Sites of Contention
Archaeological Classification and Political Discourse in the US-Mexico Borderlands
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.v1i1.133Keywords:
undocumented migration, archaeological praxis, site classificationAbstract
Recognizing that archaeologies of the contemporary past are inherently political, this paper examines the ways in which the definition and classification of sites plays into archaeological praxis in the US-Mexico borderlands of southern Arizona. Fundamentally, our classification of contemporary archaeological sites seeks to organize spatial and material data collected by the Undocumented Migration Project (UMP) as a methodological step in creating knowledge about processes and experiences of undocumented migration across the Sonoran Desert. At the same time, we acknowledge that our classification exists within a highly contentious field of political discourse surrounding Latin American immigration into the United States. Insofar as naming and describing diverse types of sites helps to shape the objects of this discourse, we suggest that classification may further aid critique and political action.
References
Adams, W. Y. and E. W. Adams. 1991. Archaeological Typology and Practical Reality: A Dialectical Approach to Artifact Classification and Sorting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558207
Anderson, B. E. 2008. “Identifying the Dead: Methods Utilized by the Pima County (Arizona) Office of the Medical Examiner for Undocumented Border Crossers: 2001–2006.” Journal of Forensic Science 53(1): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00609.x
Andreas, P. 2009. Border Games: Policing the U.S.–Mexico Divide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Androff, D. K. and K. Y. Tavassoli. 2012. “Deaths in the Desert: The Human Rights Crisis on the U.S.–Mexico Border.” Social Work 57(2): 165–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/sws034
Associated Press. 2013. “Bodies Pile Up in Texas as Immigrants Adopt New Routes Over Border.” New York Times, September 23.
Banks, L. W. 2009. “Trashing Arizona.” Tucson Weekly, April 2. Available online: http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/trashing-arizona/Content?oid=1168857
Beck, C. M., J. Schofield and H. Drollinger. 2009. “Archaeologists, Activists, and a Contemporary Peace Camp.” In Contemporary Archaeologies, edited by C. Holtorf and A. Piccini, 95–111. Berne: Peter Lang.
Beck, J., I. Ostereicher, G. Sollish and J. De León. Forthcoming. “Scavenging Behavior in the Sonora Desert and Implications for Documenting Border Crosser Fatalities.” Journal of Forensic Sciences (in press).
Berggren, A. and I. Hodder. 2003. “Social Practice, Method, and Some Problems of Field Archaeology.” American Antiquity 68(3): 421–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3557102
Bosman, J. 2013. “Backpacks From the Border.” The New York Times Magazine, July 19. Available online: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/07/21/magazine/look-backpacks-border.html?smid=pl-share
Buchli, V. and G. Lucas. 2001. “The Absent Present: Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past.” In Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past, edited by V. Buchli and G. Lucas, 3–18. London: Routledge.
Chippindale, C. 2000. “Capta and Data: On the True Nature of Archaeological Information.” American Antiquity 65(4): 605–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694418
Cook, M. L. 2011. “‘Humanitarian Aid Is Never a Crime’: Humanitarianism and Illegality in Migrant Advocacy.” Law & Society Review 45(3): 561–591.
