Prescriptivism, nation, and style: The role of nonclassical elements in the stylistic stratification of Modern Hebrew
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.31884Keywords:
Stylistic stratification, National language, Prescriptivism, Genre, Modern Hebrew, Authority, Continuity and changeAbstract
Modern Hebrew (MH) presents an interesting case of a national language whose crystallisation involved not only intensive planning, but also unplanned processes of stratification, which has resulted in a continuous reevaluation and reallocation of existing features. The role of nonclassical inherited elements in this progression is revealing, as they emblematise popular ‘authentic’ usage on the one hand and diasporic (i.e. nonnative) premodern being on the other, thus exposing the tension between standard and nonstandard language. This study examines the stylistic status of two such elements, be'im ‘if’ and bixde ‘for’, ‘in order’, in two major phases in the short history of MH, in order to characterise the prescriptive discourse of MH and its national undertones.References
Research literature and prescriptive literaturePrimary sources (in Hebrew)
Abramovich, S. Y. [Mendele Mokher Sfarim] (1896) Kitsur Mas’ot Binyamin HaŠliši [The Brief Travels of Benjamin the Third] (Pardes 3, supplement). Odessa: M. E. Beilinson.
Agnon, S. Y. (1976[1952]) Al HaŠena [Regarding slumber]. In S. Y. Agnon (1976). Me’Atsmi El Atsmi [From Myself to Myself] 435–444. Jerusalem: Schocken. [Originally published in Haaretz. October 3rd 1952]
Brenner, Y. H. (1907) Me’Ever LiGvulin [Beyond the borders]. HaMe’orer 2: 21–39, 61–87, 109–131, 157–165.
Katznelson, B. (1920) Negi’ot [Strokes]. Ha’adama 1: 603–606.
Krochmal, N. (1851). Moré Nevuxe HaZman [Guide for the Perplexed of the Time]. Lviv: J. Schnayder.
Perl, J. (1819) Megalle Tmirin [Revealer of Secrets]. Vienna: A. Strauss.
Shami, Y. (1913) Ben ?olot HaYešimon [Hamamah: A tale of the Arabian desert]. Moledet 4: 359–368.
Studencki, M. (1847) Rofé HaYeladim [The Pediatrician]. Warsaw: Schrieftgiesser.
Research literature and prescriptive literature
Auty, R. (1958) The linguistic revival among the Slavs of the Austrian empire, 1780–1850: The role of individuals in the codi?cation and acceptance of new literary languages. The Modern Language Review 53(3): 392–404. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3719062.
Bahat, Y. and Ron, M. (1960) Vedayyek: Grammar corrections and style amelioration. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [in Hebrew].
Barak, S. and Gadish, R. (eds) (2008) Safa Qama: Selections from the Lešonenu La’am Column, Haaretz, 1932–1944. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Bartal, I. (1993) From traditional bilingualism to national monolingualism. In L. Glinert (ed.) Hebrew in Ashkenaz: A language in exile 141–150. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bartal, I. (2007) Cossack and Bedouin: Land and people in Jewish nationalism. Tel Aviv: Am Oved [in Hebrew].
Ben-Asher, M. (1969) The crystalisation of normative grammar in Modern Hebrew. Haifa: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [in Hebrew].
Bendavid, A. and Shy, H. (1974) Language guide for radio and television. Jerusalem: Israel Broadcasting Authority [in Hebrew].
Ben-?ayyim, Z. (1953) An ancient language in a new reality. Lešonenu La’am 4(3–5, 8–9). Reprinted in Z. Ben-?ayyim (1992) The struggle for a language 36–85. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Berggrün, N. (1953) A?llu, A?llu Im. Lešonenu La’am 4(8–9): 32–37. Reprinted in N. Berggrün (1995) Studies in the Hebrew Language 143–146. Ed. Y. Heckelman. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Blanc, H. (1968) The Israeli koine as an emergent national standard. In J. A. Fishman, C. A. Ferguson, and J. Das Gupta (eds) Language problems of developing nations 237–251. New York: J. Wiley.
Blommaert, J. (2006) Language policy and national identity. In T. Ricento (ed.) An introduction to language policy – Theory and method 239–254. Malden: Blackwell.
Bourdieu, P. (1993[1984]) Sociology in question. Trans. R. Nice. London: Sage.
Bucholtz, M. (2003) Sociolinguistic nostalgia and the authentication of identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3): 398–416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00232.
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407.
Cameron, D. (2012) Verbal hygiene. (Expanded ed.). London: Routledge.
Cohen, C. E. (2004) Normative grammar in light of medieval Rabbinic Hebrew. Lešonenu La’am 54(1): 35–46 [in Hebrew].
Cohen, C. E. (2012) ‘Hebrew spoken here’: The type of Hebrew taught in the set of records. In S. Izre’el (ed.) The speech machine as a language teacher: ‘Hebrew spoken here’ – Hebrew voices from Nazi Germany: A testimony on spoken Hebrew and Jewish life in Palestine during the British mandate 212–236. Tel Aviv: The Haim Rubin Tel Aviv University Press [in Hebrew].
Coupland, N. (2007) Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755064.
Dubnov, K. (2015) Circumstantial versus depictive secondary predicates in literary Hebrew – The in?uence of Yiddish and Russian. Journal of Jewish Languages 3(1–2): 79–89. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340049.
Eckert, P. (2012) Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1): 87–100. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145828.
Edwards, J. (2012) Foreword: Language, prescriptivism, nationalism – and identity. In C. Percy and M. Catherine Davidson (eds) The languages of nation: Attitudes and norms 11–36. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Efrati, N. (2010) The Hebrew Republic: Hebrew and its status in the Israeli public domain. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Eldar, I. (2010) Language planning in Israel. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Elspaß, S. (2005) Language norm and language reality: Effectiveness and limits of prescriptivism in New High German. In N. Langer and W. V. Davies (eds) Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages 20–45. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Even-Zohar, I. (1990) Polysystem studies (=Poetics Today 11(1)). Durham: Duke University Press.
