Models of gay male identity and the marketing of “gay language” in foreign-language phrasebooks for gay men
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v4i2.533Keywords:
gay men’s language, gender, sexuality, desire, identity, translationAbstract
This paper examines two models that have been used in theoretical discussions of language and sexuality. The two models, the culture-based model and the desire-based model, view the gay community as formed through a shared culture or based solely on sexual desire. The impact of the models in works by Leap (1996) and Kulick (2000) is discussed, and the models are used to demonstrate competing views of gay language found in foreign-language phrasebooks intended for gay men. Strict adherence to either of these models masks the reality of “gay language” and impedes the progress of research into the relationships between language, gender and sexuality.
References
Appel, D. & P. Balido (eds.) (1996). Hot! International gay: Love and sex in seven languages. New York: Babelcom.
Barrett, R. (1995). “‘Supermodels of the world, unite!’: Political economy and the language of performance among African American drag queens”. In W. Leap (ed.), Beyond the lavender lexicon: Authenticity, imagination, and appropriation in lesbian and gay languages. Newark, NJ: Gordon & Breach, 203-23.
Barrett, R. (1997). “The ‘homo-genius’ speech community”. In A. Livia & K. Hall (eds.), Queerly phrased: Language, gender and sexuality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 181-201.
Barrett, R. (1998). “Markedness and style switching in performances by African American drag queens”. In C. Myers-Scotton (ed.), Codes and consequences: Choosing linguistic varieties New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 139-61.
Barrett, R. (1999). “Indexing polyphonous identity in the speech of African American drag queens”. In M. Bucholtz, A. Liang & L. Sutton (eds.), Reinventing identities: The gendered self in discourse. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 313-31.
Barrett, R. (2001). “Is queer theory important for sociolingusitic theory?”. In K. Campbell-Kibler, R.J. Podesva, S. Roberts & A. Wong (eds.), Language and sexuality: Contesting meaning in theory and practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Center for the Study of Language and Information, 25-44.
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: One the discursive limits of ‘sex’. New York: Routledge.
Cantú, L. (2002). “De ambiente: Queer tourism and the shifting boundaries of Mexican male sexualities”. GLQ 8(1-2), 139-66.
Carrier, J. (1995). De los otros: Intimacy and homosexuality among Mexican men. New York: Columbia University Press.
Chauncey, G. (1994). Gay New York: Gender, urban culture, and the makings of the gay male world, 1890-1940. New York: Basic Books.
Coates, J. (1993). Women, men and language: A sociolinguistic account of sex differences in language. London: Longman.
Darsey, J. (1981). “‘Gayspeak’: A response”. In J. Chesbro (ed.), Gayspeak: Gay male and lesbian communication. New York: Pilgrim Press, 58-67.
Duberman, M. (1993). Stonewall. New York: Dutton.
Eckert, P. (2001). “Demystifying sexuality and desire”. In K. Campbell-Kibler, R.J. Podesva, S. Roberts & A. Wong (eds.), Language and sexuality: Contesting meaning in theory and practice Stanford, CA: Stanford University Center for the Study of Language and Information, 99-110.
Frye, M. (1983). The politics of reality: Essays in feminist theory. New York: The Crossing Press.
Gal, S. & J. Irvine (2000). “Language ideology and linguistic differentiation”. In P. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of language: Ideologies, polities, and identities Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 35-83.
Gaudio, R. (1997). “Not talking straight in Hausa”. In A. Livia & K. Hall (eds.), Queerly phrased: Language, gender and sexuality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 416-29.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hall, K. (1997). “Go suck your husband’s sugarcane!: Hijras and the use of sexual insult”. In A. Livia & K. Hall (eds.), Queerly phrased: Language, gender and sexuality New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 430-60.
Halperin, D. (2000). “How to do the history of male homosexuality”. GLQ 6(1), 87-124.
Harvey, K. (2000). “Describing camp talk: Language/pragmatics/politics”. Language and Literature 9, 240-60.
Hayes, J. (1981). “Gayspeak”. In J. Chesbro (ed.), Gayspeak: Gay male and lesbian communication. New York: Pilgrim Press, 45-57.
Herdt, G. (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Jagose, A. (1996). Queer theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press.
