Towards the elaboration of a diastratic model in historical analyses of koineization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.39590Keywords:
koineization, historical sociolinguistics, diastratic variation, language contact, medieval ItalianAbstract
The paper argues for further development of models of koineization in a historical perspective. The four processes inherent in koineization reported in Britain (2012a) are taken as a starting point to show how the question of discerning these phenomena in the past is inherently problematic, but not impossible. After discussing some issues in identifying these processes in a medieval context, the paper moves to previous analyses of diastratic variation in studies of koineization. Using the data available for late medieval Italy, emphasis is placed on how diastratic variation is discernible in three parameters of verb morphology arising in the resultant koine, focussing on medieval Milanese. These observations, in turn, lead to further elaboration of a diastratic component in order to broaden our understanding of language change.
References
Auger, P. (2001) Essai d'élaboration d'un modèle terminologique/terminographique variationniste. TradTerm 7: 183-224. Doi: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-9511.tradterm.2001.49148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-9511.tradterm.2001.49148
Ayres-Bennett, W. (2004) Sociolinguistic Variation in Seventeenth-Century France: Methodology and Case Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486630
Baxter, G. J., Blythe, R. A., Croft, W., and McKane, A. J. (2009) Modeling language change: An evaluation of Trudgill's theory of the emergence of New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 21(2): 257-296. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439450999010X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439450999010X
Berruto, G. (2005) Dialect / standard convergence, mixing, and models of language contact: the case of Italy. In P. Auer, F. Hinskens and P. Kerswill (eds) Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages 81-95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486623.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486623.005
Bertoletti, N. (2000) Una lettera in volgare del Trecento dal carcere di Modena. Studi linguistici italiani 27: 233-247. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/hsm.8.
Bongrani, P. and Morgana, S. (1992) La Lombardia. In F. Bruni (ed.) L'italiano nelle regioni, I. Lingua nazionale e identità regionali 84-142. Turin: UTET.
Borgogno, G. B. (1972) Note sistematiche sulla lingua di documenti mantovani dei secoli XV e XVI. Atti e memorie dell'Accademia Virgiliana di Mantova 60 (nuova serie): 33-133.
Braunmüller, K and House, J. (2009) Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/hsm.8
Britain, D. (2008) When is a change not a change? A case study on the dialect origins of New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 20(2): 187-223. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394508000082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394508000082
Britain, D. (2012a) Koineization and cake baking: Reflections on methods in dialect contact research. In B. Wa?lchli, A. Leemann and A. Ender (eds) Methods in Contemporary Linguistics 219-238. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110275681.219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110275681.219
Britain, D. (2012b) Innovation diffusion in sociohistorical linguistics. In J. M. Hernández-Campoy and J. C. Conde-Silvestre (eds) The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics 451-464. Oxford: Blackwell. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118257227.ch24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118257227.ch24
Brown, J. (2013) Language variation in fifteenth-century Milan: Evidence of koineization in the letters (1397-1402) of the Milanese merchant Giovanni da Pessano. Italian Studies 68(1): 57-77. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1179/0075163412Z.00000000033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/0075163412Z.00000000033
Brown, J. (2015) Testimonianze di una precoce toscanizzazione nelle lettere commerciali del mercante milanese Francesco Tanso (?-1398), Archivio Datini, Prato. Forum Italicum 49(3): 683-714. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0014585815593483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0014585815593483
Brown, J. (2017) Early evidence for Tuscanisation in the letters of Milanese merchants in the Datini Archive, Prato, 1396-1402. Classe di Lettere, Scienze Morali e Storiche, vol. xlvi. Milan: Istituto Lombardo. Accademia di Scienze e Lettere. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4081/memo.2017.313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/memo.2017.313
Brown, J. (2018) Il contatto linguistico nel medioevo lombardo. Revista de Filología Románica 35: 103-118. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5209/RFRM.61688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/RFRM.61688
Brown, J. (2019) Una memoria quattrocentesca in volgare lombardo. La lingua italiana: storia, strutture, testi 15: 57-73.
