African Futures Past
Material Horizons of Peasant Expectations in Senegal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.34197Keywords:
Africa, capitalism, colonialism, future, materiality, peasants, temporalityAbstract
Recent anthropological research in Africa has been buzzing with the question of “futures”. In times of economic uncertainty and global volatility, in areas of the world struck by widening inequalities, poverty and risk, where people have been compelled to try their luck abroad, the future is a pressing concern. It is also a key ethnographic prism for seeing how Africans (re)imagine time, expectations and possibility in late modernity. As recently pointed out by Janet Roitman, these conversations have acquired salience in relation to a global mood of “crisis”. Crisis, Roitman argues, does not mark an objective break with a normative “before”, a new experiential condition; rather, it is a narrative that imparts new moral weight to history in the present, and thus places a distinct spin on what and how futures can be imagined. Moved by this landscape of concerns, this article wonders what archaeology might contribute to contemporary feelings about “the future” in Africa. How does a look back, and a look forward from the past, help us to tease apart the temporalities that have shaped African worlds in the long term? How might a look at the kinds of time nested in material culture recast ongoing reflections on the present and future in Africa? How might it reframe the terms – crisis, melancholia, nostalgia, hope – in which continental futures are envisioned today? I hope to address these questions by reviewing recent archaeological research in rural West Africa and drawing on my own study of the hopes and anxieties that have framed peasant social expectations in Senegal over the past 300 years. My argument, though preliminary, is that examining Africa’s future pasts – material experiences and expectations of time in recent history – offers a lively contestation of the temporal frameworks into which the continent and its futures have been written.
References
Appadurai, A. 2013. The Future as a Cultural Artifact. New York: Verso.
Bakhtin, M. 1983. The Dialogic Imagination. Translated by C. Emerson and M. Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Barry, B. 1998. Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bau, R. 1999. Shrines of the Slave Trade: Diola Religion and Society in Precolonial Senegambia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Becker, C., V. Martin and A. Ndène. 2014. Traditions villageoises du Sine. Arrondissements de Diakhao, Fimela, Niakhar, et Tatagin. Unpublished manuscript, Dakar.
Benjamin, W. 1999. The Arcades Project. Translated by H. Eiland and K. McLaughlin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Berry, S. 1993. No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Brown, W. 2005. Edgework: Critical Essays in Politics and Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Buchli, V. and G. Lucas, eds. 2001. Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past. London: Routledge.
Cole, J. 2010. Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226113326.001.0001
Comaroff, J. and J. L. Comaroff. 2004. “Notes on Afromodernity and the Neo World Order: An Afterword.” In Producing African Futures: Ritual and Reproduction in a Neoliberal Age, edited by B. Weiss, 329–348. Leiden: Brill.
____. 2012. Theory from the South, or How Euro-America is Evolving toward Africa. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
Cooper, F. 2005. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History. Berkeley: University of California Press.
____. 2008. “Possibility and Constraints: African Independence in Historical Perspective.” Journal of African History 49 (2): 167–196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853708003915
Crossland, Z. 2014. Ancestral Encounters in Highland Madagascar. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882
Curtin, P. D. 1975. Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Dawdy, S. 2010. “Clockpunk Anthropology and the Ruins of Modernity.” Current Anthropology 51 (6): 761–793. https://doi.org/10.1086/657626
____. 2016. Patina: A Profane Archaeology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226351223.001.0001
Dème, A. and N.S. Guèye. 2007. “Enslavement in the Middle Senegal Valley: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives.” In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, edited by A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, 122–139. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Derrida, J. 1994. Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International. New York: Routledge.
Diop, B. 1997. “Traite négrière, désertions rurales, et occupation du sol dans l’arrière-pays de Gorée.” In Gorée et l’esclavage, edited by D. Samb, 137–153. Dakar: IFAN- Cheikh Anta Diop.
Dupire, M. 1976. “Chasse rituelle, divination, et reconduction de l’ordre socio-politique chez les Serer du Sine (Sénégal).” L’Homme 16 (1): 5–32. https://doi.org/10.3406/hom.1976.367613
____., A. Lericollais, B. Delpech and J.-M. Gastellu. 1974. “Résidence, tenure foncière, alliance dans une société bilinéaire (Serer du Sine et du Baol, Sénégal).” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 14 (3): 417–452. https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1974.2632
Durham, D. ed. 2009. Figuring the Future: Globalization and the Temporalities of Children and Youth. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
Faye, A. 2011–2012. La littérature orale seereer: Typologie des genres et problématiques d’analyse. 2 vols. Phd diss., Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar.
