Caribeño or mexicano, profesionista or albañil? Mexican listeners’ evaluations of /s/ aspiration and maintenance in Mexican and Puerto Rican voices
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.34154Keywords:
Caribbean Spanish, Mexican Spanish, /s/ reduction, aspiration, sociophonetics, sociophonetic perceptionAbstract
Mexican Spanish is generally recognized as a conservative variety that maintains syllablefinal /s/, while Puerto Rican Spanish consistently weakens it. To explore what social properties are indexed by coda /s/ variants and whether these variants alone can alter evaluations of speaker origin, 75 Mexican listeners participated in a matched-guise test. They listened to recordings of five Mexican and Puerto Rican Spanish speakers spliced to include only coda [s] or coda [h], evaluating speakers on a scale of social properties and identifying their perceived place of origin. Mixed effects models fitted to 6,750 evaluations demonstrate that [s] is associated with various measures of status, including intelligence, work ethic, confidence, and snobbishness. However, these evaluations are conditioned by listeners' stereotypes and regional expectations, as Mexicans were evaluated as speaking better Spanish when presented with [s] and Puerto Ricans as speaking better Spanish with [h]. Finally, listeners evaluated Puerto Rican voices as significantly more Mexican given coda [s] and Mexican voices as significantly more Caribbean given coda [h], with the most drastic shift for Mexican speakers. The paper concludes that manipulating a single salient variable (/s/) is sufficient to override other linguistic features, which play a much more limited role in social identification and evaluation.
References
Aune, R. K. and Kikuchi, T. (1993) Effects of language intensity similarity on perceptions of credibility, relational attributions, and persuasion. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 12: 224–237. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X93123004.
Barnes, S. (2015) Perceptual salience and social categorization of contact features in Asturian Spanish. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 8(2): 213–241. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/shll-2015-0009.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., and Walker, S. (2017) lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using eigen and S4. R package version 1.1–14.
Campbell-Kibler, K. (2008) I’ll be the judge of that: Diversity in social perceptions of (ING). Language in Society 27(5): 637–659. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/shll-2015-0009.
Campbell-Kibler, K. (2009) The nature of sociolinguistic perception. Language Variation and Change 21: 135–156. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394509000052.
Canfield, D. L. (1981) Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ceballos Domínguez, R. (2006) Hacia un mayor consonantismo en la zona conurbada. In P. Martín Butragueño (ed.) Líderes lingüísticos. Estudios de variación y cambio 13–36. México: El Colegio de México.
Chappell, W. (2015) Formality strategies in Managua, Nicaragua: A local vs. global approach. Spanish in Context 12(2): 221–254. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.12.2.03cha.
Chappell, W. (2016a) On the social perception of intervocalic /s/ voicing in Costa Rican Spanish. Language Variation and Change 28(3): 357–378. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394516000107.
Chappell, W. (2016b) Bilingualism and aspiration: Coda /s/ reduction on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua. In S. Sessarego and F. Tejado-Herrero (eds) Spanish Language and Sociolinguistic Analysis 261–282. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Clopper, C. G. and Pisoni, D. B. (2004) Homebodies and army brats: Some effects of early linguistic experience and residential history on dialect categorization. Language Variation and Change 16: 31–48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394504161036.
Delforge, A. M. (2013) Not correct but not bad either: Another look at the social meaning of ‘velar r’ in Puerto Rican Spanish. In A. M. Carvalho and S. Beaudrie (eds) Selected Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics 158–168. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Eckert, P. (2008) Variation and the Indexical Field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(3): 453–476. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00374.x.
Espinosa Vázquez, A. A. (2008) Variación del segmento /-s/ en El Ciruelo, Oaxaca. In E. Herrera Zendejas and P. Martín Butragueño (eds) Fonología instrumental: patrones fónicos y variación 107–128. México: El Colegio de México.
Ferguson, C. A. (1990) From esses to aitches. In W. Croft, K. Denning, and S. Kemmer (eds) Studies in Typology and Diachrony, for Joseph H. Greenberg 59–78. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.20.06fer.
