A Retrospective Look at the Ethnography of Communication Disorders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jircd.v7i1.27511Keywords:
communication impairment, ethnography of communication disorders, discourseAbstract
This article takes a retrospective look at how the ethnography of communication disorders (ECD) has contributed to our understanding of communication disorders since its inception in the late 1980s. It is argued that ECD has enriched our understanding of the epistemological foundations of communication disorders, illuminated the interactional patterning of assessment and intervention, supported the development of alternate models of treatment, and led to the development of a new unit of analysis for representing the nature of communication disorders and the outcomes of our helping practices.
References
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Barrow, R. (2011). Shaping practice: The benefits of really attending to the person’s story. In R. J. Fourie (Ed.), Therapeutic Processes for Communication Disorders, 21–34. New York: Psychology Press.
Crago, M. B. (1990). The development of communicative competence in Inuit children: Implications for speech-language pathology. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 13 (1): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152574019001300108
Crago, M. B., and Eriks-Brophy, A. (1994). Culture, conversation, and interaction: Implications for intervention. In J. F. Duchan, L. E. Hewitt, and R. M. Sonnenmeier (Eds), Pragmatics: From Theory to Practice, 43–58. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Culatta, B., Kovarsky, D., Theadore, G., Franklin, A., and Timler, G. (2003). Quantitative and qualitative documentation of early literacy instruction. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12: 172–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/064)
Damico, J. S. (1990). Prescriptionism as a motivating mechanism: An ethnographic study in the public schools. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 13 (1), 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152574019001300109
Damico, J. S. (1993). Establishing expertise in communicative discourse: Implications for the speech-language pathologist. ASHA Monographs, 30, 92–98.
Damico, J. S., and Damico, S. K. (1997). The establishment of a dominant interpretive framework in language intervention. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 28 (3): 288–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2803.288
Damico, J. S., Tetnowski, J., Lynch, K., Hartwell, J., Weill, C., Heels, J., and Simmons-Mackie, N. (2014). Facilitating authentic conversation: An intervention employing principles of constructivism and conversation analysis. Aphasiology, 29 (3): 400–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2014.945388
Duchan, J. (1999). Reports written by speech-language pathologists: The role of agenda in constructing client competence. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 223–244. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Duchan, J., Maxwell, M., and Kovarsky, D. (1999). Evaluating competence in the course of everyday interaction. In J. Duchan, D. Kovarsky, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 3–28. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Duranti, A. (1988). Ethnography of communication: Toward a linguistics of the praxis. In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, volume 4, 210–288. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Finn, P., Bothe, A. K., and Bramlett, R. E. (2005). Science and pseudoscience in communicative disorders: Criteria and applications. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14: 172–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2005/018)
Foster-Galasso, M. L. (2005). Diagnosis as an aid and a curse in dealing with others. In J. Duchan and D. Kovarsky (Eds), Diagnosis as Cultural Practice, 17–32. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110199802.17
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of Talk. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Glucksberg, S., Krauss, R., and Higgens, E. T. (1975). The development of referential communication skills. In F. Horowitz (Ed.), Review of Developmental Research, Vol. 4, 305–345. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Goodwin, C. (1995). Co-constructing meaning in conversations with an aphasic man. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 28 (3): 233–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi2803_4
Hand, L. S. (2011). Challenges to therapeutic processes: The cross-cultural context. In R. J. Fourie (Ed.), Therapeutic Processes for Communication Disorders, 79–93. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
Higginbotham, D. J., and Wilkins, D. P. (1999). Slipping through the timestream: Social issues of time and timing in augmented interactions. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 49–82. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hinckley, J. (2008). Narrative-based Practice in Speech-language Pathology. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.
Hymes, D. (1962). The ethnography of speaking. In T. Gladwin and W. C. Sturtevant (Eds), Anthropology and Human Behavior, 13–53. Washington, DC: Anthropological Society of Washington.
