimura, K. and Kondo, M. (2004). Effective writing instruction: From Japanese danraku to English paragraphs. The Interface Between Interlanguage, Pragmatics and Assessment: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual JALT Pan-SIG Conference. May 22–23, 2004. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Keizai University.
Kitagawa, M. M. and Kitagawa, C. (1987). Making Connections with Writing, An Expressive Writing Model in Japanese Schools. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Educational Books.
Kress, G. (1993). Genre as social process. In B. Cope and M. Kalantzis (Eds) The Powers of Literacy: A Genre Approach to Teaching Writing. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Kress, G. (2008). Genres and the multimodal production of ‘Scientificness.’ In C. Jewitt and G. Kress, (Eds) Multimodal Literacy. New York: Peter Lang.
Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality: A Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203970034
Kress, G. and Selander, S. (2012). Multimodal design, learning and cultures of recognition. Internet and Higher Education, 15, 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.12.003
Kress, G. and van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203619728
Lankshear, C. and Knobel, M. (2003). New literacies: Changing Knowledge and Classroom Learning. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Lemke, J. (2006). Towards critical multimedia literacy: Technology, research, and politics. In M. C. McKenna and D. Reinking (Eds) International Handbook of Literacy and Technology: Volume 2. Psychology Press.
Luke, A. (2003). Literacy education for a new ethics of global community. Language Arts, 81(1), 20–22.
Luke, A. and Woods, A. (2009). Critical literacies in schools: A primer. Voices From the Middle, 17(2), 9–18.
Martin, J. R. (2008). Genre Relations: Mapping Culture. London: Equinox.
McQuitty, V. (2014). Process-oriented writing instruction in elementary classrooms: Evidence of effective practices from the research literature. Writing and Pedagogy, 6(3), 467–495. https://doi.org/10.1558/wap.v6i3.467
Merchant, G. (2007). Writing the future in the digital age. Literacy, 41(3), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9345.2007.00469.x
Miyazawa, K. (2017). Becoming co-witnesses to the Fukushima disaster in an elementary literacy classroom. Language Arts, 94(5), 291–301.
Miller, C. R. (1994). Rhetorical community: The cultural basis of genre. In A. Greedman and P. Medway (Eds), Genre and the New Rhetoric, 67–78. London: Taylor & Francis.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology. (2006). The Revisions of the Courses of Study for Elementary and Secondary Schools. Tokyo: Authors.
Motozawa, J. (2017). Consideration about teaching: Teaching writing to primary school children by using Local Works Collection: The unit of instruction to write short stories based on what pupils imagined by students. Kyoritsu Women’s University Faculty of Home Economics Bulletin 143–151.
Muhammad, G. E. (2015). The role of literary mentors in writing development: How African American women’s literature supported the writings of adolescent girls. Journal of Education, 195(2), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/002205741519500203
Narita, M. (2016). How to teach sentence patterns in a Japanese composition class in elementary school: Examination of genres and types of content to be expressed in relation to functions and sentence patterns. Akita University Faculty of Education and Culture College Bulletin of Educational Practice, 38, 13–25.
Nia, I. (1999). Units of study in the writing workshop. Primary Voices, 8(1), 3–10.
New London Group (1996). A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures. Harvard Educational Review, 66(1), 60–93. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.66.1.17370n67v22j160u
Pappas, C. (2006). The information book genre: Its role in integrated science literacy research and practice. Reading Research Quarterly, 41(2), 226–250. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.41.2.4
Purcell-Gates, V. Duke, N. K., and Martineau, J. A. (2007). Learning to read and write genre-specific texts: Roles of authentic experience and explicit teaching. Reading Research Quarterly, 42(1), 8–45. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.42.1.1
Pytash, K. E., Edmonson, E., and Tait, A. (2014). Using mentor texts for writing instruction in a high school economics class. Social Studies Research and Practice, 9(1), 95–106.
Pytash, K. E., and Morgan, D. N. (2014). Using mentor texts to teach writing in science and social studies. The Reading Teacher, 68(2), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1276
Rausch, A. S. (2004). ‘Newspaper in education’ in rural Japan. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 14(2), 223–244. https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.14.2.03rau
Ray, K. W. (2006). Study Driven: A Framework for Planning Units of Study in the Writing Workshop. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Reika, M. (2014). Comprehension strategies instruction on multimodal texts in high school: Possibilities and problems of ‘CM study’ in ‘language expression.’ Japanese Teaching Society of Japan, 76, 63–70.
Rounsaville, A. (2014). Situated, transnational genre knowledge: A genre trajectory analysis of one student’s personal and academic writing. Written Communication, 31(3) 332–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088314537599
Sato, M., Kono, C., Tanabe, K., and Nishimura, Y. (1986). Nihongo sakubun [Japanese composition]. Tokyo: Nihongo no Bonjimsha.
Sato, N. (1993). Teaching and learning in Japanese elementary schools: A context for understanding. Peabody Journal of Education, 68(4), 111–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/01619569309538746
Sazaesan Anime. (2014). Op haiku no aki 5780. [Video file]. Retrieved March 10, 2014 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fk-BrLDaIuE
Silverstein, S. (1964). The Giving Tree. New York: Harper Collins.
Skerrett, A. and Bomer, R. (2013). Recruiting languages and lifeworlds for border-crossing compositions. Research in the Teaching of English, 47(3), 313–337.
Skinner, E. (2007). Writing workshop meets critical media literacy: Using magazines and movies as mentor texts. Voices from the Middle, 15(2), 30–39.
Smith, B. E. (2018). Composing for affect, audience, and identity: Toward a multidimensional understanding of adolescents’ multimodal composing goals and designs. Written Communication, 35(2), 182–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088317752335
Spence, L. K. and Kite, Y. (2018). Beliefs and practices of writing instruction in Japanese elementary schools. Language, Culture, and Curriculum, 31(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2017.1338296
Stevenson, H. (1991). Japanese elementary school education. The Elementary School Journal, 92(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1086/461682
Strassman, B. K., MacDonald, H., and Wanko, L. (2010). Using captioned media as mentor expository text. The Reading Teacher, 64(3), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.64.3.5
Tokyo Shoseki, (2014). Atarashii kokugo 6. Tokyo: Tokyo Shoseki.
Ujioka, M. (2015). ‘Who chooses and how are school textbooks chosen?’ Jr. AERA, November, 2015.
Unsworth, L. (2006). Image/text relations and intersemiosis: Towards multimodal text desciption for multiliteracies education. Proceedings of the 33rd International Systemic Functional Congress. Retrieved on November 24, 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250029489_ImageText_Relations_and_Intersemiosis_Towards_Multimodal_Text_Descip-tion_for_Multiliteracies_Education
Ware, P. D. and Warschauer, M. (2005). Hybrid literacy texts and practices in technology-intensive environments. International Journal of Educational Research, 43(7), 432–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2006.07.008
Witte, S. P. (1992). Context, text, intertext: Toward a constructivist semiotic of writing. Written Communication, 9(2), 237–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088392009002003
Yamada, E. (2015). Development of a teaching program in junior high school about writing newspaper article as one of programs of ‘classes of language arts’. Lecture Practice Development Study, 8, 106–115.