Flores, L., Myhill, J. and Tarallo, F. (1983) Competing plural markers in Puerto Rican Spanish. Linguistics 21: 897–907. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1983.21.6.897.
Fridland, V., Bartlett, K. and Kreuz, R. (2004) Do you hear what I hear? Experimental measurement of the perceptual salience of acoustically manipulated vowel variants by Southern speakers in Memphis, TN. Language Variation and Change 16: 1–16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394504161012.
Gal, S. (1995) Cultural bases of language use among German-speakers in Hungary. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 111(1): 93–102. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1995.111.93.
García, C. (forthcoming) Regional identity in Highland Ecuador: Social evaluation of intervocalic /s/ voicing. In W. Chappell (ed.) Recent Advances in the Study of Spanish Sociophonetic Perception. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Gil Burgoin, C. I. (2011) El español del municipio de La Paz, Baja California Sur: Variación fónica y entonativa. Tesis de Licenciatura. México: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Giles, H., and Billings, A. C. (2004) Assessing language attitudes: Speaker evaluation studies. In A. Davies and C. Elder (eds) The Handbook of Applied Linguistics 187–209. Malden: Blackwell.
Hammond, R. M. (1982) El fonema /s/ en el español jíbaro. Cuestiones teóricas. In O. Alba (ed.) El español del Caribe. Ponencias del VI simposio de dialectología 157–169. Santiago, DR: Universidad Católica Madre y Maestro.
Hammond, R. M. (1991) La /s/ posnuclear en el español jíbaro de Puerto Rico. In E. Hernández-Chávez and G. Pérez (eds) El español de América: actas del III congreso internacional del español de América, vol. 2 1007–1018. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.
Hammond, R. M. (2001) The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application (with Special Reference to American English). Somerville: Cascadilla.
Hidalgo, M. (1990) Sobre las variantes de /s/ en Mazatlán, Sinaloa. Hispania 73: 526–529. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/342865.
Holmquist, J. C. (2005) Social stratification in women’s speech in rural Puerto Rico: A study of five phonological features. In L. Sayahi (ed.) Selected Proceedings of the First Workshop in Spanish Sociolinguistics 109–119. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Holmquist, J. C. (2011) Gender and variation: Word-final /s/ in men’s and women’s speech in Puerto Rico’s Western Highlands. In M. Díaz-Campos (ed.) The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics 230–243. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Labov, W. (1972) Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., and Fillenbaum, S. (1960) Evaluational reactions to spoken language. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60(1): 44–51. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044430.
Lipski, J. (1985) Spanish in United States broadcasting. In L. Elías-Olivares, E. A. Leone, R. Cisneros, and J. R. Gutiérrez (eds) Spanish Language Use and Public Life in the United States 217–233. New York: Mouton Publishers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110852530.217.
Lipski, J. (1986) Reduction of Spanish word-final /s/ and /n/. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 31: 139–156. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008413100011579.
Lipski, J. (1994) Latin American Spanish. London: Longman.
Lipski, J. (1995) Blocking of Spanish /s/-aspiration: The vocalic nature of consonantal disharmony. Hispanic Linguistics 6/7: 287–327.
Lope Blanch, J. M. (1994) Atlas Lingüístico de México. Tomo I, vol. III, Fonética. México, El Colegio de México, UNAM.
López Chávez, J. (1977) El fonema /s/ en el habla de La Cruz, Sinaloa. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 26: 332–40. Doi: https://doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v26i2.491.
López Morales, H. (1980) Velarización de /n/ en el español de Puerto Rico. Lingüística Española Actual 2: 203–217.
López Morales, H. (1981) Velarization of /n/ in Puerto Rican Spanish. In D. Sankoff and H. Cedergren (eds) Variation Omnibus 105–113. Edmonton: Linguistic Research.
López Morales, H. (1983a) Estratificación social del español de San Juan de Puerto Rico. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
López Morales, H. (1983b) Lateralización de -/r/ en el español de Puerto Rico: sociolectos y estilos. Philologica hispaniensia in honorem Manuel Alvar. Tomo I 387–398. Madrid: Gredos.