Irvine, J. T., and Gal, S. (2000). Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. V. Kroskrity (Ed.), Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities, 35–84. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
Jefferson, G. (1987). Exposed and embedded correction in conversation. In G. Button and J. R. E. Lee (Eds), Talk and Social Organization, 311–322. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Jefferson, G. (Ed.) (1995). Lectures on Conversation: Harvey Sacks. Oxford: Blackwell.
Johnson, W. (1948). Speech and personality. In L. Bryson (Ed.), The Communication of Ideas, 53–78. New York: Institute for Religious and Social Students.
Kovarsky, D. (1990). Discourse markers in adult-controlled therapy. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 13 (1): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152574019001300105
Kovarsky, D. (Ed.) (2001). Alternative measures for evaluating treatment outcomes. Topics in Language Disorders, 22 (1): 1–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-200111000-00003
Kovarsky, D. (2008). Representing voices from the life-world in Evidence-Based Practice. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43 (1): 47–57.
Kovarsky, D. (2014). The ethnography of communication disorders revisited. In M. J. Ball, N. Muller, and R. L. Nelson (Eds), Handbook of Qualitative Research in Communication Disorders, 55–78. New York: Psychology Press.
Kovarsky, D., and Crago, M. (1991). Toward the ethnography of communication disorders. National Student Speech-Language-Hearing Association Journal, 18, 44–55.
Kovarsky, D., Damico, J. S., Maxwell, M., Panagos, J., Prelock, P., and Keyser, H. (1988, November). The ethnography of communication disorders and its contribution to the study of communication disorders. Seminar presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Boston, MA.
Kovarsky, D., Duchan, J., and Maxwell, M. (1999). Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kovarsky, D., Kimbarow, M., and Kastner, D. (1999). The construction of incompetence during group therapy with traumatically brain injured adults. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 291–312. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kovarsky, D., and Maxwell, M. (1992). Ethnography and the clinical setting. Topics in Language Disorders, 12 (3): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-199205000-00009
Kovarsky, D., Schiemer, C., and Murray, A. (2011). Humor, rapport, and uncomfortable moments in interactions with adults with traumatic brain injury. Topics in Language Disorders, 31 (4): 325–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0b013e3182358e98
Kovarsky, D., Shaw, A., and Adingono, Smith, M. (2007). The construction of identity during group therapy among adults with traumatic brain injury. Topics in Language Disorders, 12 (3): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-199205000-00009
Kovarsky, D., and Walsh, I. P. (2011). The discursive construction of language disorders. In C. N. Candlin and S. Sarangi (Eds), Handbook of Communication in Organisations and Professions, 193–214. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Leahy, M. M. (2008). Multiple voices in Charles Van Riper’s desensitization therapy. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43 (S1): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820701698127
Lippi-Green, R. (2012). English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Mattingly, C. (1998). Healing Dramas and Clinical Plots: The Narrative Structure of Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139167017
Maxwell, M., Poepplemeyer, D., and Polich, L. (1999). Deaf members and nonmembers: The creation of culture through communication practices. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 125–148. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
O’Malley, M-P. (2011). Exploring gender and power in clinical encounters. In R. J. Fourie (Ed.), Therapeutic Processes in Communication Disorders, 93–104. New York: Psychology Press.
Philips, S. (1972). Participant structures and communicative competence: Warms Springs children in community and classroom. In C. B. Cazden, V. P. John, and D. Hymes (Eds), Functions of Language in the Classroom, 370–394. New York: Teachers College Press.
Polich, L. (2005). The diagnosis of deafness in Nicaragua. In J. Duchan and D. Kovarsky (Eds), Diagnosis as Cultural Practice, 223–240. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110199802.223
Robillard, A. B. (1994). Meaning of a Disability: The Lived Experience of Paralysis. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Sacks, H., and Schegloff, E. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50: 696–735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1974.0010
Sapir, E. (1933). Language. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 9: 155–169.
