Modern Paganism in the Holy Land
Maintaining a Community- Building Discourse among Israeli Pagans, 2011–2013
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v5i1.3Keywords:
paganism, community, identity, discourse, religious freedomAbstract
Israeli Pagans are a small and relatively new spiritual community, that have taken root in country in recent years. This article will analyze the contemporary discourse maintained by Israeli Pagans when discussing questions of organization and of religious-political rights. As such it will deal with the complexities of identifying oneself as a (Jewish-born) Pagan in Israel, the nation state of the Jewish people. I will argue that although Israeli Pagans may employ a community-building discourse, they constantly fear the perceived negative consequences of public exposure, and see the bond between (Jewish) religion and the state in Israel as a main factor in the intolerance and even persecution that they expect from the government and from members of the Haredim (Ultra Orthodox) religious group.
References
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Beaman, Lori G. 2006 "Wicked Witches of the West: Exploring Court Treatments of Wicca as a Religion." In Between the Worlds: Readings in Contemporary Neopaganism, edited by Sian Reid, 161–185. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.
Ben-Porat, Guy and Bryan S. Turner. 2011 "Introduction." In The Contradictions of Israeli Citizenship: Land, Religion and the State, edited by Guy Ben-Porat and Bryan S. Turner, 1–22. London: Routledge.
Berger, Helen A. 2012 "Contemporary Paganism: Fifteen Years Later." Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 3(1): 3–16.
Bernstein, Mary. 1997 "Celebration and Suppresion: the Stratigic Uses of Identity by Lesbian and Gay Movement." American Journal of Sociology 103: 531–565.http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/231250
Bernstein, Mary and Verta Taylor. 2013 "Identity Politics." In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social & Political Movements, edited by David A. Snoe et al., 580–584. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm104
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Gagnon, Mireille. 2008 "Old Structures, New Faces: The Presence of Wicca and Neopaganism in Canadian Prison Chaplaincies." In Religion and Diversity in Canada, edited by Lori G. Beaman and Peter Beyer, 149–174. Leiden: Brill.http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004170155.i-228.45
Gierek, Bozena. 2011 "'Celtic Spirituality' in Contemporary Ireland." In Ireland's New Religious Movements, 300–317. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
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Hjelm, Titus. 2005. "Tradition as Legitimation in New Religious Movements." In Historicizing 'Tradition' in the Study of Religion, edited by Steven Engler and Gregory P. Grieve, 109–123. New York: Walter de Gruyter.http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110901405.109
Hjelm, Titus. 2006 "Between Satan and Harry Potter: Legitimating Wicca in Finland." Journal of Contemporary Religion 21(1): 33–48.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537900500381732
Hjelm, Titus. 2007 "United in Diversity, Divided from Within: The Dynamics of Legitimation in Contemporary Witchcraft." In Polemical Encounters: Esoteric Discourse and Its Others, edited by Olav Hammer and Kocku von Stuckrad, 291–309. Boston, MA: Brill.http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162570.i-326.79
Hume, Lynne. 1995. "Witchcraft and the Law in Australia." Journal of Church and State 37(1): 135–150.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcs/37.1.135
Hutton, Ronald. 1999 Triumph of the Moon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207443.001.0001
Hutton, Ronald. 2009 Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain. New Haven, CT: Yale University press.
Hutton, Ronald. 2011 "Revisionism and Counter-Revisionism in Pagan History." The Pomegranate 13(2): 225–256. Hutton, Ronald. 2013 "An Interview with Prof. Ronald Hutton [In Hebrew]." PFI Israel Magazine 1(2): 9–11.
Kessem, Rena. 2006 Derech Hakesem [The Path of Magic]. Hod Hasharon: Astrolog.
Korvet, Rinat. 2008 "Cyber-Paganism: Internet Usage Patterns among Israeli Neo-Pagan Believers." M.A. Thesis, Bar-Ilan University.