Ferguson, J. 1999. Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban on the Zambia Copper Belt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
____. 2006. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822387640
Fleisher, J. and N. Norman, eds. 2016. The Archaeology of Anxiety. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3231-3
Fortun, K. 2012. “Ethnography in Late Industrialism.” Cultural Anthropology 27 (3): 446–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2012.01153.x
Galvan, D. 2004. The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Goldestone, B. and J. Obarrio, eds. 2017.
African Futures: Essays on Crisis, Emergence, and Possibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226402413.001.0001
González-Ruibal, A. 2008. “Time to Destroy: An Archaeology of Supermodernity.” Current Anthropology 49 (2): 247–279. https://doi.org/10.1086/526099
____. 2013. “Reclaiming Archaeology.” In Reclaiming Archaeology: Beyond the Tropes of Modernity, edited by A. González-Ruibal, 1–29. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203068632.ch1
Gordillo, G. 2014. Rubble: The Afterlife of Destruction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822376903
Gravrand, H. 1973. “Le symbolism serer.” Psychopathologie Africaine 9 (2): 237–265.
____. 1990. La Civilisation sereer. “Pangool,” le génie religieux. Dakar: Les Nouvelles Éditions Africaines.
Guyer, J. 2004. Marginal Gains: Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
____. 2007a. “Africa Has Never Been Traditional.” African Studies Review 50 (2): 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1353/arw.2007.0095
____. 2007b. “Prophecy and the Near Future: Thoughts on Macroeconomic, Evangelical, and Punctuated Time.” American Ethnologist 34 (3): 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2007.34.3.409
Hamilakis, Y. 2011. “Archaeological Ethnography: A Multitemporal Meeting Ground for Archaeology and Anthropology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145732
Harrison, R. 2011. “Surface Assemblages: Towards an Archaeology in and of the Present.” Archaeological Dialogues 18 (2): 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203811000195
____. 2016. “Archaeology of Emergent Presents and Futures.” Historical Archaeology 50 (3): 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03377340
Holtorf, C. and A. Högberg. 2015. “Contemporary Heritage and the Future.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research, edited by E. Waterton and S. Watson, 509–523. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137293565_32
Klein, M. 1979. “Colonial Rule and Structural Change.” In The Political Economy of Underdevelopment: Dependence in Senegal, edited by R. Cruise O’Brien, 65–99. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
____. 1992. “The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the Societies of the Western Sudan.” In The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects in Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe, edited by J. Inikori and S.L. Engerman, 25–47. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822382379-002
____. 1998. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511584138
Koselleck, R. 1985. Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time. Translated by K. Tribe. New York: Columbia University Press.
____. 2000. Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lefèbvre, H. 1997. The Production of Space. Translated by D. Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell.
Leone, M. and J. Knauf, eds. 2015. Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism (2nd edition). New York: Kluwer Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12760-6
Lericollais, A. 1972. Sob: Étude géographique d’un terroir sérèr (Sénégal). Paris: Mouton & Co.
Logan, A. 2016. “‘Why Can’t People Feed Themselves?’ Archaeology as Alternative Archive of Food Security in Banda, Ghana.” American Anthropologist 118 (3): 508–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12603
Lombard, J. 1993. Riz des villes, mil des champs en pays serer, Sénégal. Pessac, France: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux.
Lucas, G. 2005. The Archaeology of Time. London: Routledge.
____. 2015. “Archaeology and Contemporaneity.” Archaeological Dialogues 22 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203815000021
Mains, D. 2012. Hope is Cut: Youth, Unemployment and the Future in Urban Ethiopia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Mark, P. 2002. “Portuguese” Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial Senegambia, Sixteenth-
Nineteenth Centuries. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Matthews, C. and S. Spencer-Wood, eds. 2011. The Archaeologies of Poverty. Special issue of Historical Archaeology 45 (3).
Mbembe, A. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mbodj, M. 1978. Un exemple d’économie coloniale: Le Sine-Saloum et l’arachide, 1887-1940. 2 vols. PhD diss., Université Paris VII.