Ma, R., and Herasimchuk, E. (1971) The linguistic dimensions of a bilingual neighborhood. In J. A. Fishman, R. L. Cooper, and R. Ma (eds) Bilingualism in the Barrio 349–464. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Mack, S. (2011) A sociophonetic analysis of /s/ variation in Puerto Rican Spanish. In L. A. Ortiz-López (ed.) Selected Proceedings of the 13th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium 81–93. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Mason, K. W. (1994) Comerse las eses: A Selective Bibliographic Survey of /s/ Aspiration and Deletion in Dialects of Spanish. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.
Mendoza Guerrero, E. (2003) La aspiración de /s/ en el habla sinaloense. In A. H. de León- Portilla and M. A. Castro (eds) Estudios de lingüística y filología hispánicas en honor de José G. Moreno de Alba 187–195. México: UNAM.
Mendoza Guerrero, E. (2011) El habla de Culiacán. Culiacán: Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa-El Colegio de Sinaloa-Instituto Municipal de Cultura Culiacán.
Moreno de Alba, J. G. (1994) La pronunciación del español en México. México: El Colegio de México.
Navarro Tomás, T. (1948) El español en Puerto Rico. San Juan: University of Puerto Rico.
Penny, R. (2000) Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139164566.
Perissinotto, G. (1975) Fonología del español hablado en la Ciudad de México. Ensayo de un método sociolingüístico. México: El Colegio de México.
Plichta, B. and Preston, D. R. (2005) The /ay/s have it: The perception of /ay/ as a North- South stereotype in US English. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 37: 107–130. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03740463.2005.10416086.
Poplack, S. (1979) Function and process in a variable phonology. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Poplack, S. (1980) Deletion and disambiguation in Puerto Rican Spanish. Language 56: 271–385. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1980.0033.
Preston, D. R. (1996) Where the worst English is spoken. In E. W. Schneider (ed.) Focus on the USA 297–360. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g16.16pre.
Preston, D. R. (2002) Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
R Core Team (2017) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation.
Rodríguez Alfano, L. (2005) Investigación sociolingüística. El habla de Monterrey. Su trayectoria en una página electrónica. Monterrey: Trillas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León.
Schmidt, L. (2013) Regional variation in the perception of sociophonetic variants of Spanish /s/. In A. Carvalho and S. Beaudrie (eds) Selected Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics 189–202. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Serrano, J. (2002) Dialectos en contacto. Variación y cambio lingüístico en migrantes sonorenses. Tesis de Licenciatura, México: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Serrano, J. (2006) En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano: una aproximación sociolingüística. In P. Martín Butragueño (ed.) Líderes lingüísticos. Estudios de variación lingüística 37–59. México: El Colegio de México.
Serrano, J. (2008) Vibrantes asibiladas en español de la ciudad de México (1964–1972). In E. Herrera Zendejas and P. Martín Butragueño (eds) Fonología instrumental: patrones fónicos y variación 191–210. México: El Colegio de México.
Street, R. Jr., Brady, R., and Putnam, W. (1983) The influence of speech rate stereotypes and rate similarity on listener’s evaluations of speakers. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 2:37–56. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X8300200103.
Tellado González, J. (2007) Variación alofónica de /s/ implosiva en el español de Puerto Rico: El fenómeno de oclusión glotal. Thesis, University of Puerto Rico.
Terrell, T. (1977) Constraints on the aspiration of final /s/ in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Bilingual Review/Revista Bilingüe 4: 35–51.
Terrell, T. (1979) Final /s/ in Cuban Spanish. Hispania 62(4): 599–612. Doi:: https://doi.org/10.2307/340142.
Terrell, T. (1981) Diachronic reconstruction by dialect comparison of variable constraints: s-aspiration and deletion in Spanish. In D. Sankoff and H. Cedergren (eds) Variation Omnibus 115–124. Alberta: Carbondale and Edmonton.
