Mobilizing knowledge

Reported speech and citation in public policy deliberations

Authors

  • Tosh Tachino Independent Scholar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/jalpp.21053

Keywords:

citation, knowledge mobilization, public inquiry, public policy, reported speech, research dissemination

Abstract

Many linguistic studies have analyzed the ways in which reported speech is used to mobilize knowledge in academic writing, but there have been far fewer such studies of knowledge mobilization in non-academic genres. This study analyzes the functions of reported speech in a Canadian quasi-judicial public inquiry report, a genre that is intertextually situated between research genres (through academic expert witnesses) and policy genres (through its role in making policy recommendations to the government). All instances of explicitly marked citation and reported speech in the commission report were identified and coded by function. The findings show citation and reported speech had specific functions that contributed to knowledge mobilization by discursively creating evidence, transporting worldviews and values, and changing knowledge status in the legal genres. The analysis also raises theoretical questions in linguistics, resulting in the argument that reported speech is not a static, formal category but a discursive status negotiated by the participants.

Author Biography

  • Tosh Tachino, Independent Scholar

    Tosh Tachino received his PhD in Rhetoric and Professional Communication at Iowa State University. He has taught and tutored in diverse contexts on a range of subjects, including academic writing, rhetorical analysis, informal logic, and classical Latin, as well as Japanese, math, and Spanish literacy in Spanish. Some of his previous work has appeared in Text and Talk (2017), Written Communication (2012), Linguagem em (Dis)curso (2010), and in a collection, Genre and the Performance of Publics (2016, University Press of Colorado). 

References

Afros, Elena and Catherine Schryer (2009) Promotional (meta)discourse in research articles in language and literary studies. English for Specific Purposes 28 (1): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2008.09.001

Calsamiglia, Helena and Carmen López Ferrero (2003) Role and position of scientific voices: Reported speech in the media. Discourse Studies 5 (2): 147–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445603005002308

Caplan, Nathan (1979) The two communities’ theory and knowledge utilization. American Behavioral Scientist 22 (3): 459–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276427902200308

Charney, Davida (2003) Lone geniuses in popular science: The devaluation of scientific consen­sus. Written Communication 20 (3): 215–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088303257505

Chu, Joon-Beon (2019) Between legal and social truth: The management of intertextual gaps in the construction of narrative authority in a US mock trial competition. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice 12 (2): 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1558/jalpp.32165

Clark, Herbert H. and Richard J. Gerrig (1990) Quotation as demonstrations. Language 66 (4): 764–805. https://doi.org/10.2307/414729

Devitt, Amy J. (2003) Where communities collide: Exploring a legal genre. College English 65 (5): 543–549. https://doi.org/10.2307/3594252

Doty, Kathleen L. 2007. Telling tales: The role of scribes in constructing the discourse of the Salem witchcraft trials. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 8 (1): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.8.1.03dot

Fahnestock, Jeanne (1986) Accommodating science: The rhetorical life of scientific facts. Written Communication 3 (3): 275–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088386003003001

Fairclough, Norman (1992) Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity.

Foucault, Michel (1972) The Archaeology of Knowledge. Trans. Alan M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon.

Freedman, Anne (2002) Uptake. In Richard Coe, Lorelei Lingard and Tatiana Teslenko (eds) The Rhetoric and Ideology of Genre, 39–54. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Giltrow, Janet (2002) Academic Writing. Peterborough, UK: Broadview Press.

Günthner, Susanne (1999) Polyphony and the ‘layering of voices’ in reported dialogues. Journal of Pragmatics 31 (5): 685–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00093-9

Hyland, Ken (2000) Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education.

Kaiser, H. Archibald (1989) Wrongful conviction and imprisonment: Towards an end to the compensatory obstacle course. Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 9: 96–112.

Kingdon, John W. (1984) Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. Boston: Little, Brown.

