Defining and investigating monolingualism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v2i3.311Keywords:
MONOLINGUALISM, LANGUAGE IDEOLOGY, BILINGUALISM, LANGUAGE REPERTOIRE, LANGUAGE BIOGRAPHYAbstract
Some may find it strange to see a special journal issue on monolingualism. After all, is it not bilinguals and multilinguals who present the more interesting questions? It certainly seems so, for research has concentrated on their linguistic, psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic make-up. The implication of this is that monolingualism is the norm, and that bilingualism and multilingualism constitute abnormal states which merit investigation; even though this idea sits oddly with the belief of most linguists that the majority of the world’s population is bi- or multilingual, and that therefore monolingualism may be the exception rather than the norm. There is little systematic investigation of monolingualism: Romaine pointed out in 1995 that she would find it strange to see a book with the title ‘Monolingualism’. This special issue of Sociolinguistic Studies carries just such a title, and the papers it includes represent an attempt to explore the phenomenon of monolingualism from a number of different perspectives. In this introduction I will outline why a simple definition of monolingualism is neither easy to establish nor useful, and also why it is important to come to an understanding of it as a particular kind of ‘lingualism’ (Cruz Ferreira p.c.). I then review ways in which monolingualism has been represented thus far in the literature, outline some possible research questions and end by introducing the contributions to this volume.
References
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Borg, S. (2006) Teacher Cognition and Language Education: Research and practice. London: Continuum.
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Cook, V. (1999) Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching. TESOL Quarterly 33(2): 185–209.
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Coulmas, F. (ed.) (2007) English monolingualism in scientific communication and progress in science, good or bad?. AILA Review: Linguistic Inequality in Scientific Communication Today 20: 5–13
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DEET (Department of Employment, Education and Training) (1991) Australia’s Language: The Australian language and literacy policy. Companion volume to the policy information paper. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
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Eades, D. (2003) Participation of second language and second dialect speakers in the legal system. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23: 113–133.
Eades, D., Fraser, H., Siegel, J., McNamara, T. and Baker, B. (2003) Linguistic identification in the determination of nationality: A preliminary report. Language Policy 2(2): 179–199.
Edwards, J. (1994) Multilingualism. London: Routledge.
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Ellis, L. (2004b) Language background and professional competencies in teaching ESOL. English Australia Journal 21(2): 55–71.
Ellis, E. M. (2006a) Monolingualism: The unmarked case. Estudios de Sociolingüistica 7(2): 173–196.
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Ellis, E. M. (2007) Discourses of L1 and bilingual teaching in adult ESL. TESOL in Context 16(2): 5–11.
Ellis, R. (1994) The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Fairclough, N. (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Gogolin, I. (1994) Der monolinguale Habitus der multilingualen Schule. New York, Waxman: Munster.
Gibbons, J. (1994) Depth or breadth? Some issues in LOTE teaching. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 17(1): 1–22.
Hamers, J. F. and Blanc, M. H. A. (2000) Bilinguality and Bilingualism. (Second edition.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Handsfield, L. J. (2002) Teacher agency and double agents: Reconceptualizing linguistic genocide in education. Review of Skutnabb–Kangas, T. 2000, Linguistic Genocide in Education or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Harvard Educational Review 72(4): 542–560.
Hawkins, E. W. (1999) Foreign language study and language awareness. Language Awareness 8(3 & 4): 124–142.
Heller, M. (2007) Bilingualism as ideology and practice. In M. Heller (ed.) Bilingualism: A social approach 1–22. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Herdina, P. and Jessner, U. (2002) A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Holmes, J. (2001) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Irvine, J. T. and Gal, S. (2000) Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. V. Kroskrity (ed.) Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities and Identities 3–83. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
Jessner, U. (1999) Metalinguistic awareness in multilinguals: Cognitive aspects of third language learning. Language Awareness 8(3 & 4): 201–209.
Kachru, Y. (1994) Monolingual bias in SLA research. TESOL Quarterly 28(4): 795–800.
Kirkpatrick, A. (2000) The disadvantaged monolingual: Why English alone is not enough. Australian Language Matters 8(3): 5–7.
Kramsch, C. (1996) Metaphoric Imagination and Cross–cultural Understanding. The Congress of the International Association for Applied Linguistics (AILA): Jyväskylä, Finland.
Kramsch, C. (1997) The privilege of the non–native speaker. Publication of the Modern Language Association of America 112: 359–369.
Lambert, R. (1999) Language and intercultural competence. In J. L. Lo Bianco, A. J. and C. Crozet (eds) Striving for the Third Place: Intercultural competence through language education. Melbourne: Language Australia.
Lambert, W. E. and Tucker, G. R. (1972) Bilingual Education of Children: The St Lambert experiment. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Liddicoat, A. (2002) Some future challenges for languages in Australia. Babel 37(2): 29–31.