Fisch, M. (1997) Rational Rabbis: Science and Talmudic culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Fishman, J. A. (1983) Modeling rationales in corpus planning: Modernity and tradition in images of the good corpus. In J. Cobarrubias and J. A. Fishman (eds) Progress in language planning: International perspectives 107–118. Berlin: Mouton.
Fishman, J. A. (1989[1972]) Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Part II: The impact of nationalism on language and language planning. In J. A. Fishman, Language and Ethnicity in Minority Sociolinguistic Perspective 269–367. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Originally published in J. A. Fishman (1972) Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
Fishman, J. A. (1996) Language revitalization. In H. Goeble, P. H. Nelde, Z. Starý, and W. Wölck (eds) Kontaktlinguistik / Contact linguistics / Linguistique de contact. Vol. 1 902–906. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Fraade, S. D. (2014) Response to Azzan Yadin-Israel on Rabbinic polysemy: Do they ‘preach’ what they practice? AJS Review 38(1): 339–361. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0364009414000294.
Gill, M. (2012) Nativeness, authority, authenticity: The construction of belonging and exclusion in debates about English language pro?ciency and immigration in Britain. In C. Percy and M. Catherine Davidson (eds) The languages of nation: Attitudes and norms 271–291. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Glinert, L. (1988) Did pre-revival Hebrew literature have its own Langue? Quotation and improvization in Mendele Mokher Sefarim. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51(3): 413–427. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X0011643X.
Glinert, L. (1990) On the source of modern colloquial Hebrew: The covert syntax of Yellin’s primer ‘Le? Hataf’. Lešonenu 55(1–2): 107–126 [in Hebrew].
Glinert, L. (1991) The ‘back to the future’ syndrome in language planning: The case of Modern Hebrew. In D. F. Marshall (ed.) Language Planning 215–243. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Goldenberg, E. (2007[1971]) Hebrew language, medieval. In M. Berenbaum and F. Skolnik (eds) Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). Vol. 8. 650–671. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.
Gonen, E. (2013) Normativism. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 2. 847–852. Leiden: Brill.
Gottstein, M. and Eitan, E. (1952) The ground for grammar corrections. Lešonenu La’am 3(4): 3–10 [in Hebrew].
Harshav, B. (1993) Language in time of revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520079588.001.0001.
Herzog, O. (2010) Two shekels Hebrew. Haaretz. April 27th [in Hebrew].
Kahn, L. (2013) Maskilic Hebrew. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 2. 581–585. Leiden: Brill.
Kaplan, R. B. and Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (1997) Language planning from practice to theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Keren, E.-H. (forthcoming) Modern Hebrew as a contact language: The differences and similarities compared to creole and koiné languages. In E. Doron, M. Rappaport Hovav, Y. Reshef, and M. Taube (eds) Linguistic contact, continuity and change in the genesis of Modern Hebrew. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kuzar, R. (2001) Hebrew and zionism: A discourse analytic cultural study. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110869491.
The Language Committee (1952) The Academic Secretariat’s responses to queries. Lešonenu La’am 3(5): 28–32 [in Hebrew].
Magid, H. (1980) A collection of grammar corrections. Tel Aviv: Karni [in Hebrew].
Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1999) Authority in language: Investigating language prescription and standardisation. (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Moore, E. (2012) The social life of style. Language and Literature 21(1): 66–83. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947011432051.
Mor, U. (2011) Language contact in Judea: How much Aramaic is there in the Hebrew documents from the Judaean Desert? Hebrew Studies 52: 213–220. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2011.0021.
Mor, U. (2016a) Three questionable bets: be’im, bixde, nakat be-. Lešonenu 78(3): 305–333 [in Hebrew].
Mor, U. (2016b) Review of Language contact and the development of Modern Hebrew (ed. E. Doron in cooperation with O. Tirosh-Becker and S. Bunin Benor; Leiden: Brill, 2016). Lešonenu 78: 500–508 [in Hebrew].
Myhill, J. (2004) A parameterized view of the concept of ‘correctness’. Multilingua 23(4): 389–416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2004.23.4.389.
Ornan, U. (1984) Hebrew in Palestine before and after 1882. Journal of Semitic Studies 29: 225–254. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/XXIX.2.225.
Parush, I. (1995) The politics of literacy: Women and foreign languages in Jewish society of 19th century eastern Europe. Modern Judaism 15(2): 183–206. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/15.2.183.
Rabin, C. (1969) The revival of the Hebrew language. Ariel 25: 25–34.
Rabin, C. (1983) The sociology of normativism in Israeli Hebrew. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 41: 41–56. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1983.41.41.
Rabin, C. (1985) The origins of present-day Hebrew. Ariel 59: 4–13.
Regev, M. and Seroussi, E. (2004) Popular music and national culture in Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Reshef, Y. (2011) The re-emergence of Hebrew as a national language. In S. Weninger and M. P. Streck (eds) The Semitic languages: An international handbook 546–554. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110251586.546.
Reshef, Y. (2013) Revival of Hebrew: Sociolinguistic dimension. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 3. 408–415. Leiden: Brill.
Reshef, Y. (2014) Three generations in the early-twentieth-century Hebrew press. Lešonenu 76(3): 327–344 [in Hebrew].
Reshef, Y. (2015) Hebrew in the Mandate period. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Reshef, Y. (2016) Written Hebrew of the revival generation as a distinct phase in the evolution of Modern Hebrew. Journal of Semitic Studies 61(1): 187–213. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgv036.
Reshef, Y. and Helman, A. (2009) Instructing or recruiting? Language and style in 1920s and 1930s Tel Aviv municipal posters. Jewish Studies Quarterly 16(3): 306–332. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1628/094457009789789608.