Cornelius, W. A. 2001. “Death at the Border: Efficacy and Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Control Policy.” Population and Development Review 27(4): 661–685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00661.x
Cornelius, W. A. and I. Salehyan. 2007. “Does Border Enforcement Deter Unauthorized Immigration? The Case of Mexican Migration to the United States of America.” Regulation & Governance 1(2): 139–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00007.x
Crossland, Z. 2000. “Buried Lives: Forensic Archaeology and Argentina’s Disappeared.” Archaeological Dialogues 7(2): 146–159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203800001707
Daly, D. J., M. A. Lee-Gorman and J. Ryan. 2009. “Distinguishing Between Damage to Clothing as a Result of Normal Wear and Tear or as a Result of Deliberate Damage: A Sexual Assault Case Study.” Journal of Forensic Science 54(2): 400–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00950.x
Dawdy, S. L. 2006. “The Taphonomy of Disaster and the (Re)Formation of New Orleans.” American Anthropologist 108(4): 719–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.4.719
De León, J. 2012. “‘Better to Be Hot Than Caught’: Excavating the Conflicting Roles of Migrant Material Culture.” American Anthropologist 114(3): 477–495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2012.01447.x
De León, J. 2013a. “The Efficacy and Impact of the Alien Transfer Exit Program: Migrant Perspectives from Nogales, Sonora, Mexico.” International Migraiton 51(2): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imig.12062
De León, J. 2013b. “Undocumented Migration, Use Wear, and the Materiality of Habitual Suffering in the Sonoran Desert.” Journal of Material Culture 18(4): 321–345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183513496489
De León, J., C. Gokee and A. Forringer-Beal. Forthcoming. “Use Wear, Disruption, and the Materiality of Undocumented Migration in the Southern Arizona Desert.” In Migrations and Disruptions: Toward a Unified Theory of Ancient and Contemporary Migrations, edited by B. J. Baker and T. Tsuda. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
De León, J., C. Gokee and A. Schubert. Forthcoming. “‘By the Time I Get to Arizona’: Citizenship, Materiality, and Contested Identities along the U.S.–Mexico Border.” Anthropological Quarterly (in press).
Doty, R. L. 2011. “Bare Life: Border-crossing Deaths and Spaces of Moral Alibi.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 29: 599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d3110
Drummond, J. A. and J. De León. 2013. “Interactions at Humanitarian Water Drop Sites: An Archaeological and Ethnographic Study of Clandestine Culture Contact Among Undocumented Migrants, Humanitarian Aid Groups, and the Border Patrol.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Honolulu, HA.
Dunn, T. J. 2009. Blockading the Border and Human Rights: The El Paso Operation That Remade Immigration Enforcement. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Dupras, T. L., J. J. Schultz, S. M. Wheeler and L. J. Williams. 2011. Forensic Recovery of Human Remains: Archaeological Approaches. Second Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11275
Ettinger, P. 2009. Imaginary Lines: Border Enforcement and the Origins of Undocumented Immigration, 1882–1930. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Falcón, S. 2001. “Rape as a Weapon of War: Advancing Human Rights for Women at the U.S.–Mexico Border.” Social Justice 28(2): 31–50.
Foucault, M. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books.
González-Ruibal, A. 2008. “Time to Destroy.” Current Anthropology 49(2): 247–279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/526099
Grabowska, S. Forthcoming. “Architecture of the Other Side: The Material, Experiential, and Cultural Dimensions of Border-Crosser Architecture in the Arizona Borderlands.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.
Grabowska, S., J. Doering-White and J. De León. Forthcoming. “Material Memories: (Re)Collecting Clandestine Border Crossings in the Sonoran Desert.” In Excavating Memory: Material Culture Approaches to Sites of Remembering and Forgetting, edited by M. Starzmann and J. Roby.
Hagan, J. M. 2008. Migration Miracle: Faith, Hope, and Meaning on the Undocumented Journey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Harrison, R. 2011. “Surface Assemblages. Towards an Archaeology in and of the Present.” Archaeological Dialogues 18(2): 141–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203811000195
Harrison, R. and J. Schofield. 2010. After Modernity: Archaeological Approaches to the Contemporary Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hernandez, K. L. 2010. Migra! A History of the U.S. Border Patrol. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kiddey, R. and J. Schofield. 2011. “Embrace the Margins: Adventures in Archaeology and Homelessness.” Public Archaeology 10(1): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355311X12991501673140
Kirby, C. A. 2007. “Rape Trees, An All Too Common Occurrence.” Canada Free Press, April 21. Available online: http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/immigration042107.htm
Lemons, S. 2013. “Border Patrol Agent Steals Blankets, Provisions Meant for Migrants, Says No More Deaths.” Phoenix New Times, January 17. Available online: http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2013/01/border_patrol_agent_steals_bla.php
Lucas, G. 2004. “Modern Disturbances: On the Ambiguities of Archaeology.” Modernism/modernity 11(1): 109–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mod.2004.0015
Maril, R. L. 2011. The Fence: National Security, Public Safety, and Illegal Immigration Along the U.S.-Mexico Border. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.