Llurda, E. (ed.) (2005) Non–Native Language Teachers: Perceptions, Challenges, and Contributions to the Profession. New York, Springer.
Lo Bianco, J. (1987) National Policy on Languages. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service.
Lo Bianco, J. (1999) Policy words: Talking bilingual education and ESL into English literacy. Prospect 14(2): 40–51.
Lo Bianco, J. (2007) Our (not so) polyglot pollies. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 30(2): 1–17.
MCEETYA (Ministerial Council on Employment Education and Training and Youth Affairs) (2005) National Statement and Plan on Languages Education in Australian Schools. Canberra.
Medgyes, P. (1999) Language training: A neglected area in teacher education. In G. Braine (ed.) Non–native Educators in English Language Teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Publishers.
MLTAQ (Modern Language Teachers Association of Queensland) (2002) Submission to the Review of the Commonwealth Languages Other Than English in Schools Programme. Online. Accessed at http://www.mltaq.asn.au/indexold.html 24th September 2008.
Mughan, T. (1999) Intercultural competence for foreign languages students in higher education. Language Learning Journal 20: 59–65.
Oller, J. W. (1997) Monoglottosis: What’s wrong with the idea of the IQ meritocracy and its racy cousins? Applied Linguistics 18(4): 467–507.
Ortega, L. (2007) Conocimiento y multicompetencia: Dos retos contemporáneos para el estudio de ASL. Plenary address. 25th International AESLA Congress (Asociación española de lingüística aplicada). Murcia, Spain.
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Peel, Q. (2001) The monotony of monoglots. Language Learning Journal 23: 13–14.
Pennycook, A. (1994) The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Phillipson, R. (1992) Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Piller, I. (2001) Naturalization language testing and its basis in ideologies of national identity and citizenship. The International Journal of Bilingualism 5(3): 259–277.
Rampton, M. B. H. (1990) Displacing the native speaker. ELT Journal 44(2): 97–101.
Richards, J. C. and Schmidt, R. (2002) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. (Third edition.) Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Romaine, S. (1995) Bilingualism. (Second edition.) Oxford: Blackwell.
Ruiz, R. (1993/1994) Language policy and planning in the United States. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14: 111–125.
Silverstein, M. (1996) Monoglot standardization and metaphors of linguistic hegemony. In D. Brennes and R. Macaulay (eds) The Matrix of Linguistic Anthropology. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Skutnabb–Kangas, T. (1996) Educational language choice – multilingual diversity or monolingual reductionism? In M. Hellinger and U. Ammon (eds) Contrastive Sociolinguistics 175–204. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Skutnabb–Kangas, T. (2000a) Linguistic Genocide in Education – Or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Skutnabb–Kangas, T. (2000b) Linguistic human rights and teachers of English. In J. K. Hall and W. G. Eggington (eds) The Sociopolitics of English Language Teaching 22–44. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Smolicz, J. J. (1995) Language – a bridge or a barrier? Languages and education in Australia from an intercultural perspective. Multilingua 14(2): 151–182.
Snow, C. E. and Hakuta, K. (1992) The costs of monolingualism. In J. Crawford (ed.) Language Loyalties: A source book on the Official English controversy 384–394. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Sridhar, S. N. (1994) A reality check for SLA theories. TESOL Quarterly 28(4): 800–805.
Torras, M. C. and Gafaranga, J. (2002) Social identities and language alternation in non–formal institutional bilingual talk: Trilingual service encounters in Barcelona. Language in Society 31: 527–548.
Valdés, G. and Figueroa, R. A. (1994) Bilingualism and Testing: A special case of bias. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Anderson, B. (1991) Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
Auer, P. (2007) The monolingual bias in bilingualism research, or: Why bilingual talk is (still) a challenge for linguistics. In M. Heller (ed.) Bilingualism: A social approach 319–339. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Baldauf, R. B. (1993) Fostering bilingualism and national development through school second language study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 14(1&2): 121–134.
Blackledge, A. (2000) Monolingual ideologies in multilingual states: Language, hegemony and social justice in Western liberal democracies. Estudios de Socioling?istica 1(2): 25–45.
Blommaert, J. (2004) Language policy and national identity. In T. Ricento (ed.) An Introduction to Language Planning. London: Blackwell.
Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. London: Cambridge University Press.
Borg, S. (2006) Teacher Cognition and Language Education: Research and practice. London: Continuum.
Byram, M. (1999) Questions of identity in foreign language learning. In J. Lo Bianco, A. J. Liddicoat and C. Crozet (eds) Striving for the Third Place: Intercultural competence through language education 91–100. Melbourne: Language Australia.
