Teachers’ perspectives on inclusive language teaching in higher education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/isla.26033Keywords:
inclusion, higher education, language teaching, language learningAbstract
Principles of inclusive education have recently started to enter the agenda of universities, which have been dedicating a growing attention to the students’ needs and to the creation of inclusive learning environments. This study provides an outline of the current state of inclusion in university language courses in Italy, as viewed from the perspectives of language teachers. To this aim, we developed and administered an online questionnaire investigating teachers’ perceptions on the most common language learning difficulties displayed by students with SEN and on what might work best to support their learning process. Moreover, we explored the effects of socio-demographic and background-related variables (age, gender, previous teaching experience and preparation to teach students with SEN) in determining teachers’ practices, self-efficacy beliefs and disposition towards inclusive education. Results show that gender and specific training on inclusive education influence teaching choices. Self efficacy and attitudes towards inclusion are found to be positively related to each other but are not affected by socio-demographic and background-related variables.
References
Aiello, P., Sharma, U., Di Gennaro, D., Dimitrov, D., Pace, E. M., Zollo, I. and Sibilio, M. (2019) A study on Italian teachers’ sentiments, attitudes and concerns towards inclusive education. Formazione, lavoro, persona 20: 10–24.
Anastasiou, D., Kauffman, J. M and Di Nuovo, S. (2015) Inclusive education in Italy: Description and reflection on full inclusion. European Journal of Special Needs Education 30(4): 429–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2015.1060075
ANVUR (2022) Gli studenti con disabilità e DSA nelle università italiane. Una risorsa da valorizzare. Roma: ANVUR.
Avramidis, E. and Norwich, B. (2002) Teachers’ attitudes towards integration / inclusion: a review of the literature. European Journal of Special Needs Education 17(2): 129–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250210129056
Bandura, A. (1977) Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review 84: 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1978) Reflections on self-efficacy. Advances in Behavioral Research and Therapy 1(4): 237–69.
Bandura, A. (1997) Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.
Becker S. and Palladino J. (2016) Assessing faculty perspectives about teaching and working with students with disabilities. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability 29(1): 65–82.
Bhatnagar, N. and Das, A. (2014) Attitudes of secondary school teachers towards inclusive education in New Delhi, India. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs 14(4): 255–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12016
Burke, K. and Sutherland, C. (2004) Attitudes toward inclusion: Knowledge vs. experience. Education 125(2): 163–72.
Cardinaletti, A. (2021) On accessible language testing for students with disabilities. In M. Masperi, C. Cervini and Y. Bardière (eds) Évaluation des acquisitions langagières: du formatif au certificatif, mediAzioni 32: A32–A53. http://www.mediazioni.sitlec.unibo.it
Emam, M. M. and Mohamed, A. H. H. (2011) Preschool and primary school teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education in Egypt: The role of experience and self-efficacy. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 29: 976–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.331
Ghanizadeh, A., Bahredar, M. J. and Moeini, S. R. (2006) Knowledge and attitudes towards attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among elementary school teachers. Patient Education and Counseling 63(1–2): 84–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2005.09.002
Gibson, S. and Dembo, M. H. (1984) Teacher efficacy: A construct validation. Journal of Educational Psychology 76(4): 569–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.76.4.569
Ianes, D., Demo, H. and Dell’Anna, S. (2020) Inclusive education in Italy: Historical steps, positive developments, and challenges, Prospects, 49(3): 249–63.
Kormos, J. (2017) The Second Language Learning Processes of Students with Specific Learning Difficulties. London: Routledge.
Kormos, J. and Smith, A. M. (2012) Teaching Languages to Students with Specific Learning Differences. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Lautenbach, F., Korte, J., Möhwald, A., Heyder, A. and Grimminger-Seidensticker, E. (2020) A 14-week intervention study on changing preservice teachers’ psychological perspectives on inclusion: Explicit and implicit attitudes, self-efficacy, and stress perception toward inclusion. Frontiers in Education 5(7): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00007
Lazarides, R. and Warner, L. M. (2020) Teacher Self-efficacy. Oxford: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.890
Maggiolini, S. and Molteni, P. (2013) University and disability: An Italian experience of inclusion. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability 26(3): 249–62.