Maxwell, R. 2012. “After the Car: Navigating the Archaeology of Abandonment in Detroit, Michigan.” Post-Medieval Archaeology 46(2): 347–351.
McGuire, R. H. 1992. A Marxist Archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press.
McGuire, R. H. 2008. Archaeology as Political Action. Berkeley: University of California Press.
McGuire, R. H. 2013. “Steel Walls and Picket Fences: Rematerializing the U.S.–Mexican Border in Ambos Nogales.” American Anthropologist 115(3): 466–480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12029
Meierotto, L. M. 2012. “The Blame Game on the Border: Perceptions of Environmental Degradation on the United States–Mexico Border.” Human Organization 71(1): 11–21.
Nai, M. 2005. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. New Haven, CT: Princeton University Press.
Preucel, R. W. and L. Meskell. 2008. “Places.” In A Companion to Social Archaeology, edited by L. Meskell and R. W. Preucel, 215–229. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Rathje, W. L., and C. Murphy. 1992. Rubbish! The Archaeology of Garbage. New York: Harper Collins.
Richard, F. G. 2011. “Materializing Poverty: Archaeological Reflections from the Postcolony.” Historical Archaeology 45(3): 166–182.
Rodriguez, C. Y. 2012. “The Undocumented Migration Project: University Of Michigan Researcher Documents Belongings Left Behind While Crossing The Border.” The Huffington Post, January 19. Available online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/19/migrants-belongings-us-mexico-border_n_1213910.html
Romo, D. 2005. Ringside Seat to a Revolution: An Underground Cultural History of El Paso and Juarez, 1893–1923. El Paso, TX: Cinco Puntos Press.
Rosario, M. 2009. “‘Rape Trees’ Found along Southern US Border.” Latina, March 11. Available online: http://www.latina.com/lifestyle/news-politics/rape-trees-found-along-southern-us-border#axzz2iDCNZntV
Rosenblum, M. R. 2012. “Border Security: Immigration Enforcement Between Ports of Entry.” Congresional Research Service. Available online: http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/180681.pdf
Ruiz Marrujo, O. T. 2009. “Women, Migration, and Sexual Violence: Lessons from Mexico’s Border.” In Human Rights Along the U.S.–Mexico Border: Gendered Violence and Insecurity, edited by K. Staudt, T. Payan and Z. A. Kruszewski, 31–47. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Saunders, N. J., ed. 2004. Matters of Conflict: Material Culture, Memory, and the First World War. New York: Routledge.
Schofield, J. 2005. Combat Archaeology: Material Culture and Modern Conflict. London: Duckworth.
Schofield, J. 2009. “Peace Site: An Archaeology of Protest at Greenham Common.” British Archaeology 100: 44–49.
Schofield, J., W. G. Johnson and C. M. Beck, eds. 2002. Matériel Culture: The Archaeology of Twentieth-Century Conflict. New York: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203165744
Schubert, A., J. De León and M. Naumann. 2013. “Artifacts of ‘Deterrence’: The Materiality of Migrant Contact with U.S. Border Patrol.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Honolulu.
Singer, A. and D. S. Massey. 2009. “The Social Process of Undocumented Border Crossing Among Mexican Migrants.” International Migration Review 32(3): 561–592. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547764
Slack, J. and S. Whiteford. 2011. “Violence and Migration on the Arizona-Sonora Border” 70(1): 11–21.
Spener, D. 2010. “Movidas Rascuaches: Strategies of Migrant Resistance at the Mexico-U.S. Border.” Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 35(2): 9–36.
Stix, N. 2010. “The Rape Tree.” VDare. Available online: http://www.vdare.com/posts/the-rape-tree, accessed September 21, 2013.