Kulick, D. (2000). “Gay and lesbian language”. Annual Review of Anthropology 29, 243-85.
Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and woman’s place. New York: Harper & Row.
Lancaster, R. (1992). Life is hard: Machismo, danger, and intimacy of power in Nicaragua. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Leap, W. (1995). “Introduction”. In W. Leap (ed.), Beyond the lavender lexicon: Authenticity, imagination, and appropriation in lesbian and gay languages. Newark, NJ: Gordon & Breach, vii-xx.
Leap, W. (1996). Word’s Out: Gay men’s English. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Leap, W. (1997). “Performative effect in three gay English texts”. In A. Livia & K. Hall (eds.), Queerly phrased: Language, gender and sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press, 310-25.
Marcus, E. (1992). Making history: The struggle for gay and lesbian equal rights, 1954-1990. New York: Harper Collins.
McElhinny, B. (2001). “Language, sexuality and political economy”. In K. Campbell-Kibler, R.J. Podesva, S. Roberts & A. Wong, (eds.), Language and sexuality: Contesting meaning in theory and practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Center for the Study of Language and Information, 111-34.
McKay, B. (1995). Gay phrasebook. London: Cassell
Mryglot, G. & T. Marks. (1995). How to say faaabulous! in 8 different languages: A foreign phrasebook for gay men. New York: The translator network.
Murray, S. (1995). Latin American male homosexualities. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Palmer, J. (2002). The role of /s/ duration in the perception of gay-sounding speech. MA Thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Podesva, R.J., S. Roberts & K. Campbell-Kibler (2001). “Sharing resources and indexing meanings in the production of gay styles”. In K. Campbell-Kibler, R.J. Podesva, S. Roberts & A. Wong (eds.), Language and sexuality: Contesting meaning in theory and practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Center for the Study of Language and Information, 175-90.
Quadagno, D., D. Sly, D. Harrison, I. Eberstein & H. Soler (1998). “Ethnic differences in sexual decisions and sexual behavior”. Archives of Sexual Behavior 27(1), 57-75.
Queen, R. (1997). “‘I don’t speak spritch!’: Locatin lesbian language”. In A. Livia & K. Hall (eds.), Queerly phrased: Language, gender and sexuality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 233-56.
Queen, R. (2001). “A matter of interpretation: The “future” of “Queer Linguistics””. In K. Campbell-Kibler, R.J. Podesva, S. Roberts & A. Wong (eds.), Language and sexuality: Contesting meaning in theory and practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Center for the Study of Language and Information, 69-87.
Rubin, G. (1982). “The Leather Menace”. In SAMOIS (eds.), Coming to power: Writings and graphics on lesbian S/M. Boston: Alyson Publications, 194-229.
Sapir, E. (1949). Culture, language, and personality: Selected essays. D. Mandelbaum (ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Schafer, J. (writer) (1999). Trick. J. Fall (dir.), E. d’Arbeloff, J. Fall & R. Katz (prod.), R. Hawk (co-prod.). Beverly Hills, CA: Roadside Attractions, distributed by FineLine Features.
Sedgwick, E. (1990). Epistemology of the closet. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Seidman, S. (1994). “Identity and politics in a ‘postmodern’ gay culture: Some historical and conceptual notes”. In M. Warner (ed.), Fear of a queer planet: Queer politics and social theory. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Signorile, M. (1997). Life outside: The Signorile report on gay men: Sex, drugs and the passages of life. New York: Harper Collins.
Uchida, A. (1992). “When “difference” is “dominance”: A critique of the “anti-power-based” cultural approach to sex differences”. Language in Society 21(4), 457-568.
Valocchi, S. (1999). “The class-inflected nature of gay identity”. Social Problems 46(2), 207-224.
Wong, A. & Q. Zhang (2000). “The linguistic construction of the Tongzhi community”. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 10(2), 248-78.
Wong, A. (2001). “The semantic derogation of Tongzhi”. In K. Campbell-Kibler, R.J. Podesva, S. Roberts & A. Wong, (eds.), Language and sexuality: Contesting meaning in theory and practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Center for the Study of Language and Information, 161-74.
Woods, J. (1990). “The sexual vocabularies of heterosexual and homosexual males and females for communicating erotically with a sexual partner”. Archives of Sexual Research 19(2), 139-47.