La Fontaine, J.S. 1998 Speak of the Devil: Tales of Satanic Abuse in Contemporary England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621758
Lewis, James R. 2007 "The Pagan Explosion: An Overview of Select Census and Survey Data." In The New Generation Witches: Teenage Witchcraft in Contemporary Culture, edited by Hannah E. Johnston and Peg Aloi, 13–24. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Lewis, James R. 2012 "The Pagan Explosion Revisited: A Statistical Postmortem on the Teen Witch Fad." The Pomegranate 14(1): 128–139.
Mizrahi, Orly Salinas. 2010 "Wicca: A Study in the Process of Identity Formation and Belief Alteration within the Context of Religion." M.A. Thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Murray, Margaret Alice. 1921 The Witch Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Murray, Margaret Alice. 1931 [1970]. The God of the Witches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Parekh, Bhikhu. 2008 A New Politics of Identity: Political Principles for an Interdependent World. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Petre, Jonathan. 2012 "And After Double Maths it Will Be... Paganism: Schools Told to Put Witchcraft and Druids on RE Syllabus." (14 April). http://www.dailymail.co. uk/news/article-2129821/And-double-maths--paganism-Schools-told-witchcraft-druids-RE-syllabus.html. Accessed 9 July 2012.
Pike, Sarah M. 2001 Earthly Bodies, Magical Selves: Contemporary Pagans and the Search for Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rouhana, Nadim N. 2008 "Reconciling History and Equal Citizenship in Israel: Democracy and the Politics of Historical Deniel." In The Politics of Reconciliation in Multicultural Societies, eds. Bashir Bashir and Will Kymlicka, 70–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rountree, Kathryn. 2004 Embracing the Witch and the Goddess: Feminist Ritual-Makers in New Zealand. London: Routledge.
Ruah-Midbar, Marianna. 2012 "Current Jewish Spiritualities in Israel: A New Age." Modern Judaism—A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience 32(1): 102–124.
Ruah-Midbar, Marianna, and Adam Klin Oron. 2010 "Jew Age: Jewish Praxis in Israeli New Age Discourse." Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies 5: 33–63.
Salinas Mizrahi, Orly. 2010 "Wicca: A Study in the Process of Identity Formation and Belief Alteration within the Context of Religion." M.A. Thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Salomonsen, Jone. 2012 Enchanted Feminism: The Reclaiming Witches of San Francisco. Routledge: London.
Sand, Shlomo. 2012 The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland. London: Verso.
Sasson-Levy, Orna. 2013 "A Different Kind of Whiteness: Marking and Unmarking of Social Boundaries in the Construction of Hegemonic Ethnicity." Sociological Forum 28(1): 27–50.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/socf.12001
Smooha, Sammy. 2002 "The Model of Ethnic Democracy," Working Paper 13 (European Center for Minority Issues). http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/working_paper_13.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2013.
Stadler, Nurit, Edna Lomsky-Feder and Eyal Ben-Ari. 2008 "Fundamentalism's Encounters with Citizenship: The Haredim in Israel." Citizenship Studies 12(3): 215–231.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621020802015388
Strmiska, Michael F, and Baldur A. Sigurvinsson. 2005 "Asatru: Nordic Paganism in Iceland and America." In Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Michael F. Strmiska, 127–180. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Taira, Teemu. 2010 "Religion as a Discursive Technique: The Politics of Classifying Wicca." Journal of Contemporary Religion 25(3): 379–394.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2010.516546
Taylor, Charles. 1994 "The Politics of Recognotion." In Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, edited by Amy Gutmann, 25–73. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Taylor, Verta, and Lisa Leitz. 2010 "From Infanticide to Activism: Emotions and Identity in Self-Help Movements." In Social Movements and the Transformation of American Health Care, edited by Jane Banaszak-Holl, Sandra Levitsky and Mayer N. Zald, 266–283. New York: Oxford University Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388299.003.0016
Triger, Zvi. 2012 "Freedom from Religion in Israel: Civil Marriages and Cohabitation of Jews Enter the Rabbinical Courts." Israel Studies Review 27(2): 1–17.