Sundberg, J. 2008. “‘Trash-talk’ and the Production of Quotidian Geopolitical Boundaries in the USA–Mexico Borderlands.” Social and Cultural Geography 9(8): 871–890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649360802441424
Sundberg, J. and B. Kaserman. 2007. “Cactus Carvings and Desert Defecations: Embodying Representations of Border Crossings in Protected Areas on the Mexico–US Border.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25(4): 727–744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d75j
Tietz, J. 2012. “The U.S.–Mexico Border’s 150 Miles of Hell.” Men’s Journal, April. Available online: http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/the-u-s-mexico-borders-150-miles-of-hell-20130103
Trevizo, P. 2013. “Migrants’ Trash in Southern Arizona Offers Glimpse of History.” Arizona Daily Star, July 21. Available online: http://azstarnet.com/news/local/border/migrants-trash-in-southern-arizona-offers-glimpse-of-history/article_fac7ac2b-b74f-5cb1-8ec1-73d61e813e17.html
Turner, K. F. 1982. “Mexican American Home Altars: Towards Their Interpretation.” Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 31(1): 309–326.
US Border Patrol. 2013a. “Total Illegal Alien Apprehensions by Fiscal Year, 1992-2012.” Available online: http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/border_security/border_patrol/usbp_statistics/usbp_fy12_stats/nationwide_appr_2000_2012.ctt/nationwide_appr_2000_2012.pdf, accessed September 21, 2013.
US Border Patrol. 2013b. “Southwest Border Deaths by Fiscal Year, 1998–2012.” Available online: http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/border_security/border_patrol/usbp_statistics/usbp_fy12_stats/border_patrol_fy.ctt/border_patrol_fy.pdf, accessed September 21, 2013.
Whitaker, J. 2009. “Mexican Deaths in the Arizona Desert: The Culpability of Migrants, Humanitarian Workers, Governments, and Businesses.” Journal of Business Ethics 88(S2): 365–376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0283-x
Wilson, J. A. 2013. “The NAFTA Spectacle: Envisioning Borders, Migrants and the U.S.-Mexico Neoliberal Relation in Visual Culture.” PhD dissertation, University of Arizona.
Zimmerman, L. J. 2013. “Homelessness.” In Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World, edited by P. Graves-Brown, R. Harrison and A. Piccini, 336–350. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2010.497400
Zimmerman, L. J., C. Singleton and J. Welch. 2010. “Activism and Creating a Translational Archaeology of Homelessness.” World Archaeology 42(3): 443–454.
Anderson, B. E. 2008. “Identifying the Dead: Methods Utilized by the Pima County (Arizona) Office of the Medical Examiner for Undocumented Border Crossers: 2001–2006.” Journal of Forensic Science 53(1): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00609.x
Andreas, P. 2009. Border Games: Policing the U.S.–Mexico Divide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Androff, D. K. and K. Y. Tavassoli. 2012. “Deaths in the Desert: The Human Rights Crisis on the U.S.–Mexico Border.” Social Work 57(2): 165–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/sws034
Associated Press. 2013. “Bodies Pile Up in Texas as Immigrants Adopt New Routes Over Border.” New York Times, September 23.
Banks, L. W. 2009. “Trashing Arizona.” Tucson Weekly, April 2. Available online: http://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/trashing-arizona/Content?oid=1168857
Beck, C. M., J. Schofield and H. Drollinger. 2009. “Archaeologists, Activists, and a Contemporary Peace Camp.” In Contemporary Archaeologies, edited by C. Holtorf and A. Piccini, 95–111. Berne: Peter Lang.
Beck, J., I. Ostereicher, G. Sollish and J. De León. Forthcoming. “Scavenging Behavior in the Sonora Desert and Implications for Documenting Border Crosser Fatalities.” Journal of Forensic Sciences (in press).
Berggren, A. and I. Hodder. 2003. “Social Practice, Method, and Some Problems of Field Archaeology.” American Antiquity 68(3): 421–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3557102
Bosman, J. 2013. “Backpacks From the Border.” The New York Times Magazine, July 19. Available online: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/07/21/magazine/look-backpacks-border.html?smid=pl-share
Buchli, V. and G. Lucas. 2001. “The Absent Present: Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past.” In Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past, edited by V. Buchli and G. Lucas, 3–18. London: Routledge.