Clyne, M. (1991) Community Languages: The Australian experience. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Clyne, M. (2003) Towards a more language-centred approach to plurilingualism. In J. M. Dewaele, A. Housen and L. Wei (eds) Bilingualism: Beyond basic principles. Festchrift in Honour of Hugo Baetens Beardsmore 43–55. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Clyne, M. (2004) Trapped in a monolingual mindset? Prime Focus 37: 40–42.
Clyne, M. (2005) Australia’s Language Potential. Sydney: UNSW Press.
Christ, H. (1997) Language policy in teacher education. In R. Wodak and D. Corson (eds) Encyclopaedia of Language and Education: Volume 1. Language Policy and Political Issues in Education 219–227. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Cook, V. (1999) Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching. TESOL Quarterly 33(2): 185–209.
Corder, S. P. (1981) Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Coulmas, F. (ed.) (2007) English monolingualism in scientific communication and progress in science, good or bad?. AILA Review: Linguistic Inequality in Scientific Communication Today 20: 5–13
Crawford, J. (2000) At War with Diversity: US language policy in an age of anxiety. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Crozet, C. and A. J. Liddicoat (1999) The challenge of intercultural language teaching. In J. Lo Bianco, A. J. Liddicoat and C. Crozet (eds) Striving for the Third Place: Intercultural Competence through Language Education 103–112. Melbourne: Language Australia.
Cruz Ferreira, M. (2008) personal communication.
Crystal, D. (1987) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davies, A. (2003) The Native Speaker: Myth and reality. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
DEET (Department of Employment, Education and Training) (1991) Australia’s Language: The Australian language and literacy policy. Companion volume to the policy information paper. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Dewaele, J.–M., Housen, A. et al. (eds) (2003) Bilingualism: Beyond basic principles. Festschrift in Honour of Hugo Baetens Beardsmore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Djite, P. G. (1994) From Language Policy to Language Planning: An overview of languages other than English in Australian education. Canberra: National Languages and Literacy Institute of Australia Ltd.
Eades, D. (2003) Participation of second language and second dialect speakers in the legal system. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23: 113–133.
Eades, D., Fraser, H., Siegel, J., McNamara, T. and Baker, B. (2003) Linguistic identification in the determination of nationality: A preliminary report. Language Policy 2(2): 179–199.
Edwards, J. (1994) Multilingualism. London: Routledge.
Ellis, L. (2002) Teaching from experience: A new perspective on the non–native teacher in adult ESL. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 25(1): 71–107.
Ellis, E. (2003) Bilingualism among Teachers of ESL: A study of second language learning experience as a contributor to the professional knowledge and beliefs of teachers of ESL to adults. Unpublished PhD thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane. Available through Australian Digital Thesis Project at http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt–root/public/adt–QGU20040618.172404/
Ellis, E. M. (2004a) The invisible multilingual teacher. International Journal of Multilingualism 1(2): 90–108.
Ellis, L. (2004b) Language background and professional competencies in teaching ESOL. English Australia Journal 21(2): 55–71.
Ellis, E. M. (2006a) Monolingualism: The unmarked case. Estudios de Sociolingüistica 7(2): 173–196.
Ellis, E. M. (2006b) Language learning experience as a contributor to ESL teacher cognition. TESL–EJ 10(1). Available online at http://www–writing.berkeley.edu/TESL–EJ/
Ellis, E. M. (2007) Discourses of L1 and bilingual teaching in adult ESL. TESOL in Context 16(2): 5–11.
Ellis, R. (1994) The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fairclough, N. (1989) Language and Power. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Gogolin, I. (1994) Der monolinguale Habitus der multilingualen Schule. New York, Waxman: Munster.
Gibbons, J. (1994) Depth or breadth? Some issues in LOTE teaching. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 17(1): 1–22.
Hamers, J. F. and Blanc, M. H. A. (2000) Bilinguality and Bilingualism. (Second edition.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Handsfield, L. J. (2002) Teacher agency and double agents: Reconceptualizing linguistic genocide in education. Review of Skutnabb–Kangas, T. 2000, Linguistic Genocide in Education or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Harvard Educational Review 72(4): 542–560.
Hawkins, E. W. (1999) Foreign language study and language awareness. Language Awareness 8(3 & 4): 124–142.
Heller, M. (2007) Bilingualism as ideology and practice. In M. Heller (ed.) Bilingualism: A social approach 1–22. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Herdina, P. and Jessner, U. (2002) A Dynamic Model of Multilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Holmes, J. (2001) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Irvine, J. T. and Gal, S. (2000) Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In P. V. Kroskrity (ed.) Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities and Identities 3–83. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
Jessner, U. (1999) Metalinguistic awareness in multilinguals: Cognitive aspects of third language learning. Language Awareness 8(3 & 4): 201–209.
Kachru, Y. (1994) Monolingual bias in SLA research. TESOL Quarterly 28(4): 795–800.
Kirkpatrick, A. (2000) The disadvantaged monolingual: Why English alone is not enough. Australian Language Matters 8(3): 5–7.