Segal, M. (2008) A new sound in Hebrew poetry: Poetics, politics, accent. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Sharvit, S. (1998) Avur-Ba’avur in the history of Hebrew. Lešonenu La’am 50(1): 3–11 [in Hebrew].
Shchori, I. (1990) A Dream that became a city: Tel Aviv, birth and growth – the city that gave birth to a State. Tel Aviv: Avivim [in Hebrew].
Sivan, R. (1959) As one writes to his friend: Remarks on formal and private correspondence. Lešonenu La’am 11(1): 1–32 [in Hebrew].
Spolsky, B. (1996) Conditions for language revitalization: A comparison of the cases of Hebrew and Maori. In S. Wright (ed) Language and the State: Revitalization and revival in Israel and Eire 5–29. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Stampfer, S. (2010[1992]) Gender differentiation and the education of Jewish women. In S. Stampfer Families, Rabbis and education: Traditional Jewish society in nineteenth-century Eastern Europe 167–189. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. Originally published in Polin 7 (1992): 63–87.
Tamaševi?ius, G. (2016) The role of linguists in metalinguistic discourse in Modern Lithuania. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37(3) (= Special issue: Attitudes to prescriptivism): 243–252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1068783.
Zerubavel, Y. (1995) Recovered roots: Collective memory and the making of Israeli national tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Auty, R. (1958) The linguistic revival among the Slavs of the Austrian empire, 1780–1850: The role of individuals in the codi?cation and acceptance of new literary languages. The Modern Language Review 53(3): 392–404. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3719062.
Bahat, Y. and Ron, M. (1960) Vedayyek: Grammar corrections and style amelioration. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [in Hebrew].
Barak, S. and Gadish, R. (eds) (2008) Safa Qama: Selections from the Lešonenu La’am Column, Haaretz, 1932–1944. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Bartal, I. (1993) From traditional bilingualism to national monolingualism. In L. Glinert (ed.) Hebrew in Ashkenaz: A language in exile 141–150. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bartal, I. (2007) Cossack and Bedouin: Land and people in Jewish nationalism. Tel Aviv: Am Oved [in Hebrew].
Ben-Asher, M. (1969) The crystalisation of normative grammar in Modern Hebrew. Haifa: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [in Hebrew].
Bendavid, A. and Shy, H. (1974) Language guide for radio and television. Jerusalem: Israel Broadcasting Authority [in Hebrew].
Ben-?ayyim, Z. (1953) An ancient language in a new reality. Lešonenu La’am 4(3–5, 8–9). Reprinted in Z. Ben-?ayyim (1992) The struggle for a language 36–85. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Berggrün, N. (1953) A?llu, A?llu Im. Lešonenu La’am 4(8–9): 32–37. Reprinted in N. Berggrün (1995) Studies in the Hebrew Language 143–146. Ed. Y. Heckelman. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Blanc, H. (1968) The Israeli koine as an emergent national standard. In J. A. Fishman, C. A. Ferguson, and J. Das Gupta (eds) Language problems of developing nations 237–251. New York: J. Wiley.
Blommaert, J. (2006) Language policy and national identity. In T. Ricento (ed.) An introduction to language policy – Theory and method 239–254. Malden: Blackwell.
Bourdieu, P. (1993[1984]) Sociology in question. Trans. R. Nice. London: Sage.
Bucholtz, M. (2003) Sociolinguistic nostalgia and the authentication of identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3): 398–416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00232.
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407.
Cameron, D. (2012) Verbal hygiene. (Expanded ed.). London: Routledge.
Cohen, C. E. (2004) Normative grammar in light of medieval Rabbinic Hebrew. Lešonenu La’am 54(1): 35–46 [in Hebrew].
Cohen, C. E. (2012) ‘Hebrew spoken here’: The type of Hebrew taught in the set of records. In S. Izre’el (ed.) The speech machine as a language teacher: ‘Hebrew spoken here’ – Hebrew voices from Nazi Germany: A testimony on spoken Hebrew and Jewish life in Palestine during the British mandate 212–236. Tel Aviv: The Haim Rubin Tel Aviv University Press [in Hebrew].
Coupland, N. (2007) Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755064.
Dubnov, K. (2015) Circumstantial versus depictive secondary predicates in literary Hebrew – The in?uence of Yiddish and Russian. Journal of Jewish Languages 3(1–2): 79–89. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340049.
Eckert, P. (2012) Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1): 87–100. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145828.
Edwards, J. (2012) Foreword: Language, prescriptivism, nationalism – and identity. In C. Percy and M. Catherine Davidson (eds) The languages of nation: Attitudes and norms 11–36. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Efrati, N. (2010) The Hebrew Republic: Hebrew and its status in the Israeli public domain. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Eldar, I. (2010) Language planning in Israel. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Elspaß, S. (2005) Language norm and language reality: Effectiveness and limits of prescriptivism in New High German. In N. Langer and W. V. Davies (eds) Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages 20–45. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Even-Zohar, I. (1990) Polysystem studies (=Poetics Today 11(1)). Durham: Duke University Press.
Fisch, M. (1997) Rational Rabbis: Science and Talmudic culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Fishman, J. A. (1983) Modeling rationales in corpus planning: Modernity and tradition in images of the good corpus. In J. Cobarrubias and J. A. Fishman (eds) Progress in language planning: International perspectives 107–118. Berlin: Mouton.
Fishman, J. A. (1989[1972]) Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Part II: The impact of nationalism on language and language planning. In J. A. Fishman, Language and Ethnicity in Minority Sociolinguistic Perspective 269–367. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Originally published in J. A. Fishman (1972) Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
Fishman, J. A. (1996) Language revitalization. In H. Goeble, P. H. Nelde, Z. Starý, and W. Wölck (eds) Kontaktlinguistik / Contact linguistics / Linguistique de contact. Vol. 1 902–906. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Fraade, S. D. (2014) Response to Azzan Yadin-Israel on Rabbinic polysemy: Do they ‘preach’ what they practice? AJS Review 38(1): 339–361. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0364009414000294.