Chippindale, C. 2000. “Capta and Data: On the True Nature of Archaeological Information.” American Antiquity 65(4): 605–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694418
Cook, M. L. 2011. “‘Humanitarian Aid Is Never a Crime’: Humanitarianism and Illegality in Migrant Advocacy.” Law & Society Review 45(3): 561–591.
Cornelius, W. A. 2001. “Death at the Border: Efficacy and Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Control Policy.” Population and Development Review 27(4): 661–685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00661.x
Cornelius, W. A. and I. Salehyan. 2007. “Does Border Enforcement Deter Unauthorized Immigration? The Case of Mexican Migration to the United States of America.” Regulation & Governance 1(2): 139–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00007.x
Crossland, Z. 2000. “Buried Lives: Forensic Archaeology and Argentina’s Disappeared.” Archaeological Dialogues 7(2): 146–159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203800001707
Daly, D. J., M. A. Lee-Gorman and J. Ryan. 2009. “Distinguishing Between Damage to Clothing as a Result of Normal Wear and Tear or as a Result of Deliberate Damage: A Sexual Assault Case Study.” Journal of Forensic Science 54(2): 400–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00950.x
Dawdy, S. L. 2006. “The Taphonomy of Disaster and the (Re)Formation of New Orleans.” American Anthropologist 108(4): 719–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.4.719
De León, J. 2012. “‘Better to Be Hot Than Caught’: Excavating the Conflicting Roles of Migrant Material Culture.” American Anthropologist 114(3): 477–495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2012.01447.x
De León, J. 2013a. “The Efficacy and Impact of the Alien Transfer Exit Program: Migrant Perspectives from Nogales, Sonora, Mexico.” International Migraiton 51(2): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imig.12062
De León, J. 2013b. “Undocumented Migration, Use Wear, and the Materiality of Habitual Suffering in the Sonoran Desert.” Journal of Material Culture 18(4): 321–345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183513496489
De León, J., C. Gokee and A. Forringer-Beal. Forthcoming. “Use Wear, Disruption, and the Materiality of Undocumented Migration in the Southern Arizona Desert.” In Migrations and Disruptions: Toward a Unified Theory of Ancient and Contemporary Migrations, edited by B. J. Baker and T. Tsuda. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
De León, J., C. Gokee and A. Schubert. Forthcoming. “‘By the Time I Get to Arizona’: Citizenship, Materiality, and Contested Identities along the U.S.–Mexico Border.” Anthropological Quarterly (in press).
Doty, R. L. 2011. “Bare Life: Border-crossing Deaths and Spaces of Moral Alibi.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 29: 599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d3110
Drummond, J. A. and J. De León. 2013. “Interactions at Humanitarian Water Drop Sites: An Archaeological and Ethnographic Study of Clandestine Culture Contact Among Undocumented Migrants, Humanitarian Aid Groups, and the Border Patrol.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Honolulu, HA.
Dunn, T. J. 2009. Blockading the Border and Human Rights: The El Paso Operation That Remade Immigration Enforcement. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Dupras, T. L., J. J. Schultz, S. M. Wheeler and L. J. Williams. 2011. Forensic Recovery of Human Remains: Archaeological Approaches. Second Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11275
Ettinger, P. 2009. Imaginary Lines: Border Enforcement and the Origins of Undocumented Immigration, 1882–1930. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Falcón, S. 2001. “Rape as a Weapon of War: Advancing Human Rights for Women at the U.S.–Mexico Border.” Social Justice 28(2): 31–50.
Foucault, M. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books.
González-Ruibal, A. 2008. “Time to Destroy.” Current Anthropology 49(2): 247–279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/526099
Grabowska, S. Forthcoming. “Architecture of the Other Side: The Material, Experiential, and Cultural Dimensions of Border-Crosser Architecture in the Arizona Borderlands.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.