Sherzer, J. (1977). The ethnography of speaking: A critical appraisal. In M. Saville-Troike, (Ed.), Linguistics and Anthropology: Georgetown University Roundtable on Languages and Linguistics, 43–57. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1987.89.2.02a00010
Sherzer, J. (1987). A discourse-centered approach to language and culture. American Anthropologist, 89, 295–309.
Simmons-Mackie, N., and Damico, J. S. (1999). Social role negotiation in aphasia therapy: Competence, incompetence and conflict. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell, Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 313–324. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Simmons-Mackie, N., and Damico, J. S. (2001). Intervention outcomes: A clinical application of qualitative methods. Topics in Language Disorders, 22 (1): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-200111000-00004
Simmons-Mackie, N., and Damico, J. S. (2008). Exposed and embedded corrections in aphasia therapy: Issues of voice and identity. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43 (S1): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820701697889
Simmons-Mackie, N., and Damico, J. S. (2011). Counseling and aphasia treatment: Missed opportunities. Topics in Language Disorders, 31 (4): 336–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0b013e318234ea9f
Simmons-Mackie, N., Elman, R. J., Holland, A. L., and Damico, J. S. (2007). Management of discourse in group therapy for aphasia. Topics in Language Disorders, 27 (19): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-200701000-00003
Van Riper, C. (1939). Speech Correction: Principles and Methods. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Tomblin, J. B. (2008). Validating diagnostic standards for specific language impairments using adolescent outcomes. In C. Frazier Norbury, J. B. Tomblin, and D. V. M. Bishop (Eds), Understanding Developmental Language Disorders. New York: Psychology Press.
Walsh, I. P. (2008). Whose voice is it anyway? Hushing and hearing ‘voices’ in speech and language therapy interactions with people with chronic schizophrenia. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43 (S1): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820701698168
Whorf, B. L. (1956). An American Indian model of the universe. In J. B. Carroll (Ed.), Language, Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, 134–159. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wilkinson, R., Gower, M., Beeke, S., and Maxim, J. (2007). Adapting to conversation as a language-impaired speaker: Changes in aphasic turn construction over time. Communication and Medicine, 4 (1): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cam.2007.009
Barrow, R. (2011). Shaping practice: The benefits of really attending to the person’s story. In R. J. Fourie (Ed.), Therapeutic Processes for Communication Disorders, 21–34. New York: Psychology Press.
Crago, M. B. (1990). The development of communicative competence in Inuit children: Implications for speech-language pathology. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 13 (1): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152574019001300108
Crago, M. B., and Eriks-Brophy, A. (1994). Culture, conversation, and interaction: Implications for intervention. In J. F. Duchan, L. E. Hewitt, and R. M. Sonnenmeier (Eds), Pragmatics: From Theory to Practice, 43–58. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Culatta, B., Kovarsky, D., Theadore, G., Franklin, A., and Timler, G. (2003). Quantitative and qualitative documentation of early literacy instruction. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12: 172–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/064)
Damico, J. S. (1990). Prescriptionism as a motivating mechanism: An ethnographic study in the public schools. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 13 (1), 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152574019001300109
Damico, J. S. (1993). Establishing expertise in communicative discourse: Implications for the speech-language pathologist. ASHA Monographs, 30, 92–98.
