Reading History with the Essenes of Elmira
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.37617Keywords:
Neo-Essene, Essenes, Dead Sea Scrolls, New Age, Odes of Solomon, Reception HistoryAbstract
This article studies a modern Essene movement based in the United States for its unusual merging of New Age practice with Christian fundamentalism with ancient history. By harkening back to the mystical religions of the ancient Mediterranean, these modern Essenes are able to engage in syncretistic practices while claiming to preserve the traditions of the ancient Essenes.
References
Baigent, Michael and Richard Leigh. 1991. The Dead Sea Scroll Deception. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Baigent, Michael, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln. 1982. The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail. London: Jonathan Cape.
Bergunder, Michael. 2008. “Was ist Esoterik? Religionswissenschaftliche Überlegungen zum Gegenstand der Esoterikfoschung.” In Aufklärung und Esoterik: Rezeption, Integration, Konfrontation, edited by Monika Neugebauer-Wölk, 477–507. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Betz, Otto. 1999. “The Essenes.” In The Cambridge History of Judaism, Volume 3, edited by William Horbury, William D. Davies and John Sturdy, 444–470. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243773.016
Blavatsky, Helena P. 2006 [1877]. Isis Unveiled: A Master-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology. 2 volumes. Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press.
Boccaccini, Gabriele. 1998. Beyond the Essene Hypothesis: The Parting of the Ways between Qumran and Enochic Judaism. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
“Brotherhood of the Essenes.” 2018. www.essenes.org
Brown, Dan. 2003. The Da Vinci Code. New York: Doubleday.
Burrows, Millar. 1948. “The Content and Signi?cance of the Manuscripts.” The Biblical Archaeologist 11(3): 57–61. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209230
Campbell, Colin. 1972. “The Cult, the Cultic Milieu and Secularization.” A Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain 5: 119–36.
Charlesworth, James. 1975. “The Odes of Solomon.” In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, edited by James H. Charlesworth, 1:725–772. 2 volumes. Peabody: Hendrickson.
Collins, John Joseph. 1998. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. Second edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Collins, Matthew A. 2011. “Examining the Reception and Impact of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Some Possibilities for Future Investigation.” Dead Sea Discoveries 18: 226–246. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851711X582541
Day, Brother. n.d. The Book of Doctrines of the Essene Church of Christ. Elmira, OR.
----- n.d. Introduction to the Essene Church of Christ and the Order of the Blue Rose. Elmira, OR.
“Yahshua as Guru.” 2016. http://www.essene.org/Yahowshua_as_Guru.htm
Droge, Arthur J. 1989. Homer or Moses? Early Christian Interpretations of the History of Culture. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr.
Edmonds, Ennis B. 1998. “Dread ‘I’ in-a-Babylon.” In Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader, edited by Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, William David Spencer and Adrian Anthony McFarlane, 23–36. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Eisenman, Robert. 1996. The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians. Rockport, MA: Element.
Owen, David. 2012. “EisenmanTalks. Professor Robert Eisenman’s Interview with the Eugene, Oregon Essenes.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwFErcbiUlc
Elukin, Jonathan M. 1998. “A New Essenism: Heinrich Graetz and Mysticism.” Journal of the History of Ideas 59(1): 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.1998.0002
Essene Church of Christ. n.d. Holy Megillah: The Nasarean Bible of the Essene Way. Elmira, OR.
----- n.d. The Forty-Nine Petals of the Blue Rose: The Primary Study Course of the Order of the Blue Rose with an Introduction to the Mystery School Known as Essene Mountain of Peace. Elmira, OR.
“The Essene Church of Christ Website.” n.d. http://www.essene.org
“The Essene Church of Christ Website – Doctrines.” n.d. http://www.essene.org/Essene_Doctrine.htm
Eusebius. 1926. Ecclesiastical History. Translated by Kirsopp Lake. 2 volumes. Loeb Classical Library 153, 265. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fields, Weston. 2009. The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Full History. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004193741
Furst, Jeffrey, ed. 1976 [1968]. Edgar Cayce’s Story of Jesus. New York: Berkley.