Gill, M. (2012) Nativeness, authority, authenticity: The construction of belonging and exclusion in debates about English language pro?ciency and immigration in Britain. In C. Percy and M. Catherine Davidson (eds) The languages of nation: Attitudes and norms 271–291. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Glinert, L. (1988) Did pre-revival Hebrew literature have its own Langue? Quotation and improvization in Mendele Mokher Sefarim. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51(3): 413–427. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X0011643X.
Glinert, L. (1990) On the source of modern colloquial Hebrew: The covert syntax of Yellin’s primer ‘Le? Hataf’. Lešonenu 55(1–2): 107–126 [in Hebrew].
Glinert, L. (1991) The ‘back to the future’ syndrome in language planning: The case of Modern Hebrew. In D. F. Marshall (ed.) Language Planning 215–243. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Goldenberg, E. (2007[1971]) Hebrew language, medieval. In M. Berenbaum and F. Skolnik (eds) Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). Vol. 8. 650–671. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.
Gonen, E. (2013) Normativism. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 2. 847–852. Leiden: Brill.
Gottstein, M. and Eitan, E. (1952) The ground for grammar corrections. Lešonenu La’am 3(4): 3–10 [in Hebrew].
Harshav, B. (1993) Language in time of revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520079588.001.0001.
Herzog, O. (2010) Two shekels Hebrew. Haaretz. April 27th [in Hebrew].
Kahn, L. (2013) Maskilic Hebrew. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 2. 581–585. Leiden: Brill.
Kaplan, R. B. and Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (1997) Language planning from practice to theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Keren, E.-H. (forthcoming) Modern Hebrew as a contact language: The differences and similarities compared to creole and koiné languages. In E. Doron, M. Rappaport Hovav, Y. Reshef, and M. Taube (eds) Linguistic contact, continuity and change in the genesis of Modern Hebrew. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kuzar, R. (2001) Hebrew and zionism: A discourse analytic cultural study. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110869491.
The Language Committee (1952) The Academic Secretariat’s responses to queries. Lešonenu La’am 3(5): 28–32 [in Hebrew].
Magid, H. (1980) A collection of grammar corrections. Tel Aviv: Karni [in Hebrew].
Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1999) Authority in language: Investigating language prescription and standardisation. (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Moore, E. (2012) The social life of style. Language and Literature 21(1): 66–83. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947011432051.
Mor, U. (2011) Language contact in Judea: How much Aramaic is there in the Hebrew documents from the Judaean Desert? Hebrew Studies 52: 213–220. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2011.0021.
Mor, U. (2016a) Three questionable bets: be’im, bixde, nakat be-. Lešonenu 78(3): 305–333 [in Hebrew].
Mor, U. (2016b) Review of Language contact and the development of Modern Hebrew (ed. E. Doron in cooperation with O. Tirosh-Becker and S. Bunin Benor; Leiden: Brill, 2016). Lešonenu 78: 500–508 [in Hebrew].
Myhill, J. (2004) A parameterized view of the concept of ‘correctness’. Multilingua 23(4): 389–416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2004.23.4.389.
Ornan, U. (1984) Hebrew in Palestine before and after 1882. Journal of Semitic Studies 29: 225–254. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/XXIX.2.225.
Parush, I. (1995) The politics of literacy: Women and foreign languages in Jewish society of 19th century eastern Europe. Modern Judaism 15(2): 183–206. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/15.2.183.
Rabin, C. (1969) The revival of the Hebrew language. Ariel 25: 25–34.
Rabin, C. (1983) The sociology of normativism in Israeli Hebrew. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 41: 41–56. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1983.41.41.
Rabin, C. (1985) The origins of present-day Hebrew. Ariel 59: 4–13.
Regev, M. and Seroussi, E. (2004) Popular music and national culture in Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Reshef, Y. (2011) The re-emergence of Hebrew as a national language. In S. Weninger and M. P. Streck (eds) The Semitic languages: An international handbook 546–554. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110251586.546.
Reshef, Y. (2013) Revival of Hebrew: Sociolinguistic dimension. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 3. 408–415. Leiden: Brill.
Reshef, Y. (2014) Three generations in the early-twentieth-century Hebrew press. Lešonenu 76(3): 327–344 [in Hebrew].
Reshef, Y. (2015) Hebrew in the Mandate period. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Reshef, Y. (2016) Written Hebrew of the revival generation as a distinct phase in the evolution of Modern Hebrew. Journal of Semitic Studies 61(1): 187–213. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgv036.
Reshef, Y. and Helman, A. (2009) Instructing or recruiting? Language and style in 1920s and 1930s Tel Aviv municipal posters. Jewish Studies Quarterly 16(3): 306–332. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1628/094457009789789608.
Segal, M. (2008) A new sound in Hebrew poetry: Poetics, politics, accent. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Sharvit, S. (1998) Avur-Ba’avur in the history of Hebrew. Lešonenu La’am 50(1): 3–11 [in Hebrew].
Shchori, I. (1990) A Dream that became a city: Tel Aviv, birth and growth – the city that gave birth to a State. Tel Aviv: Avivim [in Hebrew].
Sivan, R. (1959) As one writes to his friend: Remarks on formal and private correspondence. Lešonenu La’am 11(1): 1–32 [in Hebrew].
Spolsky, B. (1996) Conditions for language revitalization: A comparison of the cases of Hebrew and Maori. In S. Wright (ed) Language and the State: Revitalization and revival in Israel and Eire 5–29. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Stampfer, S. (2010[1992]) Gender differentiation and the education of Jewish women. In S. Stampfer Families, Rabbis and education: Traditional Jewish society in nineteenth-century Eastern Europe 167–189. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. Originally published in Polin 7 (1992): 63–87.