Valentín-Márquez, W. (2006) La oclusión glotal y la construcción lingüística de identidades sociales en Puerto Rico. In N. Sagarra and A. J. Toribio (eds) Selected Proceedings of the 9th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium 326–341. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Vanek, C. and McDaniel, S. (2006) Surveygizmo. Boulder: Widgix.
Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. (4th ed.). New York: Springer. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2.
Walker, A. (2007) The effect of phonetic detail on perceived speaker age and social class. In J. Trouvain and W. J. Barry (eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 1453–1456. Dudweiler: Pirrot.
Walker, A., García, C., Cortés, Y. and Campbell-Kibler, K. (2014) Comparing social meanings across listener and speaker groups: The indexical field of Spanish /s/. Language Variation and Change 26: 169–189. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394514000088.
Barnes, S. (2015) Perceptual salience and social categorization of contact features in Asturian Spanish. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 8(2): 213–241. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/shll-2015-0009.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., and Walker, S. (2017) lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using eigen and S4. R package version 1.1–14.
Campbell-Kibler, K. (2008) I’ll be the judge of that: Diversity in social perceptions of (ING). Language in Society 27(5): 637–659. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/shll-2015-0009.
Campbell-Kibler, K. (2009) The nature of sociolinguistic perception. Language Variation and Change 21: 135–156. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394509000052.
Canfield, D. L. (1981) Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ceballos Domínguez, R. (2006) Hacia un mayor consonantismo en la zona conurbada. In P. Martín Butragueño (ed.) Líderes lingüísticos. Estudios de variación y cambio 13–36. México: El Colegio de México.
Chappell, W. (2015) Formality strategies in Managua, Nicaragua: A local vs. global approach. Spanish in Context 12(2): 221–254. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.12.2.03cha.
Chappell, W. (2016a) On the social perception of intervocalic /s/ voicing in Costa Rican Spanish. Language Variation and Change 28(3): 357–378. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394516000107.
Chappell, W. (2016b) Bilingualism and aspiration: Coda /s/ reduction on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua. In S. Sessarego and F. Tejado-Herrero (eds) Spanish Language and Sociolinguistic Analysis 261–282. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Clopper, C. G. and Pisoni, D. B. (2004) Homebodies and army brats: Some effects of early linguistic experience and residential history on dialect categorization. Language Variation and Change 16: 31–48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394504161036.
Delforge, A. M. (2013) Not correct but not bad either: Another look at the social meaning of ‘velar r’ in Puerto Rican Spanish. In A. M. Carvalho and S. Beaudrie (eds) Selected Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics 158–168. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Eckert, P. (2008) Variation and the Indexical Field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(3): 453–476. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00374.x.
Espinosa Vázquez, A. A. (2008) Variación del segmento /-s/ en El Ciruelo, Oaxaca. In E. Herrera Zendejas and P. Martín Butragueño (eds) Fonología instrumental: patrones fónicos y variación 107–128. México: El Colegio de México.
Ferguson, C. A. (1990) From esses to aitches. In W. Croft, K. Denning, and S. Kemmer (eds) Studies in Typology and Diachrony, for Joseph H. Greenberg 59–78. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.20.06fer.
Flores, L., Myhill, J. and Tarallo, F. (1983) Competing plural markers in Puerto Rican Spanish. Linguistics 21: 897–907. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1983.21.6.897.
Fridland, V., Bartlett, K. and Kreuz, R. (2004) Do you hear what I hear? Experimental measurement of the perceptual salience of acoustically manipulated vowel variants by Southern speakers in Memphis, TN. Language Variation and Change 16: 1–16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394504161012.
Gal, S. (1995) Cultural bases of language use among German-speakers in Hungary. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 111(1): 93–102. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1995.111.93.
García, C. (forthcoming) Regional identity in Highland Ecuador: Social evaluation of intervocalic /s/ voicing. In W. Chappell (ed.) Recent Advances in the Study of Spanish Sociophonetic Perception. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Gil Burgoin, C. I. (2011) El español del municipio de La Paz, Baja California Sur: Variación fónica y entonativa. Tesis de Licenciatura. México: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Giles, H., and Billings, A. C. (2004) Assessing language attitudes: Speaker evaluation studies. In A. Davies and C. Elder (eds) The Handbook of Applied Linguistics 187–209. Malden: Blackwell.