Brown, J. (2020) Language history from below: Standardization and koineization in Renaissance Italy. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 6(1): 1-28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2018-0017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2018-0017
Cerruti, M. (2014) From language contact to language variation: A case of contact-induced grammaticalization in Italo-Romance. Journal of Language Contact 7(2): 288-308. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00702003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00702003
Colombo, M. (2016) Passione Trivulziana. Armonia evangelica volgarizzata in milanese antico. Edizione critica e commentata, analisi linguistica e glossario. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110480283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110480283
Coseriu, E. (1969) Einführung in die Strukturelle Betrachtung des Wortschatzes. Tübingen: Narr.
Degli Innocenti, M. (1984) L'Elucidario. Volgarizzamento in antico milanese dell'«Elucidarium» di Onorio Augustodunense. Padua: Antenore.
Domokos, G. (2007) La morfologia verbale del milanese antico di Bonvesin dra Riva. Verbum 9(2): 261-277. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1556/Verb.9.2007.2.9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/Verb.9.2007.2.9
Frank-Job, B. and Selig, M. (2016) Early evidence and sources. In A. Ledgeway and M. Maiden (eds) The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages 24-34. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.003.0003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.003.0003
Ghinassi, G. (2006) Dal Belcalzer al Castiglione: studi sull'antico volgare di Mantova e sul 'Cortegiano'. Florence: Olschki.
Gordon, E., Campbell, L., Hay, J., Maclagan, M., Sudbury, A. and Trudgill, P. (2004) New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486678
Grignani, M. A. (1980) Testi volgari cremonesi del XV secolo. Studi di filologia italiana 38: 55-70.
Grignani, M. A. (1991) Koinè nell'Italia settentrionale. Note sui volgari scritti settentrionali. In G. Sanga (ed.) Koinè in Italia. Dalle origini al Cinquecento 35-53. Bergamo: P. Lubrina.
Heine, B. and Kuteva, T. (2005) Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614132
Hendriks, J. (2012) English in contact: German and Dutch. In A. Bergs and L. J. Brinton (eds) English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. Volume 2 1659-1670. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110251609.1659
Kabatek, J. (2013) Koinés and scriptae. In M. Maiden, J. C. Smith and A. Ledgeway (eds) The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages. Volume 2: Contexts 143-186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139019996.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139019996.006
Kerswill, P. (1996) Children, adolescents, and language change. Language Variation and Change 8(2): 177-202. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001137
Kerswill, P. (2002) Koineization and accommodation. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes (eds) The Handbook of Language Variation and Change 669-702. Malden: Blackwell. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756591.ch26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756591.ch26
Kerswill, P. (2003) Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English. In D. Britain and J. Cheshire (eds) Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill 223-243. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.16.16ker. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.16.16ker
Kerswill, P. (2010) Contact and new varieties. In R. Hickey (ed.) The Handbook of Language Contact 230-251. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.ch11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.ch11
Kerswill, P. (2013) Koineization. In J. K. Chambers and N. Schilling (eds) The Handbook of Language Variation and Change 519-536. Malden: Blackwell. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118335598.ch24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118335598.ch24
Kerswill, P. (2018) Dialect formation and dialect change in the Industrial Revolution: British vernacular English in the nineteenth century. In L. Wright (ed.) Southern English Varieties Then and Now 8-38. Berlin: de Gruyter. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110577549-002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110577549-002
Kerswill, P. and Williams, A. (2005) New towns and koineization: linguistic and social correlates. Linguistics 43(5): 1023-1048. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2005.43.5.1023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2005.43.5.1023
Kuo, Y. (2005) New Dialect Formation: The Case of Taiwanese Mandarin. Ph.D. thesis: University of Essex.
Labov, W. (1994) Principles of Linguistic Change. Part I: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
Léglise, I. and Chamoreau, C. (2013) The Interplay of Variation and Change in Contact Settings. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/silv.12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/silv.12
Lodge, A. (1999) Convergence and divergence in the development of the Parisurban vernacular. Sociolinguistica 13(1): 51-68. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110245189.51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110245189.51
Lodge, A. (2004) A Sociolinguistic History of Parisian French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486685
Lodge, A. (2010) Standardisation, koinéisation et l'historiographie du français. Revue de Linguistique Romane 74(293): 5-25.