Damico, J. S., and Damico, S. K. (1997). The establishment of a dominant interpretive framework in language intervention. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 28 (3): 288–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2803.288
Damico, J. S., Tetnowski, J., Lynch, K., Hartwell, J., Weill, C., Heels, J., and Simmons-Mackie, N. (2014). Facilitating authentic conversation: An intervention employing principles of constructivism and conversation analysis. Aphasiology, 29 (3): 400–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2014.945388
Duchan, J. (1999). Reports written by speech-language pathologists: The role of agenda in constructing client competence. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 223–244. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Duchan, J., Maxwell, M., and Kovarsky, D. (1999). Evaluating competence in the course of everyday interaction. In J. Duchan, D. Kovarsky, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 3–28. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Duranti, A. (1988). Ethnography of communication: Toward a linguistics of the praxis. In F. J. Newmeyer (Ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, volume 4, 210–288. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Finn, P., Bothe, A. K., and Bramlett, R. E. (2005). Science and pseudoscience in communicative disorders: Criteria and applications. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14: 172–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2005/018)
Foster-Galasso, M. L. (2005). Diagnosis as an aid and a curse in dealing with others. In J. Duchan and D. Kovarsky (Eds), Diagnosis as Cultural Practice, 17–32. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110199802.17
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of Talk. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Glucksberg, S., Krauss, R., and Higgens, E. T. (1975). The development of referential communication skills. In F. Horowitz (Ed.), Review of Developmental Research, Vol. 4, 305–345. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Goodwin, C. (1995). Co-constructing meaning in conversations with an aphasic man. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 28 (3): 233–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi2803_4
Hand, L. S. (2011). Challenges to therapeutic processes: The cross-cultural context. In R. J. Fourie (Ed.), Therapeutic Processes for Communication Disorders, 79–93. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
Higginbotham, D. J., and Wilkins, D. P. (1999). Slipping through the timestream: Social issues of time and timing in augmented interactions. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 49–82. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hinckley, J. (2008). Narrative-based Practice in Speech-language Pathology. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.
Hymes, D. (1962). The ethnography of speaking. In T. Gladwin and W. C. Sturtevant (Eds), Anthropology and Human Behavior, 13–53. Washington, DC: Anthropological Society of Washington.
Irvine, J. T., and Gal, S. (2000). Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. V. Kroskrity (Ed.), Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities, 35–84. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
Jefferson, G. (1987). Exposed and embedded correction in conversation. In G. Button and J. R. E. Lee (Eds), Talk and Social Organization, 311–322. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Jefferson, G. (Ed.) (1995). Lectures on Conversation: Harvey Sacks. Oxford: Blackwell.
Johnson, W. (1948). Speech and personality. In L. Bryson (Ed.), The Communication of Ideas, 53–78. New York: Institute for Religious and Social Students.
Kovarsky, D. (1990). Discourse markers in adult-controlled therapy. Journal of Childhood Communication Disorders, 13 (1): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152574019001300105
Kovarsky, D. (Ed.) (2001). Alternative measures for evaluating treatment outcomes. Topics in Language Disorders, 22 (1): 1–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-200111000-00003
Kovarsky, D. (2008). Representing voices from the life-world in Evidence-Based Practice. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43 (1): 47–57.
Kovarsky, D. (2014). The ethnography of communication disorders revisited. In M. J. Ball, N. Muller, and R. L. Nelson (Eds), Handbook of Qualitative Research in Communication Disorders, 55–78. New York: Psychology Press.
Kovarsky, D., and Crago, M. (1991). Toward the ethnography of communication disorders. National Student Speech-Language-Hearing Association Journal, 18, 44–55.
Kovarsky, D., Damico, J. S., Maxwell, M., Panagos, J., Prelock, P., and Keyser, H. (1988, November). The ethnography of communication disorders and its contribution to the study of communication disorders. Seminar presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Boston, MA.
Kovarsky, D., Duchan, J., and Maxwell, M. (1999). Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kovarsky, D., Kimbarow, M., and Kastner, D. (1999). The construction of incompetence during group therapy with traumatically brain injured adults. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 291–312. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kovarsky, D., and Maxwell, M. (1992). Ethnography and the clinical setting. Topics in Language Disorders, 12 (3): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-199205000-00009
Kovarsky, D., Schiemer, C., and Murray, A. (2011). Humor, rapport, and uncomfortable moments in interactions with adults with traumatic brain injury. Topics in Language Disorders, 31 (4): 325–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0b013e3182358e98
Kovarsky, D., Shaw, A., and Adingono, Smith, M. (2007). The construction of identity during group therapy among adults with traumatic brain injury. Topics in Language Disorders, 12 (3): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-199205000-00009
Kovarsky, D., and Walsh, I. P. (2011). The discursive construction of language disorders. In C. N. Candlin and S. Sarangi (Eds), Handbook of Communication in Organisations and Professions, 193–214. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Leahy, M. M. (2008). Multiple voices in Charles Van Riper’s desensitization therapy. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43 (S1): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820701698127
Lippi-Green, R. (2012). English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Mattingly, C. (1998). Healing Dramas and Clinical Plots: The Narrative Structure of Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139167017
Maxwell, M., Poepplemeyer, D., and Polich, L. (1999). Deaf members and nonmembers: The creation of culture through communication practices. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell (Eds), Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 125–148. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
O’Malley, M-P. (2011). Exploring gender and power in clinical encounters. In R. J. Fourie (Ed.), Therapeutic Processes in Communication Disorders, 93–104. New York: Psychology Press.