Gallagher, Eugene V. 2014. Reading and Writing Scripture in New Religious Movements. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137434838
Goranson, Stephen. 1984. “Essenes: Etymology from ‘sh.’” Revue de Qumran 11: 483–498.
Green?eld, Jonas C. and Michael E. Stone. 1977. “The Enochic Pentateuch and the Date of the Similitudes.” Harvard Theological Review 70(1/2): 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000017624
Grif?th-Jones, Robin. 2010. “From John’s Gospel to Dan Brown: The Magdalene Code.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Reception-history of the Bible, edited by Michael Lieb, Emma Mason, Jonathan Roberts and Christopher Rowland, 369–381. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grossman, Maxine L. and Catherine M. Murphy. 2005. “Introduction: The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Popular Imagination.” Dead Sea Discoveries 12: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568517053272350
Hammer, Olav and Jan A. M. Snoek. 2006. “Essenes, Esoteric Legends about.” In Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, edited by Wouter J. Hanegraaff, in collaboration with Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek and Jean-Pierre Brach, 340–343. Leiden: Brill.
Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 1998. New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.
----- 2006a. “Esotericism.” In Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, edited by Wouter J. Hanegraaff, in collaboration with Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek and Jean-Pierre Brach, 336–340. Leiden: Brill.
----- 2006b. “Tradition.” In Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, edited by Wouter J. Hanegraaff, in collaboration with Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek and Jean-Pierre Brach, 1125–1135. Leiden: Brill.
Hillaby, John. 1956a. “Christian Bases Seen in Scrolls.” New York Times. 5 February. http://www.nytimes.com/1956/02/05/archives/christian-bases-seen-in-scrolls-antecedents-for-some-rites-and.html
----- 1956b. “Scrolls Termed Vital to Church.” New York Times. 19 February. http://www.nytimes.com/1956/02/19/archives/scrolls-termed-vital-to-church-christianity-did-not-derive-from.html
Iamblichus. 1989. Iamblichus: On the Pythagorean Life. Translated by Gillian Clark. Translated Texts for Historians. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
“Jahlah.” n.d. http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Jah’lah
Joseph, Simon J. 2012. “Jesus in India? Transgressing Social and Religious Boundaries.” Journal of the Academic Study of Religion 80(1): 161–199. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfr094
Josephus. 1926. The Life. Against Apion. Edited and translated by Henry S. J. Thackeray. Loeb Classical Library 186. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
----- 1927. Jewish War. Edited and translated by Henry S. J. Thackeray. 3 volumes. Loeb Classical Library 203, 487, 210. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
----- 1943. Jewish Antiquities: Volume VIII: Books 18–19. Edited and translated by Ralph Marcus. Loeb Classical Library 365. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
----- 1965. Jewish Antiquities: Volume V: Books 12–13. Edited and translated by Louis H. Feldman. Loeb Classical Library 433. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kotr?, Ronald F. 1981. “The Dodecahedron in Plato’s Timaeus.” Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, Neue Folge 124: 212–222.
Kranenburg, Reender. 1988. “The Presentation of Essenes in Western Esotericism.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 13(2): 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537909808580833
Kvanvig, Helge S. 2007. “The Son of Man and the Parables of Enoch.” In Enoch and the Messiah Son of Man, edited by Gabriele Boccaccini, 179–215. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Melton, J. Gordon. 1996. Encyclopedia of American Religions. Fifth edition. Detroit: Gale Research.
Metso, Sarianna. 1997. The Textual Development of the Qumran Community Rule. Leiden: Brill.
Meurios-Givaudan, Anne. 1988. De mémoire d’essénien, l’autre visage de Jésus. Plazac-Rouf?gnac: Arista.
Meurios-Givaudan, Anne and Daniel Meurios-Givaudan. 1993 [1988]. The Way of the Essenes: Christ’s Hidden Life Remembered. Rochester, VT: Destiny.