Lodge, A. (2011) Standardisation et Koinéisation: Deux approches contraires à l'historiographie d'une langue. In S. D. Schmid, J. Hafner and S. Heinemann (eds) Koineisierung und Standardisierung in der Romania 65-79. Heidelberg: Winter.
Lodge, A. (2013) Codification and reallocation in seventeenth-century Paris. Taal en Tongval 65(1): 57-72. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5117/TET2013.1.LODG. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/TET2013.1.LODG
Lurati, O. (1988) Aree linguistiche, III. Lombardia e Ticino. In G. Holtus, M. Metzeltin and C. Schmitt (eds) Lexikon der romanistischen Linguistik 485-516. Tübingen: Niemeyer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110966107.485
Maraschio, N. (1976) Lingua, società e corte di una signoria padana fra Quattro e Cinquecento. In C. Segre (ed.) Ludovico Ariosto: lingua, stile e tradizione 29-38. Milan: Feltrinelli.
Matsumoto, K. and Okumura, A. (2020) Ecology and identity in koineization: Cake baking in a diaspora Brazilian Portuguese speech community in Japan. Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 14: 197-244.
Matthews, P. (2006) On Re-reading Weinreich's Languages in Contact. In A. L. Lepschy and A. Tosi (eds) Rethinking Languages in Contact: The Case of Italian 1-11. London: Legenda. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351195515-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351195515-1
Meillet, A. (1920) Aperçu d'une histoire de la langue grecque. Paris: Hachette.
Mengaldo, P. V. (1963) La lingua del Boiardo lirico. Florence: Olschki.
Migge, B. and Léglise, I. (2011) On the emergence of new language varieties: The case of the Eastern Maroon Creole in French Guiana. In L. Hinrichs and J. T. Farquharson (eds) Variation in the Caribbean: From Creole Continua to Individual Agency 207-229. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.37.13mig. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.37.13mig
Milroy, J. (1992) Linguistic Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1985) Linguistic change, social network and speaker innovation. Journal of Linguistics 21(2): 339-384. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700010306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700010306
Morgana, S. (1983) Materiali per la storia della lingua non letteraria: gride e documenti dell'ultima età sforzesca. In Studi di lingua e letteratura lombarda offerti a Maurizio Vitale 317-361. Pisa: Giardini editori.
Morgana, S. (1985) Processi di standardizzazione nei documenti dell'Archivio del Duomo di Milano (sec. XVI-XVII-XVIII). In L. Agostiniani, P. Bellucci Maffei and M. Paoli (eds) Linguistica storica e cambiamento linguistico 251-262. Rome: Bulzoni.
Mu?hlha?usler, P. (1980) Structural expansion and the process of creolization. In A. Valdman and A. Highfield (eds) Theoretical Orientations in Creole Studies 19-55. New York: Academic.
Mussafia, A. (1864) Monumenti antichi di dialetti italiani. Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, Philosophisch-historische Klasse 46: 113-235. Now in (1983) A. Daniele and L. Renzi (eds) Scritti di filologia e linguistica 221-245. Padova: Antenore, cited here.
Neteland, R. (2017) Koine formation in context. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 3(1): 37-54. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2017-0002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2017-0002
Nevalainen, T. (2015) What are historical sociolinguistics? Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 1(2): 243-269. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2015-0014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2015-0014
Persico, G. (1949) Il volgare illustre predantesco nell'Italia Settentrionale. Saggi di Umanesimo Cristiano 4(4): 55-71.
Picton, A. and Dury, P. (2017) Diastratic variation in language for specific purposes: Observations from the analysis of two corpora. In P. Drouin, A. Francoeur, J. Humbley and A. Picton (eds) Multiple Perspectives on Terminological Variation 57-79. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/tlrp.18.03pic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/tlrp.18.03pic
Polis, S. (2017) Linguistic variation in Ancient Egyptian: An introduction to the state of the art (with special attention to the community of Deir el-Medina). In J. Cromwell and E. Grossman (eds) Scribal Repertoires in Egypt from the New Kingdom to the Early Islamic Period 60-88. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pooley, T. and Kasstan, J. (2016) Les variétés régionales non-méridionales de France: nivellement; dédialectalisation; supralocalisation. Sociolinguistica 30(1): 175-198. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2016-0010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/soci-2016-0010
Pountain, C. J. (2016) Standardization. In A. Ledgeway and M. Martin (eds) The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages 634-643. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.003.0037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.003.0037
Regis, R. (2012) Koinè dialettale. Dialetto di koinè, processi di koinizzazione. Rivista italiana di dialettologia 35: 7-36.