Morris, R. 2010. “Accidental Histories: Post-Historical Practice? Re-Reading Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance in the Actuarial Age.” Anthropological Quarterly 83 (3): 581–624. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2010.0006
Nietzsche, F. 1997 [1874] “On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life”. In Untimely Meditations, by F. Nietzsche, 57–123. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Olivier, L. 2011. The Dark Abyss of Time: Archaeology and Memory. Lanham, MD: AltaMira.
Pélissier, J. 1966. Paysans du Sénégal: Les civilisations agraires to Cayor à la Casamance. Saint-Yrieix, France: Imprimerie Fabrègue.
Pels, P. 2015. “Modern Times: Seven Steps toward an Anthropology of the Future.” Current Anthropology 56 (6): 779–796. https://doi.org/10.1086/684047
Piot, C. 1999. Remotely Global: Village Modernity in Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226189833.001.0001
_____. 2008. Nostalgia for the Future. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Pluciennik, M., A. Mientjes and E. Giannitrapani. 2004. “Archaeologies of Aspiration.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 8 (1): 27–65. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:IJHA.0000025716.86719.af
Prestholdt, J. 2007. Domesticating the World: African Consumerism and the Genealogies of Globalization. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ralph, M. 2008. “Killing Time.” Social Text 26 (4): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2008-008
Redfield, P. 2013. Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Reinwald, B. 1997. “‘Though the Earth Does Not Lie’: Agriculture Transitions in Siin (Senegal) during Colonial Rule.” Paideuma 43: 143–169.
Richard, F. G. 2012. “Lost in Tradition, Found in Transition: Scales of Indigenous Histories in Siin, Senegal.” In Decolonizing Indigenous Histories: Exploring Prehistoric/Colonial Transitions in Archaeology, edited by M. Oland, S. Hart and L. Frink, 132–157. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
____. 2015. “The Ruins of French Imperialism: An Archaeology of Rural Dislocations in Twentieth-Century Senegal.” In Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism, edited by M. Leone and J. Knaupf, 445–465. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12760-6_19
____. 2017. “‘Excessive Economies’ and Logics of Abundance: Genealogies of Wealth, Labor, and Social Power in Pre-Colonial Senegal.” In Abundance: An Archaeological Analysis of Plenitude, edited by M. Smith, 201–228. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
____. 2018. Reluctant Landscapes: Historical Anthropologies of Political Experience in Siin (Senegal). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226252681.001.0001
Roitman, J. 2005. Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
____. 2014. Anti-Crisis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
____. 2017. “Africa, Otherwise.” In African Futures: Essays on Crisis, Emergence, and Possibility, edited by B. Goldestone and J. Obarrio, 23–38. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Searing, J. 1993. West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce: The Senegal River Valley, 1700-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511572784
Scott, D. 2014. Omens of Adversity: Tragedy, Time, Memory, Justice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Spear, T. 2003. “Neo-Traditionalism and the Limits of Invention in British Africa.” Journal of African History 44 (1): 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853702008320
Stahl, A. B. 2001. Making History in Banda: Anthropological Visions of Africa’s Past. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489600
Stoler, A. L. 2010. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Anxieties. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
____., ed. 2011. Imperial Debris: On Ruins and Ruination. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Swanepoel, N. 2009. “Every Periphery is its Own Center: Sociopolitical and Economic Interactions in Nineteenth-Century Northwestern Ghana.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 42 (3): 411–432.
Tarlow, S. 2012. “The Archaeology of Emotion and Affect.” Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145944
Trincaz, P.-X. 1979. “Transformations sociales dans les zones nouvelles d’implantation rurales: Les Serer dans les Terres Neuves du Sénégal.” Cahiers ORSTOM 16 (1–2): 19-36.
Tsing, A. 2012. “On Non-Scalability: The Living World Is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales.” Common Knowledge 18 (3): 505–524. https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754X-1630424
Trouillot, M.-R. 1995. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press.
____. 2003. Global Transformations: Anthropology and the Modern World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04144-9
Watts, M. 2013. Silent Violence: Food, Famine, and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Weiss, B. 2004a. “Introduction: Contentious Futures: Past and Present.” In Producing African Futures: Ritual and Reproduction in a Neoliberal Age, edited by B. Weiss, 1–20. Leiden: Brill.