Tamaševi?ius, G. (2016) The role of linguists in metalinguistic discourse in Modern Lithuania. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37(3) (= Special issue: Attitudes to prescriptivism): 243–252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1068783.
Zerubavel, Y. (1995) Recovered roots: Collective memory and the making of Israeli national tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Abramovich, S. Y. [Mendele Mokher Sfarim] (1896) Kitsur Mas’ot Binyamin HaŠliši [The Brief Travels of Benjamin the Third] (Pardes 3, supplement). Odessa: M. E. Beilinson.
Agnon, S. Y. (1976[1952]) Al HaŠena [Regarding slumber]. In S. Y. Agnon (1976). Me’Atsmi El Atsmi [From Myself to Myself] 435–444. Jerusalem: Schocken. [Originally published in Haaretz. October 3rd 1952]
Brenner, Y. H. (1907) Me’Ever LiGvulin [Beyond the borders]. HaMe’orer 2: 21–39, 61–87, 109–131, 157–165.
Katznelson, B. (1920) Negi’ot [Strokes]. Ha’adama 1: 603–606.
Krochmal, N. (1851). Moré Nevuxe HaZman [Guide for the Perplexed of the Time]. Lviv: J. Schnayder.
Perl, J. (1819) Megalle Tmirin [Revealer of Secrets]. Vienna: A. Strauss.
Shami, Y. (1913) Ben ?olot HaYešimon [Hamamah: A tale of the Arabian desert]. Moledet 4: 359–368.
Studencki, M. (1847) Rofé HaYeladim [The Pediatrician]. Warsaw: Schrieftgiesser.
Research literature and prescriptive literature
Auty, R. (1958) The linguistic revival among the Slavs of the Austrian empire, 1780–1850: The role of individuals in the codi?cation and acceptance of new literary languages. The Modern Language Review 53(3): 392–404. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3719062.
Bahat, Y. and Ron, M. (1960) Vedayyek: Grammar corrections and style amelioration. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [in Hebrew].
Barak, S. and Gadish, R. (eds) (2008) Safa Qama: Selections from the Lešonenu La’am Column, Haaretz, 1932–1944. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Bartal, I. (1993) From traditional bilingualism to national monolingualism. In L. Glinert (ed.) Hebrew in Ashkenaz: A language in exile 141–150. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bartal, I. (2007) Cossack and Bedouin: Land and people in Jewish nationalism. Tel Aviv: Am Oved [in Hebrew].
Ben-Asher, M. (1969) The crystalisation of normative grammar in Modern Hebrew. Haifa: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [in Hebrew].
Bendavid, A. and Shy, H. (1974) Language guide for radio and television. Jerusalem: Israel Broadcasting Authority [in Hebrew].
Ben-?ayyim, Z. (1953) An ancient language in a new reality. Lešonenu La’am 4(3–5, 8–9). Reprinted in Z. Ben-?ayyim (1992) The struggle for a language 36–85. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Berggrün, N. (1953) A?llu, A?llu Im. Lešonenu La’am 4(8–9): 32–37. Reprinted in N. Berggrün (1995) Studies in the Hebrew Language 143–146. Ed. Y. Heckelman. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Blanc, H. (1968) The Israeli koine as an emergent national standard. In J. A. Fishman, C. A. Ferguson, and J. Das Gupta (eds) Language problems of developing nations 237–251. New York: J. Wiley.
Blommaert, J. (2006) Language policy and national identity. In T. Ricento (ed.) An introduction to language policy – Theory and method 239–254. Malden: Blackwell.
Bourdieu, P. (1993[1984]) Sociology in question. Trans. R. Nice. London: Sage.
Bucholtz, M. (2003) Sociolinguistic nostalgia and the authentication of identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3): 398–416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00232.
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407.
Cameron, D. (2012) Verbal hygiene. (Expanded ed.). London: Routledge.
Cohen, C. E. (2004) Normative grammar in light of medieval Rabbinic Hebrew. Lešonenu La’am 54(1): 35–46 [in Hebrew].
Cohen, C. E. (2012) ‘Hebrew spoken here’: The type of Hebrew taught in the set of records. In S. Izre’el (ed.) The speech machine as a language teacher: ‘Hebrew spoken here’ – Hebrew voices from Nazi Germany: A testimony on spoken Hebrew and Jewish life in Palestine during the British mandate 212–236. Tel Aviv: The Haim Rubin Tel Aviv University Press [in Hebrew].
Coupland, N. (2007) Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755064.
Dubnov, K. (2015) Circumstantial versus depictive secondary predicates in literary Hebrew – The in?uence of Yiddish and Russian. Journal of Jewish Languages 3(1–2): 79–89. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340049.
Eckert, P. (2012) Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1): 87–100. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145828.
Edwards, J. (2012) Foreword: Language, prescriptivism, nationalism – and identity. In C. Percy and M. Catherine Davidson (eds) The languages of nation: Attitudes and norms 11–36. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Efrati, N. (2010) The Hebrew Republic: Hebrew and its status in the Israeli public domain. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Eldar, I. (2010) Language planning in Israel. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Elspaß, S. (2005) Language norm and language reality: Effectiveness and limits of prescriptivism in New High German. In N. Langer and W. V. Davies (eds) Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages 20–45. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Even-Zohar, I. (1990) Polysystem studies (=Poetics Today 11(1)). Durham: Duke University Press.
Fisch, M. (1997) Rational Rabbis: Science and Talmudic culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Fishman, J. A. (1983) Modeling rationales in corpus planning: Modernity and tradition in images of the good corpus. In J. Cobarrubias and J. A. Fishman (eds) Progress in language planning: International perspectives 107–118. Berlin: Mouton.