Urquhart, Stephanie. 2005 "Onward Pagan soldiers: Paganism in the U.S. Military." In Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Michael F. Strmiska, 299–347. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Warshwski, Sharon. 2006 "Avirat Hakishuf Bamishpat Haplili Beisrael: (Seif 417 Lechok Haonshin) [The Witchcraft Offence in the Israeli Criminal Law (Section 417 of the Penal Code)]." M.A. Thesis, Tel Aviv University.
Wilson, Ann M. 2005 "Opening the Broom Closet: A Pagan perspective on Parenting and Religious Discrimination." PhD diss., Chicago School of Professional Psychology.
Zaidman, Nurit. 2007 "New Age Products in Local and Global Contexts: A Comparison Between Israel and New Zealand." Culture and Religion 8(3): 255–270.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14755610701650230
Adler, Margot. 2006 [1979] Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess Worshipers, and Other Pagans in America Today. New York: The Viking Press.
Aran, Gideon. 2013 "On Religiosity and Super-Religiosity (II): The Case of Jewish Ultra-Orthodoxy." Numen 60(4): 371–419.http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341274
Armstrong, Elizabeth A. and Mary Bernstein. 2008 "Culture, Power, and Institutions: A Multi-Institutional Politics Approach to Social Movements." Sociological Theory 26: 74–99.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2008.00319.x
Barner-Barry, Carol. 2005 Contemporary Paganism: Minority Religions in a Majoritarian America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403973382
Bashir, Bashir and Will Kymlicka. 2008 "Introduction: Struggles for Inclusion and Reconciliation in Modern Democracies." In The Politics of Reconciliation in Multicultural Societies, edited by Bashir Bashir and Will Kymlicka, 1–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
BBC. 2009 "Pagan police get solstice leave" (16 July). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8154812.stm. Accessed 17 August 2012.
Beaman, Lori G. 2006 "Wicked Witches of the West: Exploring Court Treatments of Wicca as a Religion." In Between the Worlds: Readings in Contemporary Neopaganism, edited by Sian Reid, 161–185. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.
Ben-Porat, Guy and Bryan S. Turner. 2011 "Introduction." In The Contradictions of Israeli Citizenship: Land, Religion and the State, edited by Guy Ben-Porat and Bryan S. Turner, 1–22. London: Routledge.
Berger, Helen A. 2012 "Contemporary Paganism: Fifteen Years Later." Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 3(1): 3–16.
Bernstein, Mary. 1997 "Celebration and Suppresion: the Stratigic Uses of Identity by Lesbian and Gay Movement." American Journal of Sociology 103: 531–565.http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/231250
Bernstein, Mary and Verta Taylor. 2013 "Identity Politics." In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social & Political Movements, edited by David A. Snoe et al., 580–584. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm104
Brook, Eyal. 2006 "Mistica, Magia Vemishpat: Al Avirat Hakishuf Bamishpat Haisraeli [Mysticism, Magic and the Law: The Offence of Witchcraft in the Israeli Law]." M.A. Thesis, Tel Aviv University. Calhoun, Craig. 1994 "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity." In Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, edited by Craig Calhoun, 9–36. Oxford: Blackwell.
Clifton, Chas S. 2006 Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America. Lanham: AltaMira. Couniham, Patrick. 2012 "Irish government to give full legal status to Pagan weddings" (1 May). http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Irish-government-to-give-full-legal-status-to-Pagan-weddings-149628925.html. Accessed 6 August 2102.
Davy, Barbara Jane. 2007 Introduction to Pagan Studies. Lanham: AltaMira Press.