Philips, S. (1972). Participant structures and communicative competence: Warms Springs children in community and classroom. In C. B. Cazden, V. P. John, and D. Hymes (Eds), Functions of Language in the Classroom, 370–394. New York: Teachers College Press.
Polich, L. (2005). The diagnosis of deafness in Nicaragua. In J. Duchan and D. Kovarsky (Eds), Diagnosis as Cultural Practice, 223–240. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110199802.223
Robillard, A. B. (1994). Meaning of a Disability: The Lived Experience of Paralysis. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Sacks, H., and Schegloff, E. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50: 696–735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1974.0010
Sapir, E. (1933). Language. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 9: 155–169.
Sherzer, J. (1977). The ethnography of speaking: A critical appraisal. In M. Saville-Troike, (Ed.), Linguistics and Anthropology: Georgetown University Roundtable on Languages and Linguistics, 43–57. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1987.89.2.02a00010
Sherzer, J. (1987). A discourse-centered approach to language and culture. American Anthropologist, 89, 295–309.
Simmons-Mackie, N., and Damico, J. S. (1999). Social role negotiation in aphasia therapy: Competence, incompetence and conflict. In D. Kovarsky, J. Duchan, and M. Maxwell, Constructing (In)competence: Disabling Evaluations in Clinical and Social Interaction, 313–324. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Simmons-Mackie, N., and Damico, J. S. (2001). Intervention outcomes: A clinical application of qualitative methods. Topics in Language Disorders, 22 (1): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-200111000-00004
Simmons-Mackie, N., and Damico, J. S. (2008). Exposed and embedded corrections in aphasia therapy: Issues of voice and identity. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43 (S1): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820701697889
Simmons-Mackie, N., and Damico, J. S. (2011). Counseling and aphasia treatment: Missed opportunities. Topics in Language Disorders, 31 (4): 336–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0b013e318234ea9f
Simmons-Mackie, N., Elman, R. J., Holland, A. L., and Damico, J. S. (2007). Management of discourse in group therapy for aphasia. Topics in Language Disorders, 27 (19): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-200701000-00003
Van Riper, C. (1939). Speech Correction: Principles and Methods. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Tomblin, J. B. (2008). Validating diagnostic standards for specific language impairments using adolescent outcomes. In C. Frazier Norbury, J. B. Tomblin, and D. V. M. Bishop (Eds), Understanding Developmental Language Disorders. New York: Psychology Press.
Walsh, I. P. (2008). Whose voice is it anyway? Hushing and hearing ‘voices’ in speech and language therapy interactions with people with chronic schizophrenia. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 43 (S1): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682820701698168
Whorf, B. L. (1956). An American Indian model of the universe. In J. B. Carroll (Ed.), Language, Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, 134–159. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wilkinson, R., Gower, M., Beeke, S., and Maxim, J. (2007). Adapting to conversation as a language-impaired speaker: Changes in aphasic turn construction over time. Communication and Medicine, 4 (1): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cam.2007.009
Published
2016-06-21
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Articles
How to Cite
Kovarsky, D. (2016). A Retrospective Look at the Ethnography of Communication Disorders. Journal of Interactional Research in Communication Disorders, 7(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1558/jircd.v7i1.27511