____., ed. 2004b. Producing African Futures: Ritual and Reproduction in a Neoliberal Age. Leiden: Brill.
Wilder, G. 2015. Freedom Time: Negritude, Decolonization, and the Future of the World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
White, H. 2013. “A Response to Arjun Appadurai’s ‘The Future as a Cultural Artifact: Essays on the Global Condition’.” JWTC Blog, 27 June 2013. Online: http://jhbwtc.blogspot.com/2013/06/a-response-to-arjun-appadurais-future.html
Wurst, L. 2015. “The Historical Archaeology of Capitalist Dispossession.” Capital & Class 39 (1): 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816814564131
____. and R. McGuire. 1999. “Immaculate Consumption: A Critique of the ‘Shop Till You Drop’ School of Human Behavior.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 3 (3): 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914220703
Bakhtin, M. 1983. The Dialogic Imagination. Translated by C. Emerson and M. Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Barry, B. 1998. Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bau, R. 1999. Shrines of the Slave Trade: Diola Religion and Society in Precolonial Senegambia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Becker, C., V. Martin and A. Ndène. 2014. Traditions villageoises du Sine. Arrondissements de Diakhao, Fimela, Niakhar, et Tatagin. Unpublished manuscript, Dakar.
Benjamin, W. 1999. The Arcades Project. Translated by H. Eiland and K. McLaughlin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Berry, S. 1993. No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Brown, W. 2005. Edgework: Critical Essays in Politics and Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Buchli, V. and G. Lucas, eds. 2001. Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past. London: Routledge.
Cole, J. 2010. Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226113326.001.0001
Comaroff, J. and J. L. Comaroff. 2004. “Notes on Afromodernity and the Neo World Order: An Afterword.” In Producing African Futures: Ritual and Reproduction in a Neoliberal Age, edited by B. Weiss, 329–348. Leiden: Brill.
____. 2012. Theory from the South, or How Euro-America is Evolving toward Africa. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
Cooper, F. 2005. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History. Berkeley: University of California Press.
____. 2008. “Possibility and Constraints: African Independence in Historical Perspective.” Journal of African History 49 (2): 167–196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853708003915
Crossland, Z. 2014. Ancestral Encounters in Highland Madagascar. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882
Curtin, P. D. 1975. Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Dawdy, S. 2010. “Clockpunk Anthropology and the Ruins of Modernity.” Current Anthropology 51 (6): 761–793. https://doi.org/10.1086/657626
____. 2016. Patina: A Profane Archaeology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226351223.001.0001
Dème, A. and N.S. Guèye. 2007. “Enslavement in the Middle Senegal Valley: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives.” In Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, edited by A. Ogundiran and T. Falola, 122–139. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Derrida, J. 1994. Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International. New York: Routledge.
Diop, B. 1997. “Traite négrière, désertions rurales, et occupation du sol dans l’arrière-pays de Gorée.” In Gorée et l’esclavage, edited by D. Samb, 137–153. Dakar: IFAN- Cheikh Anta Diop.
Dupire, M. 1976. “Chasse rituelle, divination, et reconduction de l’ordre socio-politique chez les Serer du Sine (Sénégal).” L’Homme 16 (1): 5–32. https://doi.org/10.3406/hom.1976.367613
____., A. Lericollais, B. Delpech and J.-M. Gastellu. 1974. “Résidence, tenure foncière, alliance dans une société bilinéaire (Serer du Sine et du Baol, Sénégal).” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 14 (3): 417–452. https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1974.2632
Durham, D. ed. 2009. Figuring the Future: Globalization and the Temporalities of Children and Youth. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research Press.
Faye, A. 2011–2012. La littérature orale seereer: Typologie des genres et problématiques d’analyse. 2 vols. Phd diss., Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar.
Ferguson, J. 1999. Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban on the Zambia Copper Belt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
____. 2006. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822387640
Fleisher, J. and N. Norman, eds. 2016. The Archaeology of Anxiety. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3231-3
Fortun, K. 2012. “Ethnography in Late Industrialism.” Cultural Anthropology 27 (3): 446–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2012.01153.x
Galvan, D. 2004. The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Goldestone, B. and J. Obarrio, eds. 2017.