Grabowska, S., J. Doering-White and J. De León. Forthcoming. “Material Memories: (Re)Collecting Clandestine Border Crossings in the Sonoran Desert.” In Excavating Memory: Material Culture Approaches to Sites of Remembering and Forgetting, edited by M. Starzmann and J. Roby.
Hagan, J. M. 2008. Migration Miracle: Faith, Hope, and Meaning on the Undocumented Journey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Harrison, R. 2011. “Surface Assemblages. Towards an Archaeology in and of the Present.” Archaeological Dialogues 18(2): 141–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1380203811000195
Harrison, R. and J. Schofield. 2010. After Modernity: Archaeological Approaches to the Contemporary Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hernandez, K. L. 2010. Migra! A History of the U.S. Border Patrol. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kiddey, R. and J. Schofield. 2011. “Embrace the Margins: Adventures in Archaeology and Homelessness.” Public Archaeology 10(1): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355311X12991501673140
Kirby, C. A. 2007. “Rape Trees, An All Too Common Occurrence.” Canada Free Press, April 21. Available online: http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/immigration042107.htm
Lemons, S. 2013. “Border Patrol Agent Steals Blankets, Provisions Meant for Migrants, Says No More Deaths.” Phoenix New Times, January 17. Available online: http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2013/01/border_patrol_agent_steals_bla.php
Lucas, G. 2004. “Modern Disturbances: On the Ambiguities of Archaeology.” Modernism/modernity 11(1): 109–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mod.2004.0015
Maril, R. L. 2011. The Fence: National Security, Public Safety, and Illegal Immigration Along the U.S.-Mexico Border. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.
Maxwell, R. 2012. “After the Car: Navigating the Archaeology of Abandonment in Detroit, Michigan.” Post-Medieval Archaeology 46(2): 347–351.
McGuire, R. H. 1992. A Marxist Archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press.
McGuire, R. H. 2008. Archaeology as Political Action. Berkeley: University of California Press.
McGuire, R. H. 2013. “Steel Walls and Picket Fences: Rematerializing the U.S.–Mexican Border in Ambos Nogales.” American Anthropologist 115(3): 466–480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12029
Meierotto, L. M. 2012. “The Blame Game on the Border: Perceptions of Environmental Degradation on the United States–Mexico Border.” Human Organization 71(1): 11–21.
Nai, M. 2005. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. New Haven, CT: Princeton University Press.
Preucel, R. W. and L. Meskell. 2008. “Places.” In A Companion to Social Archaeology, edited by L. Meskell and R. W. Preucel, 215–229. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Rathje, W. L., and C. Murphy. 1992. Rubbish! The Archaeology of Garbage. New York: Harper Collins.
Richard, F. G. 2011. “Materializing Poverty: Archaeological Reflections from the Postcolony.” Historical Archaeology 45(3): 166–182.
Rodriguez, C. Y. 2012. “The Undocumented Migration Project: University Of Michigan Researcher Documents Belongings Left Behind While Crossing The Border.” The Huffington Post, January 19. Available online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/19/migrants-belongings-us-mexico-border_n_1213910.html
Romo, D. 2005. Ringside Seat to a Revolution: An Underground Cultural History of El Paso and Juarez, 1893–1923. El Paso, TX: Cinco Puntos Press.
Rosario, M. 2009. “‘Rape Trees’ Found along Southern US Border.” Latina, March 11. Available online: http://www.latina.com/lifestyle/news-politics/rape-trees-found-along-southern-us-border#axzz2iDCNZntV
Rosenblum, M. R. 2012. “Border Security: Immigration Enforcement Between Ports of Entry.” Congresional Research Service. Available online: http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/180681.pdf
Ruiz Marrujo, O. T. 2009. “Women, Migration, and Sexual Violence: Lessons from Mexico’s Border.” In Human Rights Along the U.S.–Mexico Border: Gendered Violence and Insecurity, edited by K. Staudt, T. Payan and Z. A. Kruszewski, 31–47. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Saunders, N. J., ed. 2004. Matters of Conflict: Material Culture, Memory, and the First World War. New York: Routledge.
