Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v6i1.39Keywords:
borderland communities, language contact, convergence phenomena, ethnolinguistic identity, Portuguese, GalicianAbstract
This paper discusses recent research findings within the borderland regions of southern Galicia and northern Portugal regarding the linguistic continuity and the use of language as a symbol of ethnic identity. A brief historical overview outlines the social, ethnic and cultural borders and their configuration within geographical and political frontiers. The notion of border regimes and synchronic cross-border geolinguistic diffusion is examined to determine the extent of mutual intelligibility, the distribution of contextual functions within the borderland communities and the extent of the dialectal continuum. The opinions of the borderland communities regarding the issue of ethnolinguistic identities, their emblematic and unifying characterisations and impact within cross-border cultures are then examined, taking into consideration the official language status of both Galician and Portuguese within their respective territories. Speculative conclusions indicate that because of increased cross-border contact, phonetic levelling is occurring between the varieties.
References
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de Oliveira, S.M. (2002). “Discourses of Identity at the Spanish/Portuguese Border: Self-Identification Strategies of Centre and Periphery”. National Identities 4(3), 245-56.
Eaton, M. (1998). “Foreign Residents and Illegal Immigrants in Portugal ”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 22(1), 49-66.
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Fasold, R. (1984). The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
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Hidalgo, M. (2001). “Spanish Language Shift Reversal on the US-Mexico Border and the Extended Third Space”. Language and Intercultural Communication 1, 57-73.
Hinskens, F., J.L. Kallen & J. Taeldeman (2000). “Merging and drifting apart. Convergence and divergence of dialects across political borders”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. [Monographical issue about Dialect convergence and divergence across European Borders] 145, 1-28.
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Lacerda, A. & B. F. Head (1966). “Análise de sons nasais e sons nasalizados do Português”. Revista do Laboratório de Fonética Experimental 6, 5-71.
Lorenzo, R. (1975). “Gallego y português. Algunas semejanzas y diferencias”. In J.M. Nava rro, M. Studemeund, H.J. Niederehe & H. Haarmann (eds.), Filología y didáctica hispánica. Homenaje al Profesor Hans-Karl Schneider. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 155-71.
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Mar-Molinero, C. (2004). “Spanish as a World Language: Language and Identity in a Global Era”. Spanish in Context 1(1), 3-20.
Martín Durán, J. (1999). A fala. Un dialecto leonés en tierras de Extremadura. Estudios y documentos sobre a Fala. Tomo IV. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.
Martín Galindo, J.L. (1999). A Fala de Xálima. O falar fronteirizo de Eljas, San Martín de Trevejo y Valverde. Estudios y Documentos sobre la fala. Tomo II. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.
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Rey Yelmo, J.C. (1999). La fala de San Martín de Trevejo: O Mañegu. Estudios y documentos sobre a fala. Tomo III. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.
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Watt, D. (2002). “English fans with Scottish accents: Self-identity, projected identity and linguistic variation in Berwick upon Tweed”. Paper presented at Methods XI: the Eleventh International Conference on Methods in Dialectology, University of Joensuu, 5-9 August 2002, Finland.
Willeyms, R. (2002). “The Dutch-French language border in Belgium”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23 [Monographical issue about Language Contact at the Romance-Germanic Language Border] 36-49.
Williamson, R.C. & V.L. Williamson (1984). “Selected Factors in Bilingualism: The Case of Galicia”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 5, 401-13.
Woolard, K.A. (1989). Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Beswick, J.E. (2002). “Galician Language Planning and Implications for Regional Identity: Restoration or Elimination?”. National Identities 4(3), 257-72.
Beswick, J.E. (forthcoming, 2005). “The Portuguese Diaspora in Jersey”. Paper presented at The Consequences of Mobility: Linguistic and Sociocultural Contact Zones, University of Roskilde, 23-24 May 2003, Denmark.
Boberg, C. (2000). “Geolinguistic Diffusion and the U.S.-Canada Border”. Language Variation and Change 12, 1-24.
Brandão de Carvalho, J. (1988). “Nasalité et structure syllabique en portugais et en galicien: approche non linéaire et panchronique d’un problème phonologique”. Verba 15, 237-63.
Cano Aguilar, R. (1999). El español a través de los tiempos. (4th edition). Madrid: Arco Libros.
Carballo Calero, R.C. (1981). Problemas da Lingua Galega. Lisbon: Sá da Costa.
Cidrás Escáneo, F.A. (1994). “Modelos de lingua e variación sintáctica”. Cadernos de lingua 10, 103-18.
