Spiritual Entrepreneurship in the High North
The Case of Polmakmoen Guesthouse and the Pilgrimage “the Seven Coffee Stops”
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v5i2.26231Keywords:
spiritual entrepreneurship, tourism, New Age, indigenous spiritualityAbstract
In order to frame the relationship between tourism and New Age spirituality, I identify actors in the tourism sector who draw inspiration from New Age as spiritual entrepreneurs. A spiritual entrepreneur is a tourist entrepreneur promoting a New Age philosophy and spiritual values such as ‘self-development’, ‘holism’ and ‘deep-values’, and who present a vision of crossovers between religion, local development and tourism, combining local traditions with global trends. The article is an analysis of two chosen spiritual entrepreneurships, namely Polmakmoen Guesthouse and the pilgrimage ‘The Seven Coffee Stops’ in Tana municipality in Finnmark, northern Norway. The article’s aim is to examine how values central within New Age here emerge as key terms in the production of unique experiences.
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Mulcock, Jane. 2001. “Creativity and Politics in the Cultural Supermarket.” Continuum 15(2): 169–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713657800
Norman, Alex. 2012. “The Varieties of the Spiritual Tourist Experience.” Literature & Aesthetics 22(1): 20–37.
Olsen, Kjell Ole Kjærland. 2006. “Making Differences in a Changing World: The Norwegian Sami in the Tourist Industry, The Touristic Construction of the “Emblematic” Sámi.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 6(1): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15022250600560570
Prins, Harald. 1997. “The Paradox of Primitivism: Native Rights and the Problem of Imagery in Cultural Survival Films.” Visual Anthropology 9(3–4): 243–266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08949468.1997.9966705
2002. “Visual Media and the Primitivist Perplex: Colonial Fantasies, Indigenous Imagination and Advocacy in North America.” In Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain, edited by G. Ginsburg, F. D. Abdulughod and B. Larkin, 58–74. Ewing: University of California Press.
Reader, Ian. 2007. “Pilgrimage Growth in the Modern World: Meanings and Implications.” Religion 37: 210–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.009
Roundtree, Kathryn. 2002. “Goddess Pilgrims as Tourists: Inscribing the Body through Sacred Travel.” Sociology of Religion 63(4): 475–496. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3712303
Selberg, Torunn. 2011. “Pilegrimsveien som kulturarv.” Din tidsskrift for religion og kultur 1–2: 120–131.
2015 (forthcoming). “Shamanism—a Spiritual Heritage? The significance of the past in shamanic discourses.” In Nordic Neoshamanisms, edited by Trude Fonneland, Siv Ellen Kraft and James Lewis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sherwood, Keith. 2009. Chakra Therapy for Personal Growth and Healing. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Publications.
White, Ruth. 2000. Using your Chakras: A New Approach to Healing your Life. York Beach: Samuel Weise.
Attix S. A. 2002. “New Age Oriented Special Interest Travel: An Exploratory Study.” Tourism Recreation Research 27(2): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2002.11081220
Beyer, Peter. 1998. “Globalization and the Religion of Nature.” In Nature Religion Today. Paganism in the Modern World, edited by J. Pearson and G. Samuel, 11–21. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Birch, Maxine. 1996. “The Goddess/God Within: The Construction of Self-Identity through Alternative Health Practices.” In Postmodernity, Sociology, and Religion, edited by Kieran Flanagan and Peter C. Jupp, 83–100. London: Macmillan.
Christensen, Cato and Siv Ellen Kraft. 2010. “Religion i Kautokeino-opprøret. En analyse av samisk urfolksspiritualitet.” Nytt norsk tidsskrift 1: 19–27.
Coats, Curtis. 2011. “Spiritual Tourism–Promise and Problems: The Case of Sedona Arizona.” In Media, Spiritualties and Social Change, edited by Edward M. Hoover and Monica Emerich, 117–126. New York: Continuum.
Cogswell, David. 1996. “Niche for the New Age.” Travel Agent 21, October 1996.
Finmark Dagblad 23.07.2010
Fonneland, Trude. 2011. “Sami Tour: urfolksspiritualitet i ei samisk turistnæring.” Chaos. Dansk-norsk tidsskrift for religionhistoriske studier 55: 153–172.
2012a. “‘De syv kaffekok’—spirituelt entreprenørskap i eit samisk landskap.” Tidsskrift for kulturforskning 11(2): 27–44.
2012b. “Spiritual Entrepreneurship in a Northern Landscape: Spirituality, Tourism and Politics.” Temenos 48(2): 155–178.
2013. “Isogaisa: Samisk sjamanisme i festivaldrakt.” Aura. Tidsskrift for nyreligiøse studier 5: 102–131.
Fonneland, Trude and Siv Ellen Kraft. 2013. “Sami Shamanism and Indigenous Spirituality.” In New Age Spirituality: Rethinking Religion, edited by Ingvild Sælid Gilhus and S. Sutcliff, 132–145. Durham: Acumen Publishing.