McCutchen, D., Green, L., Abbott, R. D. and Sanders, E. A. (2009). Further evidence for teacher knowledge: Supporting struggling readers in grade three through five. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal 22: 401–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-009-9163-0
Midgley, C., Maehr, M., Hruda, L., Anderman, E., Anderman, L., Freeman, K. and Urdan, T. (2000) Manual for the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
Monsen, J. J. and Frederickson, N. (2004) Teachers’ attitudes towards mainstreaming and their pupils’ perceptions of their classroom learning environment. Learning Environments Research 7: 129–42. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:leri.0000037196.62475.32
Parasuram, K. (2006) Variables that affect teachers’ attitudes towards disability and inclusive education in Mumbai, India. Disability & Society 21(3): 231–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590600617352
Podhajski, B., Mather, N., Nathan, J. and Sammons, J. (2009) Professional development in scientifically based reading instruction teacher knowledge and reading outcomes. Journal of Learning Disabilities 42 (5): 403–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219409338737
Saloviita, T. and Consegnati, S. (2019) Teacher attitudes in Italy after 40 years of inclusion. British Journal of Special Education 46: 465–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8578.12286
Sari, H. (2007) The influence of an in-service teacher training (INSET) programme on attitudes towards inclusion by regular classroom teachers who teach deaf students in primary schools in Turkey. Deafness & Education International 9(3): 131–46. https://doi.org/10.1179/146431507790559996
Savolainen, H., Malinen, O. P. and Schwab, S. (2022) Teacher efficacy predicts teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion – a longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. International Journal of Inclusive Education 26(9): 958–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2020.1752826
Schwab, S. and Alnahdi, G. (2020) Do they practice what they preach? Factors associated with teachers’ use of inclusive teaching practices among in-service teachers. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs 20(4): 321–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12492
Scruggs, T. E. and Mastropieri, M. A. (1996) Teacher perceptions of mainstreaming/inclusion, 1958–1995: a research synthesis. Exceptional Children, 63(1): 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440299606300106
Sharma, U. and Nuttal, A. (2016) The impact of training on pre-service teacher attitudes, concerns and efficacy towards inclusion. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher 44(2): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866x.2015.1081672
Sharma, U. and Sokal, L. (2016) Can teachers’ self-reported efficacy, concerns, and attitudes toward inclusion scores predict their actual inclusive classroom practices? Australasian Journal of Special Education 40(1): 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/jse.2015.14
Sharma, U., Aiello, P., Pace, E. M., Round, P. and Subban, P. (2018) In-service teachers’ attitudes, concerns, efficacy and intentions to teach in inclusive classrooms: An international comparison of Australian and Italian teachers. European Journal of Special Needs Education 33(3): 437–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2017.1361139
Sharma, U., Sokal, L., Wang, M. and Loreman, T. (2021). Measuring the use of inclusive practices among pre-service educators: A multi-national study. Teaching and Teacher Education, 107: Article 103506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103506
Smith, A. M. (2018). Inclusive Practices in English Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
UNESCO (2009) Policy Guidelines on Inclusion in Education. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2016) Education 2030: Incheon Declaration. Towards Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Lifelong Learning for All. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2020) Global Education Monitoring Report, 2020. Inclusion and Education: All means All. Paris: UNESCO.
Vender, M. (2017) Disentangling Dyslexia: Phonological and Processing Impairment in Developmental Dyslexia. Bern: Peter Lang.
Woodcock, S. and Hardy, I. (2017) Probing and problematizing teacher professional development for inclusion. International Journal of Educational Research 83: 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2017.02.008
Woodcock, S., Sharma U., Subban, P. and Hitches, E. (2022) Teacher self-efficacy and inclusive education practices: Rethinking teachers’ engagement with inclusive practices. Teaching and Teacher Education 117(1):103802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103802
Woodcock, S., Gibbs, K., Hitches, E. and Regan, C. (2023) Investigating teachers’ beliefs in inclusive education and their levels of teacher self-efficacy: Are teachers constrained in their capacity to implement inclusive teaching Practices? Education Sciences 13: 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030280
Zee, M. and Koomen, H. M. Y. (2016) Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research. Review of Educational Research 86(4): 981–1015. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626801