Corkhill, D. (1996). “Multiple National Identities, Immigration and Racism in Spain and Portugal”. In B. Jenkins & S.A. Sofos (eds.), Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe. London: Routledge, 155-71.
Costas, González, X.H. (1992). “Breve caracterización das falas (fundamentalmente galegas) do Val do río das Ellas”. Cadernos de lingua 6, 85-107.
Costas, González, X.H. (1996). “O galego de Extremadura: As falas do val do río Ellas”. In J.M. Carrasco González & A. Viudas Camarasa (eds.), Actas del Congreso Internacional Luso-Español de Lengua y Cultura en la Frontera, 1-3 de diciembre de 1994. Vol. I. Cáceres: Universidad de Extremadura, 357-76.
Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death. Cambridge: University Press.
Cunha, C. & L.F. Cintra (1985). Nova Gramática do Português Contemporâneo. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.
de Oliveira, S.M. (2002). “Discourses of Identity at the Spanish/Portuguese Border: Self-Identification Strategies of Centre and Periphery”. National Identities 4(3), 245-56.
Eaton, M. (1998). “Foreign Residents and Illegal Immigrants in Portugal ”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 22(1), 49-66.
Eaton, M. (1999). “Immigration in the 1990s: A Study of the Portuguese Labour Market”. European Urban and Regional Studies 6(4), 364-70.
Estravis, I.A. (1987). Estudios filológicos galego-portugueses. Madrid: Ediciones Alhena.
Fasold, R. (1984). The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
Fernández Rei, F. (1988). “Posición do galego entre as linguas románicas”. Verba 15, 79-107.
Fernández Rei, F. (1990). Dialectoloxia da lingua galega. Vigo: Edicións Xerais.
Fernández Rei, F. (1991). “A normalización da franxa exterior da lingua galega ”. Cadernos de lingua 4, 5-25.
Fernández Rei, F. (1992). “A normalización da franxa exterior da lingua galega ”. Cadernos de lingua 5, 47-73.
Gargallo Gil, J.E. (1999). Las hablas de San Martín de Trevejo, Eljas y Valverde del Fresno. Trilogía de los tres lugares. Estudios y documentos sobre a Fala. Tomo I. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.
Garvin, P.L. & M. Mathiot (1956). “The Urbanization of the Guarani Language –A Problem in Language and Culture”. In A . F.C. Wallace (ed.), Men and Cultures. Selected Papers of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Press, 783-90.
Giles, H. (1973). “Accent Mobility; a Model and Some Data”. Anthropological Linguistics 15, 247-52.
Gonçález Blasco, L. (1987). “Um problema de fonologia no galego actual”. In AA.VV., Actas do I Congresso Internacional da Língua Galego-Portuguesa na Galiza, Ourense, 20-24 Setembro 1984. A Coruña: AGAL (Associaçom Galega da Língua), 317-26.
González López, E. (1980). História de Galicia. A Coruña: La Voz de Galicia.
Green, J. (1994). “Language Status and Political Aspirations: The Case of Northern Spain”. In M.M. Parry, W.V. Davies & R.A.M. Temple (eds.), The Changing Voice of Europe. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 155-72.
Henderson, T.K. (1996). Language and Identity in Galicia: the Current Orthographic Debate. University of Southampton: Ph.D. unpublished Thesis.
Hidalgo, M. (2001). “Spanish Language Shift Reversal on the US-Mexico Border and the Extended Third Space”. Language and Intercultural Communication 1, 57-73.
Hinskens, F., J.L. Kallen & J. Taeldeman (2000). “Merging and drifting apart. Convergence and divergence of dialects across political borders”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. [Monographical issue about Dialect convergence and divergence across European Borders] 145, 1-28.
ILGA [Instituto da Lingua Galega] (1990). Atlas Lingüístico Galego. Volume 1: Morfoloxía verbal. A Coruña: Fundación Barrié de la Maza.
ILGA [Instituto da Lingua Galega] (1995). Atlas Lingüístico Galego. Volume 2: Morfoloxía non verbal. A Coruña: Fundación Barrié de la Maza.
ILGA [Instituto da Lingua Galega] (1999). Atlas Lingüístico Galego. Volume 3: Fonética. A Coruña: Fundación Barrié de la Maza.
Labov, W. (1994). Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lacerda, A. & B. F. Head (1966). “Análise de sons nasais e sons nasalizados do Português”. Revista do Laboratório de Fonética Experimental 6, 5-71.