Graburn, Nelson H. H. 1989. “Tourism the Sacred Journey” In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene L. Smith, 21–36. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812208016.19
Gilhus, Ingvild Sælid and Siv Ellen Kraft. 2007 “Innledning.” In Religiøse reiser: Mellom gamle spor og nye mål, edited by Ingvild Sælid Gilhus and Siv Ellen Kraft, 11–21. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Gilmore, James H. and Joseph B. Pine. 1999. The Experience Economy. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
2007. Authenticity: What Consumers Really Want. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Hess, David J. 1993. Science in the New Age: The Paranormal, Its Defenders and Debunkers, and American Culture. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
ILO Convention 169. http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/kmd/tema/samepolitikk/midtspalte/ilokonvensjon-nr-169-om-urbefolkninger-o.html?id=451312
Ivakhiv, Adrian. 2003. “Nature and Self in New Age Pilgrimage.” Culture and Religion 4(1): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01438300302812
Kalland, Arne. 2003. “Environmentalism and Images of the Other.” In Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures, edited by H. Selin, 1–17. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0149-5_1
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. 1998. Destination Culture. Tourism, Museums, and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kraft, Siv Ellen. 2007. “En senmoderne pilegrimsreise. Prinsesse Märtha Louise og Ari Behns fra hjerte til hjerte.” In Religiøse reiser. Mellom gamle spor og nye mål, edited by Ingvild Sælid Gilhus and Siv Ellen Kraft, 39–50. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
2008. “Place-Making through Mega-Events.” In Mobility and Place: Enacting Northern European Peripheries, edited by Jørgen Ole Bærenholdt and Brynhild Granås, 219–231. Aldershot: Ashgate.
2009. ‘Sami Indigenous Spirituality. Religion and Nation Building in Norwegian Sápmi’. Temenos. Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 45 (2), (179–206).
2011. Hva er nyreligiøsitet? Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Löfgren, Orvar and Robert Willim. 2006. “Introduction: The Mandrake Mode.” In Magic, Culture and the New Economy, edited by Orvar Löfgren and Robert Willim, 1–18. New York: Berg.
MacCannell, Dean. 1976. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schoken Books.
Mathisen, Stein Roar. 2015 (forthcoming). “Contextualizing Exhibited Versions of Sámi Noaidevuohta.” In Nordic Neoshamanisms, edited by Trude Fonneland, Siv Ellen Kraft and James Lewis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mossberg, Lena. 2007. “At skabe oplevelser ved hjælp af storytelling.” In Oplevelses Økonomi: Produktion, forbrug, kultur, edited by Jørgen Ole Bærenholdt and Jon Sundbo, 321–340. Fredriksberg: Forlaget Samfundslitteratur.
Mulcock, Jane. 2001. “Creativity and Politics in the Cultural Supermarket.” Continuum 15(2): 169–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713657800
Norman, Alex. 2012. “The Varieties of the Spiritual Tourist Experience.” Literature & Aesthetics 22(1): 20–37.
Olsen, Kjell Ole Kjærland. 2006. “Making Differences in a Changing World: The Norwegian Sami in the Tourist Industry, The Touristic Construction of the “Emblematic” Sámi.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 6(1): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15022250600560570
Prins, Harald. 1997. “The Paradox of Primitivism: Native Rights and the Problem of Imagery in Cultural Survival Films.” Visual Anthropology 9(3–4): 243–266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08949468.1997.9966705
2002. “Visual Media and the Primitivist Perplex: Colonial Fantasies, Indigenous Imagination and Advocacy in North America.” In Media Worlds: Anthropology on New Terrain, edited by G. Ginsburg, F. D. Abdulughod and B. Larkin, 58–74. Ewing: University of California Press.
Reader, Ian. 2007. “Pilgrimage Growth in the Modern World: Meanings and Implications.” Religion 37: 210–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.009
Roundtree, Kathryn. 2002. “Goddess Pilgrims as Tourists: Inscribing the Body through Sacred Travel.” Sociology of Religion 63(4): 475–496. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3712303
Selberg, Torunn. 2011. “Pilegrimsveien som kulturarv.” Din tidsskrift for religion og kultur 1–2: 120–131.
2015 (forthcoming). “Shamanism—a Spiritual Heritage? The significance of the past in shamanic discourses.” In Nordic Neoshamanisms, edited by Trude Fonneland, Siv Ellen Kraft and James Lewis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sherwood, Keith. 2009. Chakra Therapy for Personal Growth and Healing. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Publications.
White, Ruth. 2000. Using your Chakras: A New Approach to Healing your Life. York Beach: Samuel Weise.
Published
2015-03-10
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Fonneland, T. (2015). Spiritual Entrepreneurship in the High North: The Case of Polmakmoen Guesthouse and the Pilgrimage “the Seven Coffee Stops”. International Journal for the Study of New Religions, 5(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v5i2.26231