African Futures: Essays on Crisis, Emergence, and Possibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226402413.001.0001
González-Ruibal, A. 2008. “Time to Destroy: An Archaeology of Supermodernity.” Current Anthropology 49 (2): 247–279. https://doi.org/10.1086/526099
____. 2013. “Reclaiming Archaeology.” In Reclaiming Archaeology: Beyond the Tropes of Modernity, edited by A. González-Ruibal, 1–29. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203068632.ch1
Gordillo, G. 2014. Rubble: The Afterlife of Destruction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822376903
Gravrand, H. 1973. “Le symbolism serer.” Psychopathologie Africaine 9 (2): 237–265.
____. 1990. La Civilisation sereer. “Pangool,” le génie religieux. Dakar: Les Nouvelles Éditions Africaines.
Guyer, J. 2004. Marginal Gains: Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
____. 2007a. “Africa Has Never Been Traditional.” African Studies Review 50 (2): 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1353/arw.2007.0095
____. 2007b. “Prophecy and the Near Future: Thoughts on Macroeconomic, Evangelical, and Punctuated Time.” American Ethnologist 34 (3): 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2007.34.3.409
Hamilakis, Y. 2011. “Archaeological Ethnography: A Multitemporal Meeting Ground for Archaeology and Anthropology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145732
Harrison, R. 2011. “Surface Assemblages: Towards an Archaeology in and of the Present.” Archaeological Dialogues 18 (2): 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203811000195
____. 2016. “Archaeology of Emergent Presents and Futures.” Historical Archaeology 50 (3): 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03377340
Holtorf, C. and A. Högberg. 2015. “Contemporary Heritage and the Future.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research, edited by E. Waterton and S. Watson, 509–523. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137293565_32
Klein, M. 1979. “Colonial Rule and Structural Change.” In The Political Economy of Underdevelopment: Dependence in Senegal, edited by R. Cruise O’Brien, 65–99. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
____. 1992. “The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the Societies of the Western Sudan.” In The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects in Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe, edited by J. Inikori and S.L. Engerman, 25–47. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822382379-002
____. 1998. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511584138
Koselleck, R. 1985. Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time. Translated by K. Tribe. New York: Columbia University Press.
____. 2000. Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lefèbvre, H. 1997. The Production of Space. Translated by D. Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell.
Leone, M. and J. Knauf, eds. 2015. Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism (2nd edition). New York: Kluwer Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12760-6
Lericollais, A. 1972. Sob: Étude géographique d’un terroir sérèr (Sénégal). Paris: Mouton & Co.
Logan, A. 2016. “‘Why Can’t People Feed Themselves?’ Archaeology as Alternative Archive of Food Security in Banda, Ghana.” American Anthropologist 118 (3): 508–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12603
Lombard, J. 1993. Riz des villes, mil des champs en pays serer, Sénégal. Pessac, France: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux.
Lucas, G. 2005. The Archaeology of Time. London: Routledge.
____. 2015. “Archaeology and Contemporaneity.” Archaeological Dialogues 22 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203815000021
Mains, D. 2012. Hope is Cut: Youth, Unemployment and the Future in Urban Ethiopia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Mark, P. 2002. “Portuguese” Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial Senegambia, Sixteenth-
Nineteenth Centuries. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Matthews, C. and S. Spencer-Wood, eds. 2011. The Archaeologies of Poverty. Special issue of Historical Archaeology 45 (3).
Mbembe, A. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mbodj, M. 1978. Un exemple d’économie coloniale: Le Sine-Saloum et l’arachide, 1887-1940. 2 vols. PhD diss., Université Paris VII.
Morris, R. 2010. “Accidental Histories: Post-Historical Practice? Re-Reading Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance in the Actuarial Age.” Anthropological Quarterly 83 (3): 581–624. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2010.0006
Nietzsche, F. 1997 [1874] “On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life”. In Untimely Meditations, by F. Nietzsche, 57–123. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Olivier, L. 2011. The Dark Abyss of Time: Archaeology and Memory. Lanham, MD: AltaMira.
Pélissier, J. 1966. Paysans du Sénégal: Les civilisations agraires to Cayor à la Casamance. Saint-Yrieix, France: Imprimerie Fabrègue.