Hammond, R. M. (1982) El fonema /s/ en el español jíbaro. Cuestiones teóricas. In O. Alba (ed.) El español del Caribe. Ponencias del VI simposio de dialectología 157–169. Santiago, DR: Universidad Católica Madre y Maestro.
Hammond, R. M. (1991) La /s/ posnuclear en el español jíbaro de Puerto Rico. In E. Hernández-Chávez and G. Pérez (eds) El español de América: actas del III congreso internacional del español de América, vol. 2 1007–1018. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.
Hammond, R. M. (2001) The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application (with Special Reference to American English). Somerville: Cascadilla.
Hidalgo, M. (1990) Sobre las variantes de /s/ en Mazatlán, Sinaloa. Hispania 73: 526–529. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/342865.
Holmquist, J. C. (2005) Social stratification in women’s speech in rural Puerto Rico: A study of five phonological features. In L. Sayahi (ed.) Selected Proceedings of the First Workshop in Spanish Sociolinguistics 109–119. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Holmquist, J. C. (2011) Gender and variation: Word-final /s/ in men’s and women’s speech in Puerto Rico’s Western Highlands. In M. Díaz-Campos (ed.) The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics 230–243. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Labov, W. (1972) Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., and Fillenbaum, S. (1960) Evaluational reactions to spoken language. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60(1): 44–51. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044430.
Lipski, J. (1985) Spanish in United States broadcasting. In L. Elías-Olivares, E. A. Leone, R. Cisneros, and J. R. Gutiérrez (eds) Spanish Language Use and Public Life in the United States 217–233. New York: Mouton Publishers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110852530.217.
Lipski, J. (1986) Reduction of Spanish word-final /s/ and /n/. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 31: 139–156. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008413100011579.
Lipski, J. (1994) Latin American Spanish. London: Longman.
Lipski, J. (1995) Blocking of Spanish /s/-aspiration: The vocalic nature of consonantal disharmony. Hispanic Linguistics 6/7: 287–327.
Lope Blanch, J. M. (1994) Atlas Lingüístico de México. Tomo I, vol. III, Fonética. México, El Colegio de México, UNAM.
López Chávez, J. (1977) El fonema /s/ en el habla de La Cruz, Sinaloa. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 26: 332–40. Doi: https://doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v26i2.491.
López Morales, H. (1980) Velarización de /n/ en el español de Puerto Rico. Lingüística Española Actual 2: 203–217.
López Morales, H. (1981) Velarization of /n/ in Puerto Rican Spanish. In D. Sankoff and H. Cedergren (eds) Variation Omnibus 105–113. Edmonton: Linguistic Research.
López Morales, H. (1983a) Estratificación social del español de San Juan de Puerto Rico. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
López Morales, H. (1983b) Lateralización de -/r/ en el español de Puerto Rico: sociolectos y estilos. Philologica hispaniensia in honorem Manuel Alvar. Tomo I 387–398. Madrid: Gredos.
Ma, R., and Herasimchuk, E. (1971) The linguistic dimensions of a bilingual neighborhood. In J. A. Fishman, R. L. Cooper, and R. Ma (eds) Bilingualism in the Barrio 349–464. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Mack, S. (2011) A sociophonetic analysis of /s/ variation in Puerto Rican Spanish. In L. A. Ortiz-López (ed.) Selected Proceedings of the 13th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium 81–93. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Mason, K. W. (1994) Comerse las eses: A Selective Bibliographic Survey of /s/ Aspiration and Deletion in Dialects of Spanish. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.
Mendoza Guerrero, E. (2003) La aspiración de /s/ en el habla sinaloense. In A. H. de León- Portilla and M. A. Castro (eds) Estudios de lingüística y filología hispánicas en honor de José G. Moreno de Alba 187–195. México: UNAM.
Mendoza Guerrero, E. (2011) El habla de Culiacán. Culiacán: Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa-El Colegio de Sinaloa-Instituto Municipal de Cultura Culiacán.