Feraro, Shai. 2014 Forthcoming. "'And Not a Word about the Goddess': On the Politics of Shaping and Displaying a Pagan Identity by Israeli Pagan Women in Israeli Women's Spirituality Festivals." Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review.
Feraro, Shai. Forthcoming. "Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Shaping of a Community-Building Discourse among Israeli Pagans, 1998–2012." Israel Studies Review.
Gagnon, Mireille. 2008 "Old Structures, New Faces: The Presence of Wicca and Neopaganism in Canadian Prison Chaplaincies." In Religion and Diversity in Canada, edited by Lori G. Beaman and Peter Beyer, 149–174. Leiden: Brill.http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004170155.i-228.45
Gierek, Bozena. 2011 "'Celtic Spirituality' in Contemporary Ireland." In Ireland's New Religious Movements, 300–317. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
Harvey, Graham. 2007 Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism. London: Hurst & Company.
Hjelm, Titus. 2005. "Tradition as Legitimation in New Religious Movements." In Historicizing 'Tradition' in the Study of Religion, edited by Steven Engler and Gregory P. Grieve, 109–123. New York: Walter de Gruyter.http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110901405.109
Hjelm, Titus. 2006 "Between Satan and Harry Potter: Legitimating Wicca in Finland." Journal of Contemporary Religion 21(1): 33–48.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537900500381732
Hjelm, Titus. 2007 "United in Diversity, Divided from Within: The Dynamics of Legitimation in Contemporary Witchcraft." In Polemical Encounters: Esoteric Discourse and Its Others, edited by Olav Hammer and Kocku von Stuckrad, 291–309. Boston, MA: Brill.http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162570.i-326.79
Hume, Lynne. 1995. "Witchcraft and the Law in Australia." Journal of Church and State 37(1): 135–150.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcs/37.1.135
Hutton, Ronald. 1999 Triumph of the Moon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207443.001.0001
Hutton, Ronald. 2009 Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain. New Haven, CT: Yale University press.
Hutton, Ronald. 2011 "Revisionism and Counter-Revisionism in Pagan History." The Pomegranate 13(2): 225–256. Hutton, Ronald. 2013 "An Interview with Prof. Ronald Hutton [In Hebrew]." PFI Israel Magazine 1(2): 9–11.
Kessem, Rena. 2006 Derech Hakesem [The Path of Magic]. Hod Hasharon: Astrolog.
Korvet, Rinat. 2008 "Cyber-Paganism: Internet Usage Patterns among Israeli Neo-Pagan Believers." M.A. Thesis, Bar-Ilan University.
La Fontaine, J.S. 1998 Speak of the Devil: Tales of Satanic Abuse in Contemporary England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621758
Lewis, James R. 2007 "The Pagan Explosion: An Overview of Select Census and Survey Data." In The New Generation Witches: Teenage Witchcraft in Contemporary Culture, edited by Hannah E. Johnston and Peg Aloi, 13–24. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Lewis, James R. 2012 "The Pagan Explosion Revisited: A Statistical Postmortem on the Teen Witch Fad." The Pomegranate 14(1): 128–139.
Mizrahi, Orly Salinas. 2010 "Wicca: A Study in the Process of Identity Formation and Belief Alteration within the Context of Religion." M.A. Thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Murray, Margaret Alice. 1921 The Witch Cult in Western Europe: A Study in Anthropology. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Murray, Margaret Alice. 1931 [1970]. The God of the Witches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Parekh, Bhikhu. 2008 A New Politics of Identity: Political Principles for an Interdependent World. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Petre, Jonathan. 2012 "And After Double Maths it Will Be... Paganism: Schools Told to Put Witchcraft and Druids on RE Syllabus." (14 April). http://www.dailymail.co. uk/news/article-2129821/And-double-maths--paganism-Schools-told-witchcraft-druids-RE-syllabus.html. Accessed 9 July 2012.