Richardson, B. (2002) The Italian of Renaissance Elites in Italy and Europe. In A. L. Lepschy and A. Tosi (eds) Multilingualism in Italy, Past and Present 5-23. Oxford: Legenda.
Rohlfs, G. (1966-1969) Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti. Turin: Einaudi.
Säily, T., Nurmi, A., Palander-Collin, M. and Auer, A. (2017) Exploring Future Paths for Historical Sociolinguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/ahs.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ahs.7
Sanga, G. (1991) Koinè in Italia. Dalle origini al Cinquecento. Bergamo: Lubrina.
Schneider, E. W. (2013) Investigating historical variation and change in written documents: New perspectives. In J. K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes (eds) The Handbook of Language Variation and Change 57-81. Malden: Blackwell. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118335598.ch3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118335598.ch3
Siegel, J. (1985) Koines and koineization. Language in Society 14(3): 357-378. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500011313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500011313
Siegel, J. (1993) Dialect contact and koineization: A review of Dialects in Contact, by Peter Trudgill. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 99: 105-121. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1993.99.105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1993.99.105
Škerlj, S. (1971) Alle origini della 1a plurale dell'indicativo presente in «-iamo». Linguistica 11: 3-21. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.11.1.3-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.11.1.3-22
Sobrero, A. A. (1996) Italianization and variations in the repertoire: the Koinai. Sociolinguistica 10(1): 105-111. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110245158.105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110245158.105
Stella, A. (1994) Lombardia. In L. Serianni and P. Trifone (eds) Storia della lingua italiana. III. Le altre lingue 153-212. Turin: Einaudi.
Thomason, S. G. (2001) Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Thomason, S. G. and Kaufman, T. (1988) Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520912793
Trudgill, P. (1986) Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.
Trudgill, P. (2004) New Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Tuten, D. (2001) Modeling Koineization. In L. J. Brinton (ed.) Historical Linguistics 1999: Selected Papers From the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, 9-13 August 1999 325-336. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Bejamins. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.215.22tut. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.215.22tut
Tuten, D. (2003) Koineization in Medieval Spanish. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110901269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110901269
Tuten, D. (2010) The loss of Spanish -udo participles as a problem of actuation. Romance Philology 64(2): 269-284. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.RPH.3.44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.RPH.3.44
Tuten, D. and Tejedo-Herrero, F. (2011) The relationship between historical linguistics and sociolinguistics. In M. Díaz-Campos (ed.) Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics 283-302. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393446.ch14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444393446.ch14
Videsott, P. (2009) Padania scrittologica. Analisi scrittologiche e scrittometriche di testi in italiano settentrionale antico dalle origini al 1525. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Vietti, A. (2017) Italian in Bozen / Bolzano: the formation of a 'new dialect'. In M. Cerruti, C. Crocco and S. Marzo (eds) Towards a New Standard: Theoretical and Empirical Studies on the Restandardization of Italian 176-212. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614518839-007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614518839-007
Vincent, N. (2006) Languages in Contact in Medieval Italy. In A. L. Lepschy and A. Tosi (eds) Rethinking Languages in Contact: The Case of Italian 12-27. London: Legenda. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351195515-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351195515-2
Vitale, M. (1953) La lingua volgare della cancelleria visconteo-sforzesca nel Quattrocento. Varese-Milano: Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino.
Weinreich, U. (1953) Languages in Contact. The Hague: Mouton.
Winford, D. (2003) An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Wright, R. (2013) Periodization. In M. Maiden, J. C. Smith and A. Ledgeway (eds) The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages. Volume 2: Contexts 107-124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139019996.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139019996.004