Pels, P. 2015. “Modern Times: Seven Steps toward an Anthropology of the Future.” Current Anthropology 56 (6): 779–796. https://doi.org/10.1086/684047
Piot, C. 1999. Remotely Global: Village Modernity in Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226189833.001.0001
_____. 2008. Nostalgia for the Future. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Pluciennik, M., A. Mientjes and E. Giannitrapani. 2004. “Archaeologies of Aspiration.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 8 (1): 27–65. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:IJHA.0000025716.86719.af
Prestholdt, J. 2007. Domesticating the World: African Consumerism and the Genealogies of Globalization. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ralph, M. 2008. “Killing Time.” Social Text 26 (4): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2008-008
Redfield, P. 2013. Life in Crisis: The Ethical Journey of Doctors Without Borders. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Reinwald, B. 1997. “‘Though the Earth Does Not Lie’: Agriculture Transitions in Siin (Senegal) during Colonial Rule.” Paideuma 43: 143–169.
Richard, F. G. 2012. “Lost in Tradition, Found in Transition: Scales of Indigenous Histories in Siin, Senegal.” In Decolonizing Indigenous Histories: Exploring Prehistoric/Colonial Transitions in Archaeology, edited by M. Oland, S. Hart and L. Frink, 132–157. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
____. 2015. “The Ruins of French Imperialism: An Archaeology of Rural Dislocations in Twentieth-Century Senegal.” In Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism, edited by M. Leone and J. Knaupf, 445–465. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12760-6_19
____. 2017. “‘Excessive Economies’ and Logics of Abundance: Genealogies of Wealth, Labor, and Social Power in Pre-Colonial Senegal.” In Abundance: An Archaeological Analysis of Plenitude, edited by M. Smith, 201–228. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
____. 2018. Reluctant Landscapes: Historical Anthropologies of Political Experience in Siin (Senegal). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226252681.001.0001
Roitman, J. 2005. Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
____. 2014. Anti-Crisis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
____. 2017. “Africa, Otherwise.” In African Futures: Essays on Crisis, Emergence, and Possibility, edited by B. Goldestone and J. Obarrio, 23–38. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Searing, J. 1993. West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce: The Senegal River Valley, 1700-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511572784
Scott, D. 2014. Omens of Adversity: Tragedy, Time, Memory, Justice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Spear, T. 2003. “Neo-Traditionalism and the Limits of Invention in British Africa.” Journal of African History 44 (1): 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853702008320
Stahl, A. B. 2001. Making History in Banda: Anthropological Visions of Africa’s Past. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489600
Stoler, A. L. 2010. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Anxieties. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
____., ed. 2011. Imperial Debris: On Ruins and Ruination. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Swanepoel, N. 2009. “Every Periphery is its Own Center: Sociopolitical and Economic Interactions in Nineteenth-Century Northwestern Ghana.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 42 (3): 411–432.
Tarlow, S. 2012. “The Archaeology of Emotion and Affect.” Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145944
Trincaz, P.-X. 1979. “Transformations sociales dans les zones nouvelles d’implantation rurales: Les Serer dans les Terres Neuves du Sénégal.” Cahiers ORSTOM 16 (1–2): 19-36.
Tsing, A. 2012. “On Non-Scalability: The Living World Is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales.” Common Knowledge 18 (3): 505–524. https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754X-1630424
Trouillot, M.-R. 1995. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press.
____. 2003. Global Transformations: Anthropology and the Modern World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04144-9
Watts, M. 2013. Silent Violence: Food, Famine, and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Weiss, B. 2004a. “Introduction: Contentious Futures: Past and Present.” In Producing African Futures: Ritual and Reproduction in a Neoliberal Age, edited by B. Weiss, 1–20. Leiden: Brill.
____., ed. 2004b. Producing African Futures: Ritual and Reproduction in a Neoliberal Age. Leiden: Brill.
Wilder, G. 2015. Freedom Time: Negritude, Decolonization, and the Future of the World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
White, H. 2013. “A Response to Arjun Appadurai’s ‘The Future as a Cultural Artifact: Essays on the Global Condition’.” JWTC Blog, 27 June 2013. Online: http://jhbwtc.blogspot.com/2013/06/a-response-to-arjun-appadurais-future.html
Wurst, L. 2015. “The Historical Archaeology of Capitalist Dispossession.” Capital & Class 39 (1): 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816814564131
____. and R. McGuire. 1999. “Immaculate Consumption: A Critique of the ‘Shop Till You Drop’ School of Human Behavior.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 3 (3): 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021914220703
Published
2019-06-26
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Richard, F. (2019). African Futures Past: Material Horizons of Peasant Expectations in Senegal. Journal of Contemporary Archaeology, 6(1), 64-84. https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.34197
