Bilingual emotions

The untranslatable self

Authors

  • Alexia Panayiotou University of Cyprus Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v5i1.1

Keywords:

bilingualism, cultural construction of emotions, discursive psychology, social constructionism

Abstract

This paper is part of a broader work on the cultural construction of emotions as examined through a qualitative study with Greek/English bilingual/bicultural informants. The paper argues that there are emotions which are specific to certain languages and cultures and focuses on one example of untranslatable emotions: the Greek stenahoria (loosely translated as ‘discomfort/sadness/suffocation’) and the English frustration. The paper asserts that although a respective linguistic translation may not exist for these terms, they may, in fact, be the cultural translations of each other as shown by the descriptions given by bilinguals and their use in various cultural contexts. The use of bilingual informants in this research overcomes some of the methodological problems of previous work on the cultural and linguistic comparison of emotion terms. The author argues that bilinguals, as people who cross physical, linguistic, and cultural boundaries, offer an optimal cross-cultural comparison of emotion terms because they subjectively experience two languages and two cultures.

References

Averill, J. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer.

Bambiniotis, G. (1998). Lexico tis Neas Ellinikis Glossas (Dictionary of the Modern Greek Language). Athens: Kentro Lexikologias.

Benedict, R. (1946). The chrysanthemum and the sword: Patterns of Japanese culture. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.

Calhoun, C. & R. Solomon (1984). “Introduction”. In C. Calhoun & R. Solomon (eds.), What is an emotion? New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 3-40.

Carroll, J. (1985). Guilt: The gray eminence behind character, history, and culture. London: Routledge.

Christodoulides, A. (1990). “Family and Youth in Cyprus”. The Cyprus Review 1(2), 61-96.

Derne, S. (1994). “Structural realities, persistent dilemmas, and the construction of emotional paradigms: Love in three cultures”. Social Perspectives on Emotion 2, 281-308.

Doi, T. (1962/1981). The Anatomy of Dependence. Tokyo: Kodansha International.

Doi, T. (1990). “The cultural assumptions of psychoanalysis”. In J. Stigler, R. Shweder & G. Herdt (eds.), Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 446-53.

Ekman, P. (1972). “Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion”. In J.K. Cole (ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (19). Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 207-83.

Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Hall, E. (1976). Beyond culture. New York, NY: Anchor Books.

Harré, R. & G. Gillett (1994). The discursive mind. London: Sage.

Hoffman, E. (1989). Lost in translation: A life in a new language. New York: Dutton.

Hoffman, C., I. Lau & D. Johnson (1986). “The linguistic relativity of person cognition: An English-Chinese comparison”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, 1097-1105.

Johnson, R., G. Danko, Y. Huang, J. Park, S. Johnson & C. Nagoshi (1987). “Guilt, shame and adjustment in three cultures”. Personality and Individual Differences 8, 357-64.

Kitayama, S., H.R. Markus, & H. Matsumoto (1995). “Culture, Self and Emotion: A Cultural Perspective to ‘Self-Conscious’ Emotions”. In J. Tangney & K.W. Fischer (eds.), Self-Conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment and Pride. New York, NY: Guildford, 439-64.

Lutz, C. (1987). “Goals, events, and understanding in Ifaluk emotion theory”. In D. Holland & N. Quinn (eds.), Cultural models in language and thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 290-312.

Lutz, C. (1988). Unnatural Emotions: Everyday sentiments on a Micronesian atoll and their challenge to Western theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mead, M. (1937). Cooperation and competition among primitive peoples. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Panayiotou, A. (1999). Bicultural emotions: The untranslatable Self. Unpublished manuscript, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University.

Panayiotou, A. (2001). The Other within the Self: Bilinguals and the construction of emotions. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University.

Parrott, W.G. & R. Harré (1996). “Introduction: Some complexities in the study of emotions”. In R. Harré & G. Parrott (eds.), The Emotions: Social, cultural and biological dimensions. London, UK: Sage, 1-20.

Rosaldo, M. (1980). Knowledge and passion: Ilongot notions of self and social life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Romaine, S. (1989). Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell. [1st edition].

Russell, J. (1991). “In defense of a prototype approach to emotion concepts”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60, 37-47.

Shaver, P., S. Wu & J. Schwartz (1992). “Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation”. In M. Clark (ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 13 Emotion. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 175-212.

Stocker, M. & E. Hegeman (1996). Valuing emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tannen, D. (1986). “Introducing constructed dialogue in Greek and American conversational and literary narrative”. In F. Coulmas (ed.), Direct and Indirect Speech. New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter, 56-83.

The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Greek (1998). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Walbott, H. & K. Scherer (1995). “Cultural determinants in experiencing shame and guilt.”. In J. Tangney & K.W. Fischer (eds.), Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride. New York, NY: Guilford, 465-87.

Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus (1999). New York, NY: Merriam-Webster Inc. [11th edition].

Webster’s New World Dictionary (1984). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. [2nd College Edition].

Wierzbicka, A. (1994a). “Emotion, language, and cultural scripts”. In S. Kitayama & H.R. Markus (eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 133-96.

Wierzbicka, A. (1994b). “Language of emotions”. In J. Russell, J. Fernandez-Dols, A. Manstead & J. Wellencamp (eds.), Everyday concepts of emotion. NATO ASI Series D 81. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 17-47.

Wierzbicka, A. (1998). “Angst”. Culture and Psychology 4(2), 161-88.

Wierzbicka, A. (1999). Emotions across languages and cultures: Diversity and universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Published

2004-02-26

How to Cite

Panayiotou, A. (2004). Bilingual emotions: The untranslatable self. Sociolinguistic Studies, 5(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v5i1.1