Lorenzo, R. (1975). “Gallego y português. Algunas semejanzas y diferencias”. In J.M. Nava rro, M. Studemeund, H.J. Niederehe & H. Haarmann (eds.), Filología y didáctica hispánica. Homenaje al Profesor Hans-Karl Schneider. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 155-71.
Luna, C.E. da Cruz (1994). Nos Caminhos de Olivença. Estremoz.
Mar-Molinero, C. (1994). The Spanish-speaking World. London: Routledge.
Mar-Molinero, C. (1997). The politics of language in the Spanish-speaking world. Londres: Taylor & Francis.
Mar-Molinero, C. (2004). “Spanish as a World Language: Language and Identity in a Global Era”. Spanish in Context 1(1), 3-20.
Martín Durán, J. (1999). A fala. Un dialecto leonés en tierras de Extremadura. Estudios y documentos sobre a Fala. Tomo IV. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.
Martín Galindo, J.L. (1999). A Fala de Xálima. O falar fronteirizo de Eljas, San Martín de Trevejo y Valverde. Estudios y Documentos sobre la fala. Tomo II. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.
Mira Mateus, M.H. (1987). “Fonologia do Galego e do Português”. In AA. VV., Actas do I Congresso Internacional da Língua Galego - Portuguesa na Galiza, Ourense, 20-24 Setembro 1984. A Coruña: AGAL (Associaçom Galega da Língua), 295-304.
Mira Mateus, M.H. & E. d’Andrade (2002). The Phonology of Portuguese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Monteagudo, H. & A. Santamarina (1993). “Galician and Castilian in Contact: Historical, Social and Linguistic Aspects”. In R. Posner & J.N. Green (eds.), Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology. Volume 5: Bilingualism and Linguistic Conflict in Romance. The Hague: Mouton, 117-73.
Nelde, P.H. (1987). “Research on Language Contact”. In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar & K. J. Matteier (eds.), Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Sciences of Languages and Society 1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 598-612.
Nogueira, R.C. (1996). “Sobre as orixes da cuestión nacional galega: a división de Gallaecia e a creación do Estado Portugués”. A Trabe de Ouro 25, 11-79.
Penny, R. (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Penny, R. (2002). A History of the Spanish Language. (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Real Academia Galega (RAG) & Instituto da Lingua Galega (ILG) (1995). Normas ortográficas e morfolóxicas do idioma galego. (12th edition. First ed., 1982). Santiago de Compostela.
Regueira Fernández, X.L. (1994). “Modelos fonéticos e autenticidade lingüística”. Cadernos de lingua 10, 37-60.
Rey Yelmo, J.C. (1999). La fala de San Martín de Trevejo: O Mañegu. Estudios y documentos sobre a fala. Tomo III. Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura.
Strubell i Trueta, M. (1993). “Catalan: Castilian”. In R. Posner & J.N. Green (eds.), Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology Volume 5: Bilingualism and Linguistic Conflict in Romance. The Hague: Mouton, 175-207.
Teyssier, P. (1984). História da língua portuguesa. (2nd edition). Lisbon: Sá da Costa.
Treffers-Daller, J. & R. Willemyns (eds.) (2002). Language Contact at the Romance Germanic Language Border (= Monographical issue, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23).
Trudgill, P. (1974). “Linguistic change and diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography”. Language in Society 3, 215-46.
Vásquez Corredoira, F. (1998). A construção da lingua portuguesa frente ao castelhano: o galego como exemplo a contrario. Santiago de Compostela: Edicións Laiovento.
Vicente, A. (1992). Portugal Visto pela Espanha. Correspondência Diplomática 1939-60. Lisboa: Assírio & Alvim.
Vogensen, R. “Portuguese”, <<http://www.geocities.com/rcvogensen/index.html>>
Watt, D. (2002). “English fans with Scottish accents: Self-identity, projected identity and linguistic variation in Berwick upon Tweed”. Paper presented at Methods XI: the Eleventh International Conference on Methods in Dialectology, University of Joensuu, 5-9 August 2002, Finland.
Willeyms, R. (2002). “The Dutch-French language border in Belgium”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23 [Monographical issue about Language Contact at the Romance-Germanic Language Border] 36-49.
Williamson, R.C. & V.L. Williamson (1984). “Selected Factors in Bilingualism: The Case of Galicia”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 5, 401-13.
Woolard, K.A. (1989). Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Published
2005-03-16
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Beswick, J. (2005). Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities. Sociolinguistic Studies, 6(1), 39-64. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v6i1.39