Schofield, J. 2005. Combat Archaeology: Material Culture and Modern Conflict. London: Duckworth.
Schofield, J. 2009. “Peace Site: An Archaeology of Protest at Greenham Common.” British Archaeology 100: 44–49.
Schofield, J., W. G. Johnson and C. M. Beck, eds. 2002. Matériel Culture: The Archaeology of Twentieth-Century Conflict. New York: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203165744
Schubert, A., J. De León and M. Naumann. 2013. “Artifacts of ‘Deterrence’: The Materiality of Migrant Contact with U.S. Border Patrol.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Honolulu.
Singer, A. and D. S. Massey. 2009. “The Social Process of Undocumented Border Crossing Among Mexican Migrants.” International Migration Review 32(3): 561–592. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547764
Slack, J. and S. Whiteford. 2011. “Violence and Migration on the Arizona-Sonora Border” 70(1): 11–21.
Spener, D. 2010. “Movidas Rascuaches: Strategies of Migrant Resistance at the Mexico-U.S. Border.” Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 35(2): 9–36.
Stix, N. 2010. “The Rape Tree.” VDare. Available online: http://www.vdare.com/posts/the-rape-tree, accessed September 21, 2013.
Sundberg, J. 2008. “‘Trash-talk’ and the Production of Quotidian Geopolitical Boundaries in the USA–Mexico Borderlands.” Social and Cultural Geography 9(8): 871–890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649360802441424
Sundberg, J. and B. Kaserman. 2007. “Cactus Carvings and Desert Defecations: Embodying Representations of Border Crossings in Protected Areas on the Mexico–US Border.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25(4): 727–744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d75j
Tietz, J. 2012. “The U.S.–Mexico Border’s 150 Miles of Hell.” Men’s Journal, April. Available online: http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/the-u-s-mexico-borders-150-miles-of-hell-20130103
Trevizo, P. 2013. “Migrants’ Trash in Southern Arizona Offers Glimpse of History.” Arizona Daily Star, July 21. Available online: http://azstarnet.com/news/local/border/migrants-trash-in-southern-arizona-offers-glimpse-of-history/article_fac7ac2b-b74f-5cb1-8ec1-73d61e813e17.html
Turner, K. F. 1982. “Mexican American Home Altars: Towards Their Interpretation.” Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 31(1): 309–326.
US Border Patrol. 2013a. “Total Illegal Alien Apprehensions by Fiscal Year, 1992-2012.” Available online: http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/border_security/border_patrol/usbp_statistics/usbp_fy12_stats/nationwide_appr_2000_2012.ctt/nationwide_appr_2000_2012.pdf, accessed September 21, 2013.
US Border Patrol. 2013b. “Southwest Border Deaths by Fiscal Year, 1998–2012.” Available online: http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/border_security/border_patrol/usbp_statistics/usbp_fy12_stats/border_patrol_fy.ctt/border_patrol_fy.pdf, accessed September 21, 2013.
Whitaker, J. 2009. “Mexican Deaths in the Arizona Desert: The Culpability of Migrants, Humanitarian Workers, Governments, and Businesses.” Journal of Business Ethics 88(S2): 365–376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0283-x
Wilson, J. A. 2013. “The NAFTA Spectacle: Envisioning Borders, Migrants and the U.S.-Mexico Neoliberal Relation in Visual Culture.” PhD dissertation, University of Arizona.
Zimmerman, L. J. 2013. “Homelessness.” In Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World, edited by P. Graves-Brown, R. Harrison and A. Piccini, 336–350. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2010.497400
Zimmerman, L. J., C. Singleton and J. Welch. 2010. “Activism and Creating a Translational Archaeology of Homelessness.” World Archaeology 42(3): 443–454.
Published
2014-09-23
Issue
Section
Research Articles
How to Cite
Gokee, C., & De León, J. (2014). Sites of Contention: Archaeological Classification and Political Discourse in the US-Mexico Borderlands. Journal of Contemporary Archaeology, 1(1), 133-163. https://doi.org/10.1558/jca.v1i1.133