Fishman, J. A. (1989[1972]) Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Part II: The impact of nationalism on language and language planning. In J. A. Fishman, Language and Ethnicity in Minority Sociolinguistic Perspective 269–367. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Originally published in J. A. Fishman (1972) Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
Fishman, J. A. (1996) Language revitalization. In H. Goeble, P. H. Nelde, Z. Starý, and W. Wölck (eds) Kontaktlinguistik / Contact linguistics / Linguistique de contact. Vol. 1 902–906. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Fraade, S. D. (2014) Response to Azzan Yadin-Israel on Rabbinic polysemy: Do they ‘preach’ what they practice? AJS Review 38(1): 339–361. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0364009414000294.
Gill, M. (2012) Nativeness, authority, authenticity: The construction of belonging and exclusion in debates about English language pro?ciency and immigration in Britain. In C. Percy and M. Catherine Davidson (eds) The languages of nation: Attitudes and norms 271–291. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Glinert, L. (1988) Did pre-revival Hebrew literature have its own Langue? Quotation and improvization in Mendele Mokher Sefarim. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51(3): 413–427. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X0011643X.
Glinert, L. (1990) On the source of modern colloquial Hebrew: The covert syntax of Yellin’s primer ‘Le? Hataf’. Lešonenu 55(1–2): 107–126 [in Hebrew].
Glinert, L. (1991) The ‘back to the future’ syndrome in language planning: The case of Modern Hebrew. In D. F. Marshall (ed.) Language Planning 215–243. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Goldenberg, E. (2007[1971]) Hebrew language, medieval. In M. Berenbaum and F. Skolnik (eds) Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). Vol. 8. 650–671. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.
Gonen, E. (2013) Normativism. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 2. 847–852. Leiden: Brill.
Gottstein, M. and Eitan, E. (1952) The ground for grammar corrections. Lešonenu La’am 3(4): 3–10 [in Hebrew].
Harshav, B. (1993) Language in time of revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520079588.001.0001.
Herzog, O. (2010) Two shekels Hebrew. Haaretz. April 27th [in Hebrew].
Kahn, L. (2013) Maskilic Hebrew. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 2. 581–585. Leiden: Brill.
Kaplan, R. B. and Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (1997) Language planning from practice to theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Keren, E.-H. (forthcoming) Modern Hebrew as a contact language: The differences and similarities compared to creole and koiné languages. In E. Doron, M. Rappaport Hovav, Y. Reshef, and M. Taube (eds) Linguistic contact, continuity and change in the genesis of Modern Hebrew. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kuzar, R. (2001) Hebrew and zionism: A discourse analytic cultural study. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110869491.
The Language Committee (1952) The Academic Secretariat’s responses to queries. Lešonenu La’am 3(5): 28–32 [in Hebrew].
Magid, H. (1980) A collection of grammar corrections. Tel Aviv: Karni [in Hebrew].
Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1999) Authority in language: Investigating language prescription and standardisation. (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Moore, E. (2012) The social life of style. Language and Literature 21(1): 66–83. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947011432051.
Mor, U. (2011) Language contact in Judea: How much Aramaic is there in the Hebrew documents from the Judaean Desert? Hebrew Studies 52: 213–220. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2011.0021.
Mor, U. (2016a) Three questionable bets: be’im, bixde, nakat be-. Lešonenu 78(3): 305–333 [in Hebrew].
Mor, U. (2016b) Review of Language contact and the development of Modern Hebrew (ed. E. Doron in cooperation with O. Tirosh-Becker and S. Bunin Benor; Leiden: Brill, 2016). Lešonenu 78: 500–508 [in Hebrew].
Myhill, J. (2004) A parameterized view of the concept of ‘correctness’. Multilingua 23(4): 389–416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2004.23.4.389.
Ornan, U. (1984) Hebrew in Palestine before and after 1882. Journal of Semitic Studies 29: 225–254. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/XXIX.2.225.
Parush, I. (1995) The politics of literacy: Women and foreign languages in Jewish society of 19th century eastern Europe. Modern Judaism 15(2): 183–206. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/15.2.183.
Rabin, C. (1969) The revival of the Hebrew language. Ariel 25: 25–34.
Rabin, C. (1983) The sociology of normativism in Israeli Hebrew. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 41: 41–56. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1983.41.41.
Rabin, C. (1985) The origins of present-day Hebrew. Ariel 59: 4–13.
Regev, M. and Seroussi, E. (2004) Popular music and national culture in Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Reshef, Y. (2011) The re-emergence of Hebrew as a national language. In S. Weninger and M. P. Streck (eds) The Semitic languages: An international handbook 546–554. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110251586.546.
Reshef, Y. (2013) Revival of Hebrew: Sociolinguistic dimension. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 3. 408–415. Leiden: Brill.
Reshef, Y. (2014) Three generations in the early-twentieth-century Hebrew press. Lešonenu 76(3): 327–344 [in Hebrew].
Reshef, Y. (2015) Hebrew in the Mandate period. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Reshef, Y. (2016) Written Hebrew of the revival generation as a distinct phase in the evolution of Modern Hebrew. Journal of Semitic Studies 61(1): 187–213. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgv036.
Reshef, Y. and Helman, A. (2009) Instructing or recruiting? Language and style in 1920s and 1930s Tel Aviv municipal posters. Jewish Studies Quarterly 16(3): 306–332. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1628/094457009789789608.
Segal, M. (2008) A new sound in Hebrew poetry: Poetics, politics, accent. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Sharvit, S. (1998) Avur-Ba’avur in the history of Hebrew. Lešonenu La’am 50(1): 3–11 [in Hebrew].
Shchori, I. (1990) A Dream that became a city: Tel Aviv, birth and growth – the city that gave birth to a State. Tel Aviv: Avivim [in Hebrew].
Sivan, R. (1959) As one writes to his friend: Remarks on formal and private correspondence. Lešonenu La’am 11(1): 1–32 [in Hebrew].