Kramsch, C. (1996) Metaphoric Imagination and Cross–cultural Understanding. The Congress of the International Association for Applied Linguistics (AILA): Jyväskylä, Finland.
Kramsch, C. (1997) The privilege of the non–native speaker. Publication of the Modern Language Association of America 112: 359–369.
Lambert, R. (1999) Language and intercultural competence. In J. L. Lo Bianco, A. J. and C. Crozet (eds) Striving for the Third Place: Intercultural competence through language education. Melbourne: Language Australia.
Lambert, W. E. and Tucker, G. R. (1972) Bilingual Education of Children: The St Lambert experiment. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Liddicoat, A. (2002) Some future challenges for languages in Australia. Babel 37(2): 29–31.
Llurda, E. (ed.) (2005) Non–Native Language Teachers: Perceptions, Challenges, and Contributions to the Profession. New York, Springer.
Lo Bianco, J. (1987) National Policy on Languages. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service.
Lo Bianco, J. (1999) Policy words: Talking bilingual education and ESL into English literacy. Prospect 14(2): 40–51.
Lo Bianco, J. (2007) Our (not so) polyglot pollies. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 30(2): 1–17.
MCEETYA (Ministerial Council on Employment Education and Training and Youth Affairs) (2005) National Statement and Plan on Languages Education in Australian Schools. Canberra.
Medgyes, P. (1999) Language training: A neglected area in teacher education. In G. Braine (ed.) Non–native Educators in English Language Teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Publishers.
MLTAQ (Modern Language Teachers Association of Queensland) (2002) Submission to the Review of the Commonwealth Languages Other Than English in Schools Programme. Online. Accessed at http://www.mltaq.asn.au/indexold.html 24th September 2008.
Mughan, T. (1999) Intercultural competence for foreign languages students in higher education. Language Learning Journal 20: 59–65.
Oller, J. W. (1997) Monoglottosis: What’s wrong with the idea of the IQ meritocracy and its racy cousins? Applied Linguistics 18(4): 467–507.
Ortega, L. (2007) Conocimiento y multicompetencia: Dos retos contemporáneos para el estudio de ASL. Plenary address. 25th International AESLA Congress (Asociación española de lingüística aplicada). Murcia, Spain.
Ortega, L. (2008) Contemporary challenges for SLA Theories. IGSE distinguished lecture series. International Graduate School of English, Seoul, South Korea. Retrieved from http://www2.hawaii.edu/~lortega/Ortega2008IGSE.ppt on 9 September 2008.
Peel, Q. (2001) The monotony of monoglots. Language Learning Journal 23: 13–14.
Pennycook, A. (1994) The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Phillipson, R. (1992) Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Piller, I. (2001) Naturalization language testing and its basis in ideologies of national identity and citizenship. The International Journal of Bilingualism 5(3): 259–277.
Rampton, M. B. H. (1990) Displacing the native speaker. ELT Journal 44(2): 97–101.
Richards, J. C. and Schmidt, R. (2002) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. (Third edition.) Harlow, Essex: Longman.
Romaine, S. (1995) Bilingualism. (Second edition.) Oxford: Blackwell.
Ruiz, R. (1993/1994) Language policy and planning in the United States. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14: 111–125.
Silverstein, M. (1996) Monoglot standardization and metaphors of linguistic hegemony. In D. Brennes and R. Macaulay (eds) The Matrix of Linguistic Anthropology. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Skutnabb–Kangas, T. (1996) Educational language choice – multilingual diversity or monolingual reductionism? In M. Hellinger and U. Ammon (eds) Contrastive Sociolinguistics 175–204. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Skutnabb–Kangas, T. (2000a) Linguistic Genocide in Education – Or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Skutnabb–Kangas, T. (2000b) Linguistic human rights and teachers of English. In J. K. Hall and W. G. Eggington (eds) The Sociopolitics of English Language Teaching 22–44. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Smolicz, J. J. (1995) Language – a bridge or a barrier? Languages and education in Australia from an intercultural perspective. Multilingua 14(2): 151–182.
Snow, C. E. and Hakuta, K. (1992) The costs of monolingualism. In J. Crawford (ed.) Language Loyalties: A source book on the Official English controversy 384–394. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Sridhar, S. N. (1994) A reality check for SLA theories. TESOL Quarterly 28(4): 800–805.
Torras, M. C. and Gafaranga, J. (2002) Social identities and language alternation in non–formal institutional bilingual talk: Trilingual service encounters in Barcelona. Language in Society 31: 527–548.
Valdés, G. and Figueroa, R. A. (1994) Bilingualism and Testing: A special case of bias. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Published
2008-12-11
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Ellis, E. M. (2008). Defining and investigating monolingualism. Sociolinguistic Studies, 2(3), 311-330. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v2i3.311