Pike, Sarah M. 2001 Earthly Bodies, Magical Selves: Contemporary Pagans and the Search for Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rouhana, Nadim N. 2008 "Reconciling History and Equal Citizenship in Israel: Democracy and the Politics of Historical Deniel." In The Politics of Reconciliation in Multicultural Societies, eds. Bashir Bashir and Will Kymlicka, 70–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rountree, Kathryn. 2004 Embracing the Witch and the Goddess: Feminist Ritual-Makers in New Zealand. London: Routledge.
Ruah-Midbar, Marianna. 2012 "Current Jewish Spiritualities in Israel: A New Age." Modern Judaism—A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience 32(1): 102–124.
Ruah-Midbar, Marianna, and Adam Klin Oron. 2010 "Jew Age: Jewish Praxis in Israeli New Age Discourse." Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies 5: 33–63.
Salinas Mizrahi, Orly. 2010 "Wicca: A Study in the Process of Identity Formation and Belief Alteration within the Context of Religion." M.A. Thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Salomonsen, Jone. 2012 Enchanted Feminism: The Reclaiming Witches of San Francisco. Routledge: London.
Sand, Shlomo. 2012 The Invention of the Land of Israel: From Holy Land to Homeland. London: Verso.
Sasson-Levy, Orna. 2013 "A Different Kind of Whiteness: Marking and Unmarking of Social Boundaries in the Construction of Hegemonic Ethnicity." Sociological Forum 28(1): 27–50.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/socf.12001
Smooha, Sammy. 2002 "The Model of Ethnic Democracy," Working Paper 13 (European Center for Minority Issues). http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/working_paper_13.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2013.
Stadler, Nurit, Edna Lomsky-Feder and Eyal Ben-Ari. 2008 "Fundamentalism's Encounters with Citizenship: The Haredim in Israel." Citizenship Studies 12(3): 215–231.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621020802015388
Strmiska, Michael F, and Baldur A. Sigurvinsson. 2005 "Asatru: Nordic Paganism in Iceland and America." In Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Michael F. Strmiska, 127–180. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Taira, Teemu. 2010 "Religion as a Discursive Technique: The Politics of Classifying Wicca." Journal of Contemporary Religion 25(3): 379–394.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2010.516546
Taylor, Charles. 1994 "The Politics of Recognotion." In Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, edited by Amy Gutmann, 25–73. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Taylor, Verta, and Lisa Leitz. 2010 "From Infanticide to Activism: Emotions and Identity in Self-Help Movements." In Social Movements and the Transformation of American Health Care, edited by Jane Banaszak-Holl, Sandra Levitsky and Mayer N. Zald, 266–283. New York: Oxford University Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388299.003.0016
Triger, Zvi. 2012 "Freedom from Religion in Israel: Civil Marriages and Cohabitation of Jews Enter the Rabbinical Courts." Israel Studies Review 27(2): 1–17.
Urquhart, Stephanie. 2005 "Onward Pagan soldiers: Paganism in the U.S. Military." In Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Michael F. Strmiska, 299–347. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Warshwski, Sharon. 2006 "Avirat Hakishuf Bamishpat Haplili Beisrael: (Seif 417 Lechok Haonshin) [The Witchcraft Offence in the Israeli Criminal Law (Section 417 of the Penal Code)]." M.A. Thesis, Tel Aviv University.
Wilson, Ann M. 2005 "Opening the Broom Closet: A Pagan perspective on Parenting and Religious Discrimination." PhD diss., Chicago School of Professional Psychology.
Zaidman, Nurit. 2007 "New Age Products in Local and Global Contexts: A Comparison Between Israel and New Zealand." Culture and Religion 8(3): 255–270.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14755610701650230
Published
2014-06-03
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Feraro, S. (2014). Modern Paganism in the Holy Land: Maintaining a Community- Building Discourse among Israeli Pagans, 2011–2013. International Journal for the Study of New Religions, 5(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v5i1.3