Spolsky, B. (1996) Conditions for language revitalization: A comparison of the cases of Hebrew and Maori. In S. Wright (ed) Language and the State: Revitalization and revival in Israel and Eire 5–29. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Stampfer, S. (2010[1992]) Gender differentiation and the education of Jewish women. In S. Stampfer Families, Rabbis and education: Traditional Jewish society in nineteenth-century Eastern Europe 167–189. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. Originally published in Polin 7 (1992): 63–87.
Tamaševi?ius, G. (2016) The role of linguists in metalinguistic discourse in Modern Lithuania. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37(3) (= Special issue: Attitudes to prescriptivism): 243–252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1068783.
Zerubavel, Y. (1995) Recovered roots: Collective memory and the making of Israeli national tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Auty, R. (1958) The linguistic revival among the Slavs of the Austrian empire, 1780–1850: The role of individuals in the codi?cation and acceptance of new literary languages. The Modern Language Review 53(3): 392–404. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3719062.
Bahat, Y. and Ron, M. (1960) Vedayyek: Grammar corrections and style amelioration. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [in Hebrew].
Barak, S. and Gadish, R. (eds) (2008) Safa Qama: Selections from the Lešonenu La’am Column, Haaretz, 1932–1944. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Bartal, I. (1993) From traditional bilingualism to national monolingualism. In L. Glinert (ed.) Hebrew in Ashkenaz: A language in exile 141–150. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bartal, I. (2007) Cossack and Bedouin: Land and people in Jewish nationalism. Tel Aviv: Am Oved [in Hebrew].
Ben-Asher, M. (1969) The crystalisation of normative grammar in Modern Hebrew. Haifa: Hakibbutz Hameuchad [in Hebrew].
Bendavid, A. and Shy, H. (1974) Language guide for radio and television. Jerusalem: Israel Broadcasting Authority [in Hebrew].
Ben-?ayyim, Z. (1953) An ancient language in a new reality. Lešonenu La’am 4(3–5, 8–9). Reprinted in Z. Ben-?ayyim (1992) The struggle for a language 36–85. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Berggrün, N. (1953) A?llu, A?llu Im. Lešonenu La’am 4(8–9): 32–37. Reprinted in N. Berggrün (1995) Studies in the Hebrew Language 143–146. Ed. Y. Heckelman. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Blanc, H. (1968) The Israeli koine as an emergent national standard. In J. A. Fishman, C. A. Ferguson, and J. Das Gupta (eds) Language problems of developing nations 237–251. New York: J. Wiley.
Blommaert, J. (2006) Language policy and national identity. In T. Ricento (ed.) An introduction to language policy – Theory and method 239–254. Malden: Blackwell.
Bourdieu, P. (1993[1984]) Sociology in question. Trans. R. Nice. London: Sage.
Bucholtz, M. (2003) Sociolinguistic nostalgia and the authentication of identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(3): 398–416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00232.
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407.
Cameron, D. (2012) Verbal hygiene. (Expanded ed.). London: Routledge.
Cohen, C. E. (2004) Normative grammar in light of medieval Rabbinic Hebrew. Lešonenu La’am 54(1): 35–46 [in Hebrew].
Cohen, C. E. (2012) ‘Hebrew spoken here’: The type of Hebrew taught in the set of records. In S. Izre’el (ed.) The speech machine as a language teacher: ‘Hebrew spoken here’ – Hebrew voices from Nazi Germany: A testimony on spoken Hebrew and Jewish life in Palestine during the British mandate 212–236. Tel Aviv: The Haim Rubin Tel Aviv University Press [in Hebrew].
Coupland, N. (2007) Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755064.
Dubnov, K. (2015) Circumstantial versus depictive secondary predicates in literary Hebrew – The in?uence of Yiddish and Russian. Journal of Jewish Languages 3(1–2): 79–89. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340049.
Eckert, P. (2012) Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of sociolinguistic variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41(1): 87–100. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145828.
Edwards, J. (2012) Foreword: Language, prescriptivism, nationalism – and identity. In C. Percy and M. Catherine Davidson (eds) The languages of nation: Attitudes and norms 11–36. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Efrati, N. (2010) The Hebrew Republic: Hebrew and its status in the Israeli public domain. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Eldar, I. (2010) Language planning in Israel. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Elspaß, S. (2005) Language norm and language reality: Effectiveness and limits of prescriptivism in New High German. In N. Langer and W. V. Davies (eds) Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages 20–45. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Even-Zohar, I. (1990) Polysystem studies (=Poetics Today 11(1)). Durham: Duke University Press.
Fisch, M. (1997) Rational Rabbis: Science and Talmudic culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Fishman, J. A. (1983) Modeling rationales in corpus planning: Modernity and tradition in images of the good corpus. In J. Cobarrubias and J. A. Fishman (eds) Progress in language planning: International perspectives 107–118. Berlin: Mouton.
Fishman, J. A. (1989[1972]) Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Part II: The impact of nationalism on language and language planning. In J. A. Fishman, Language and Ethnicity in Minority Sociolinguistic Perspective 269–367. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Originally published in J. A. Fishman (1972) Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers.
Fishman, J. A. (1996) Language revitalization. In H. Goeble, P. H. Nelde, Z. Starý, and W. Wölck (eds) Kontaktlinguistik / Contact linguistics / Linguistique de contact. Vol. 1 902–906. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Fraade, S. D. (2014) Response to Azzan Yadin-Israel on Rabbinic polysemy: Do they ‘preach’ what they practice? AJS Review 38(1): 339–361. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0364009414000294.
Gill, M. (2012) Nativeness, authority, authenticity: The construction of belonging and exclusion in debates about English language pro?ciency and immigration in Britain. In C. Percy and M. Catherine Davidson (eds) The languages of nation: Attitudes and norms 271–291. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Glinert, L. (1988) Did pre-revival Hebrew literature have its own Langue? Quotation and improvization in Mendele Mokher Sefarim. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51(3): 413–427. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X0011643X.