Moreno de Alba, J. G. (1994) La pronunciación del español en México. México: El Colegio de México.
Navarro Tomás, T. (1948) El español en Puerto Rico. San Juan: University of Puerto Rico.
Penny, R. (2000) Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139164566.
Perissinotto, G. (1975) Fonología del español hablado en la Ciudad de México. Ensayo de un método sociolingüístico. México: El Colegio de México.
Plichta, B. and Preston, D. R. (2005) The /ay/s have it: The perception of /ay/ as a North- South stereotype in US English. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 37: 107–130. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03740463.2005.10416086.
Poplack, S. (1979) Function and process in a variable phonology. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Poplack, S. (1980) Deletion and disambiguation in Puerto Rican Spanish. Language 56: 271–385. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1980.0033.
Preston, D. R. (1996) Where the worst English is spoken. In E. W. Schneider (ed.) Focus on the USA 297–360. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g16.16pre.
Preston, D. R. (2002) Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
R Core Team (2017) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation.
Rodríguez Alfano, L. (2005) Investigación sociolingüística. El habla de Monterrey. Su trayectoria en una página electrónica. Monterrey: Trillas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León.
Schmidt, L. (2013) Regional variation in the perception of sociophonetic variants of Spanish /s/. In A. Carvalho and S. Beaudrie (eds) Selected Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics 189–202. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Serrano, J. (2002) Dialectos en contacto. Variación y cambio lingüístico en migrantes sonorenses. Tesis de Licenciatura, México: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
Serrano, J. (2006) En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano: una aproximación sociolingüística. In P. Martín Butragueño (ed.) Líderes lingüísticos. Estudios de variación lingüística 37–59. México: El Colegio de México.
Serrano, J. (2008) Vibrantes asibiladas en español de la ciudad de México (1964–1972). In E. Herrera Zendejas and P. Martín Butragueño (eds) Fonología instrumental: patrones fónicos y variación 191–210. México: El Colegio de México.
Street, R. Jr., Brady, R., and Putnam, W. (1983) The influence of speech rate stereotypes and rate similarity on listener’s evaluations of speakers. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 2:37–56. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X8300200103.
Tellado González, J. (2007) Variación alofónica de /s/ implosiva en el español de Puerto Rico: El fenómeno de oclusión glotal. Thesis, University of Puerto Rico.
Terrell, T. (1977) Constraints on the aspiration of final /s/ in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Bilingual Review/Revista Bilingüe 4: 35–51.
Terrell, T. (1979) Final /s/ in Cuban Spanish. Hispania 62(4): 599–612. Doi:: https://doi.org/10.2307/340142.
Terrell, T. (1981) Diachronic reconstruction by dialect comparison of variable constraints: s-aspiration and deletion in Spanish. In D. Sankoff and H. Cedergren (eds) Variation Omnibus 115–124. Alberta: Carbondale and Edmonton.
Valentín-Márquez, W. (2006) La oclusión glotal y la construcción lingüística de identidades sociales en Puerto Rico. In N. Sagarra and A. J. Toribio (eds) Selected Proceedings of the 9th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium 326–341. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Vanek, C. and McDaniel, S. (2006) Surveygizmo. Boulder: Widgix.
Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. (4th ed.). New York: Springer. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2.
Walker, A. (2007) The effect of phonetic detail on perceived speaker age and social class. In J. Trouvain and W. J. Barry (eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 1453–1456. Dudweiler: Pirrot.
Walker, A., García, C., Cortés, Y. and Campbell-Kibler, K. (2014) Comparing social meanings across listener and speaker groups: The indexical field of Spanish /s/. Language Variation and Change 26: 169–189. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394514000088.
Additional Files
Published
2019-05-02
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Chappell, W. (2019). Caribeño or mexicano, profesionista or albañil? Mexican listeners’ evaluations of /s/ aspiration and maintenance in Mexican and Puerto Rican voices. Sociolinguistic Studies, 12(3-4), 367-393. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.34154
