Jesus the Sect Leader in Comparative Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.20216Keywords:
sect leaders, hagiography, Jesus movements, new religions, L.Ron Hubbard, Jesus, Christianity, Church of Scientology, new religious movementsAbstract
This article seeks to expand our view of the New Testament’s Jesus by tentatively comparing him to present day sect leaders. With reference to ancient Christian writings, the article shows how the texts’ Jesus seems to share a significant number of traits with his modern peers, and that he is best understood in that context. It is thus—time and place taken into consideration—suggested that the historical Jesus was forged in sociocultural processes rather similar to those that form present day sect leaders, but also that his presumed mindset reflects that of a typical sect leader. In order to show one particular benefit from this comparative exercise, it is suggested that Scientology’s founder and leader, L. Ron Hubbard, is reaching his post–mortem apotheosis in ways similar to those detectable in the ancient case of Jesus. Finally, it is suggested that the characteristics of Jesus the godhead, developed from the characteristics of Jesus the sect leader.
References
Barnett, Paul. 2009. Finding the Historical Christ. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans
Bilde, Per. 2008. “Guddommeliggørelsen af Jesus. Hvad går den ud på? Og hvornår og hvorfor fandt den sted? Et oplæg til debat.” Chaos. Skandinavisk tidsskrift for religionshistoriske studier 50: 7–37.
Den historiske Jesus. København: Anis
The Originality of Jesus: A Critical Discussion and a Comparative Attempt. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Bilde, Per and Mikael Rothstein, eds. 1999. Nye religioner i hellenistisk–romersk tid og i dag. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag
Bromley, David G. and J. Gordon Melton, eds. 2002. Cults, Religion & Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Bromley, David G. and Edward D. Silver. 1995. “The Davidian Tradition. From Patronal Clan to Prophetic Movement.” In Armageddon in Waco: Critical Perspectives on the Branch Davidian Conflict edited by Stuart A. Wright, 57–61. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, .
Brown, Raymond. 1993. The Birth of the Messiah. A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. New York: Doubleday
Cameron, Ron. 2004. “Proposal for the First Year of the Seminar.” In Redescribing Christian Origins Symposium, edited by Ron Cameron and Merrill P. Miller, 141–150. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature
Cowan, Douglas E. and David G. Bromley. 2008. Cults and New Religions. A Brief History. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
Dawson, Lorne. 2011. “Charismatic leadership in Millennial Movements.” In The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism, edited by Catherine Wessinger, 113–132. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ehrman, Bart D. 1999. Jesus, Apocalyptical Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewis Preacher from Galilee. New York: HarperOne
Hall, John R. (with Philip D. Schuyler and Sylvaine Trinh). 2000. Apocalypse Observed. Religious Movements and Violence in North America, Europe, and Japan. London: Routledge
Hammer, Olav, ed. 2009. Alternative Christs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Hammer, Olav and Mikael Rothstein. 2023. Religious Innovation in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Elements Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hansen, Maria Krogh Kudsk. 2018. “Konstruktionen af LRH. Scientologi Kirkens ikonografiske og sproglige abstraktificering af sin grundlægger, L. Ron Hubbard.” Chaos. Skandinavisk tidsskrift for religionshistoriske studier 69: 113–146. [English abstract].
Hellesøy, Kjersti. 2016. “Scientology Schismatics.” In Handbook of Scientology, edited by James R. Lewis and Kjersti Hellesøy, 449–461. Leiden: Brill
Hurtado, Larry W. 2003. Lord Jesus Christ. Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans
James R. Lewis, ed. 2011. Violence in New Religious Movements. Oxford: Oxford University Press
James R. Lewis and Jesper Aagaard Petersen, eds. 2014. Controversial New Religions. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Mack, Burton L. 1996. “On Redescribing Christian Origins.” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 8–3: 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006896X00350
Mayer, Jean–Francois 2016. “Millennialism: New Religious Movements and the Quest for a New Age.” In The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, edited by James R. Lewis and Inga B. Tøllefsen, 401–416. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Melton, J. Gordon. 1986. Biographical Dictionary of American Cult and Sect Leaders. New York: Garland Publishing.
Miller, Robert J. et al. 1999. The Jesus Seminar and Its Critics. Salem: Polebridge Press
Prophet, Erin 2016. “Charisma and Authority in New Religious Movements.” In The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements edited by James R. Lewis and Inga B. Tøllefsen, 36–49. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Refslund Christensen, Dorthe. 2005. “Inventing L. Ron Hubbard: On the Construction and Maintanance of the Hagiographic Mythology of Scientology’s Founder.” In Controversial New Religions, edited by James R. Lewis and Jesper Aagaard Petersen, 227–258. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Riley, Gregory J. 2000. One Jesus. Many Christs. How Jesus Inspired Not One True Christianity, But Many. Minneapolis: HarperCollins
Rothstein, Mikael. 2016a. “Hagiography. A Note on the Narrative Exaltation of Sect Leaders and Heads of New Religions.” In The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements edited by James R. Lewis and Inga B. Tøllefsen, 392–400. New York: Oxford University Press.
b. “Rituals and Ritualization in New Religions.” In The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements edited by James R. Lewis and Inga Tøllefsen, 334–345. New York: Oxford University Press.
c. “Space, Place and Religious Hardware. L. Ron Hubbard’s Charismatic Authority and the Church of Scientology.” In Handbook of Scientology, edited by Jim Lewis and Kersti Helleshøi, 509–535. Leiden: Brill.
Den kristne krop. Fem essays om kød, blod, hud og hår. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Unicversity Press
“The Aetherius Society: A Ritual Perspective.” In Handbook of UFO Religions edited by Ben Zeller, 452–471. Leiden: Brill.
Smith, Jonathan Z. 1982. Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Stark, Rodney. 1996. The Rise of Christianity. A Sociologist Reconsiders History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
The Triumph of Christianity. How the Jesus Movement Became the World’s Largest Religion. New York: HarperOne
Trompf, Garry. 2012. “History and the end of time in new religions.” In The Cambridge Companion to New Religions edited by Olav Hammer and Mikael Rothstein, 63–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tøllefsen, Inga and Christian Giudice, eds. 2017. Female Leaders in New Religious Movements. London: Palgrave
Wessinger, Catherine. 2012. “Charismatic Leaders in New Religions.” In The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements edited by Olav Hammer and Mikael Rothstein, 80–96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.