Glinert, L. (1990) On the source of modern colloquial Hebrew: The covert syntax of Yellin’s primer ‘Le? Hataf’. Lešonenu 55(1–2): 107–126 [in Hebrew].
Glinert, L. (1991) The ‘back to the future’ syndrome in language planning: The case of Modern Hebrew. In D. F. Marshall (ed.) Language Planning 215–243. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Goldenberg, E. (2007[1971]) Hebrew language, medieval. In M. Berenbaum and F. Skolnik (eds) Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). Vol. 8. 650–671. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA.
Gonen, E. (2013) Normativism. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 2. 847–852. Leiden: Brill.
Gottstein, M. and Eitan, E. (1952) The ground for grammar corrections. Lešonenu La’am 3(4): 3–10 [in Hebrew].
Harshav, B. (1993) Language in time of revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520079588.001.0001.
Herzog, O. (2010) Two shekels Hebrew. Haaretz. April 27th [in Hebrew].
Kahn, L. (2013) Maskilic Hebrew. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 2. 581–585. Leiden: Brill.
Kaplan, R. B. and Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (1997) Language planning from practice to theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Keren, E.-H. (forthcoming) Modern Hebrew as a contact language: The differences and similarities compared to creole and koiné languages. In E. Doron, M. Rappaport Hovav, Y. Reshef, and M. Taube (eds) Linguistic contact, continuity and change in the genesis of Modern Hebrew. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kuzar, R. (2001) Hebrew and zionism: A discourse analytic cultural study. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110869491.
The Language Committee (1952) The Academic Secretariat’s responses to queries. Lešonenu La’am 3(5): 28–32 [in Hebrew].
Magid, H. (1980) A collection of grammar corrections. Tel Aviv: Karni [in Hebrew].
Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1999) Authority in language: Investigating language prescription and standardisation. (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Moore, E. (2012) The social life of style. Language and Literature 21(1): 66–83. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947011432051.
Mor, U. (2011) Language contact in Judea: How much Aramaic is there in the Hebrew documents from the Judaean Desert? Hebrew Studies 52: 213–220. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2011.0021.
Mor, U. (2016a) Three questionable bets: be’im, bixde, nakat be-. Lešonenu 78(3): 305–333 [in Hebrew].
Mor, U. (2016b) Review of Language contact and the development of Modern Hebrew (ed. E. Doron in cooperation with O. Tirosh-Becker and S. Bunin Benor; Leiden: Brill, 2016). Lešonenu 78: 500–508 [in Hebrew].
Myhill, J. (2004) A parameterized view of the concept of ‘correctness’. Multilingua 23(4): 389–416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2004.23.4.389.
Ornan, U. (1984) Hebrew in Palestine before and after 1882. Journal of Semitic Studies 29: 225–254. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/XXIX.2.225.
Parush, I. (1995) The politics of literacy: Women and foreign languages in Jewish society of 19th century eastern Europe. Modern Judaism 15(2): 183–206. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/15.2.183.
Rabin, C. (1969) The revival of the Hebrew language. Ariel 25: 25–34.
Rabin, C. (1983) The sociology of normativism in Israeli Hebrew. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 41: 41–56. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1983.41.41.
Rabin, C. (1985) The origins of present-day Hebrew. Ariel 59: 4–13.
Regev, M. and Seroussi, E. (2004) Popular music and national culture in Israel. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Reshef, Y. (2011) The re-emergence of Hebrew as a national language. In S. Weninger and M. P. Streck (eds) The Semitic languages: An international handbook 546–554. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110251586.546.
Reshef, Y. (2013) Revival of Hebrew: Sociolinguistic dimension. In G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew language and linguistics. Vol. 3. 408–415. Leiden: Brill.
Reshef, Y. (2014) Three generations in the early-twentieth-century Hebrew press. Lešonenu 76(3): 327–344 [in Hebrew].
Reshef, Y. (2015) Hebrew in the Mandate period. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language [in Hebrew].
Reshef, Y. (2016) Written Hebrew of the revival generation as a distinct phase in the evolution of Modern Hebrew. Journal of Semitic Studies 61(1): 187–213. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgv036.
Reshef, Y. and Helman, A. (2009) Instructing or recruiting? Language and style in 1920s and 1930s Tel Aviv municipal posters. Jewish Studies Quarterly 16(3): 306–332. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1628/094457009789789608.
Segal, M. (2008) A new sound in Hebrew poetry: Poetics, politics, accent. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Sharvit, S. (1998) Avur-Ba’avur in the history of Hebrew. Lešonenu La’am 50(1): 3–11 [in Hebrew].
Shchori, I. (1990) A Dream that became a city: Tel Aviv, birth and growth – the city that gave birth to a State. Tel Aviv: Avivim [in Hebrew].
Sivan, R. (1959) As one writes to his friend: Remarks on formal and private correspondence. Lešonenu La’am 11(1): 1–32 [in Hebrew].
Spolsky, B. (1996) Conditions for language revitalization: A comparison of the cases of Hebrew and Maori. In S. Wright (ed) Language and the State: Revitalization and revival in Israel and Eire 5–29. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Stampfer, S. (2010[1992]) Gender differentiation and the education of Jewish women. In S. Stampfer Families, Rabbis and education: Traditional Jewish society in nineteenth-century Eastern Europe 167–189. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. Originally published in Polin 7 (1992): 63–87.
Tamaševi?ius, G. (2016) The role of linguists in metalinguistic discourse in Modern Lithuania. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37(3) (= Special issue: Attitudes to prescriptivism): 243–252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1068783.
Zerubavel, Y. (1995) Recovered roots: Collective memory and the making of Israeli national tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Published
2017-08-14
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Mor, U. (2017). Prescriptivism, nation, and style: The role of nonclassical elements in the stylistic stratification of Modern Hebrew. Sociolinguistic Studies, 11(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.31884