Komter, Martha (2012) The career of a suspect’s statement: Talk, text, context. Discourse Studies 14 (6): 731–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445612457486

Latour, Bruno (1987) Science in Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Latour, Bruno and Steve Woolgar (1986) Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400820412

Manitoba Department of Justice (2001) Inquiry Regarding Thomas Sophonow. Winni­toba, Canada: Manitoba Department of Justice. Online version (unpaginated): https://digitalcollection.gov.mb.ca/awweb/pdfopener?smd=1&did=12713&md=1

Mayes, Patricia (1990) Quotation in spoken language. Studies in Language 14 (2): 325–363. https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.14.2.04may

Meehan, Katie, Nicole L. Klenk and Fabián Mendez (2018) The geopolitics of climate knowledge mobilization. Science, Technology, & Human Values 43 (5): 759–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243917745601

Moed, Henk F. (2005) Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Moravcsik, Michael J. and Poovanalingam Murugesan (1975) Some results on the func­tion and quality of citation. Social Studies of Science 5 (1): 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277500500106

Province of Manitoba (2019) Manitoba Evidence Act, CCSM c 150. Available online: http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/e150e.php

Russell, David R. and Tosh Tachino (2012) Analyzing GM food risk arguments through an online, multi-media case study. In Jean Goodwin (ed.) Between Scientists & Citizens: Proceedings of a Conference at Iowa State University, June 1-2, 2012, 379–393. Ames: Iowa State University.

Schek, Barry, Peter Neufeld and Jim Dwyer (2001) Actual Innocence. New York: Berkley Books.

Schryer, Catherine F., Stephanie Bell, Marcellina Mian, Marlee M. Spafford and Lorelei Lingard (2011) Professional citation practices in child maltreatment forensic letters. Written Communication 28 (2): 147–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088311399710

Small, Henry G. (1982) Citation context analysis. In Brenda J. Dervin and Melvin J. Voigt (eds) Progress in Communication Sciences, Volume 3, 287–310. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (2012). Definitions of Terms. Available online: https://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/definitions-eng.aspx

Strauss, Anselm and Juliet Corbin (1994) Grounded theory methodology: An overview. In Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research, 273–285. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Stenvall, Maija (2015) Responsibility and the conventions of attribution in news agency discourse. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice 9 (3): 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1558/japl.v9i3.20845

Swales, John M. (1986) Citation analysis and discourse analysis. Applied Linguistics 7 (1): 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/7.1.39

Tachino, Tosh (2008) Academic Research and Public Policy: Rhetorical Lessons from the Sophonow Inquiry. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Iowa State University, Ames.

Tachino, Tosh (2010) Genre, ideology, and knowledge in academic research and public policy. Linguagem em (Dis)curso 10 (3): 595–618. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-76322010000300008

Tachino, Tosh (2012) Theorizing uptake in knowledge mobilization: A case for intermediary genre. Written Communication 29 (4): 455-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088312457908

Tachino, Tosh (2016) Multiple intertextual threads and (un)likely uptakes: An analysis of a Canadian public inquiry. In Mary Jo Reiff and Anis Bawarshi (eds) Genre and the Performance of Publics, 178–198. Logan: Utah State University Press. https://doi.org/10.7330/9781607324430.c009

Tachino, Tosh (2017) Documenting knowledge mobilization: A quantitative analysis of citation and reported speech in a Canadian public inquiry. Text & Talk 37 (6): 735–757. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2017-0025

Thompson, Geoff and Yiyun Ye (1991) Evaluation in the reporting verbs used in academic papers. Applied Linguistics 12 (4): 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/12.4.365

Varpio, Lara, Catherine Schryer, Pascale Lehoux and Lorelei Lingard (2006) Working off the record: Physicians’ and nurses’ transformation of electronic patient record-based patient information. Academic Medicine 81 (10): S35–S39. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ACM.0000237699.49711.35

Waugh, Linda R. (1995) Reported speech in journalistic discourse: The relation of function and text. Text 15 (1): 129–173. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1995.15.1.129

Published

2021-10-01

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Tachino, T. . (2021). Mobilizing knowledge: Reported speech and citation in public policy deliberations. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice, 15(3), 288–312. https://doi.org/10.1558/jalpp.21053