Milik, Józef Tadeusz. 1976. The Books of Enoch. Oxford: Clarendon.
“The Nazarene Essene Order of Mount Carmel.” n.d. http://nazareanessene.co.uk/
Nickelsburg, George W. E. and James C. VanderKam. 2012. 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt22nm5vn
Philo. 1941. Volume IX. Every Good Man Is Free, On the Contemplative Life or Suppliants, On the Eternity of the World, Flaccus, Hypothetica, On Providence. Edited and translated by F. H. Colson. Loeb Classical Library 363. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Plato. 1929. Timaeus, Critias, Cleitophon, Menexenus, Epistles. Edited and translated by Robert G. Bury. Loeb Classical Library 234. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pliny. 1938. Natural History, Volume II: Books 3–7. Edited and translated by Harris Rackham. Loeb Classical Library 352. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Roberts, Jonathan. 2011. “Introduction.” In The Oxford Handbook to the Reception History of the Bible, edited by Michael Lieb, Emma Mason and Jonathan Roberts, 1–10. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schiffman, Lawrence H. 1994. Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their True Meaning for Judaism and Christianity. Philadelphia, PA: Doubleday.
----- 2005. “Inverting Reality: The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Popular Media.” Dead Sea Discoveries 12(1): 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568517053272314
Schmidt, Carl, ed. 1978. Pistis Sophia. Edited by Carl Schmidt. Translation and Notes by Violet MacDermot. Nag Hammadi Studies 9. Leiden: Brill.
Schultz, Richard A. 2007. “The Essene Lineage in California: Carmelites and Rosicrucians at Carmel in 1602.” Rosicrucian Digest 2: 12–21.
Stegemann, Hartmut. 1998. The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus. Leiden: Brill.
Stone, Michael E. 2006. “The Books Attributed to Noah.” Dead Sea Discoveries 13(1): 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851706776206021
Stuckrad, Kocku von. 2010. Locations of Knowledge in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Esoteric Discourse and Western Identities. Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History 186. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004184220.i-240
Supreme Master Television. 2011. Essene Church of Christ Documentary. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WI2f3RXCoIM
Szekely, Edmund Bordeaux. 1977. The Discovery of the Essene Gospel of Peace. San Diego: Academy.
----- 1994 [1974]. The Gospel of the Essenes: The Unknown Book of the Essenes, Lost Scrolls of the Essene Brotherhood. Essex: C. W. Daniel.
Teicher, Jacob L. 1951. “The Dead Sea Scrolls-Documents of the Jewish-Christian Sect of Ebionites.” Journal of Jewish Studies 2: 67–99. https://doi.org/10.18647/54/JJS-1951
Thiering, Barbara. 1992. Jesus and the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls. San Francisco: Harper Collins.
VanderKam, James C. 1996. “1 Enoch, Enoch Motifs, and Enoch in Early Christian Literature.” In The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity. Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum. Section 3. Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature, edited by James C. VanderKam and William Adler. Assen: Van Gorcum, 33–99. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
Vermes, Geza. 1977. The Dead Sea Scrolls in Perspective. London: Penguin.
----- 2011. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. London: Penguin.
Vermes, Geza and Martin D. Goodman, eds. 1989. The Essenes according to the Classical Sources. Shef?eld: JSOT.
Wagner, Siegfried. 1960. Die Essener in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion vom Ausgang des 18. bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für alttestamentische Wissenschaft 79. Berlin: Töpelmann.
Ward, Hiley H. 1972. The Far-Out Saints of the Jesus Communes. New York: Association.
Wilson, Edmund. 1995. The Scrolls from the Dead Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, Stuart and Joanna Prentis. 2005. The Essenes, Children of Light: A Voyage of Past Life Regression that Unravels the Mysterious Essene. Huntsville, AR: Ozark Mountain.
Baigent, Michael, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln. 1982. The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail. London: Jonathan Cape.
Bergunder, Michael. 2008. “Was ist Esoterik? Religionswissenschaftliche Überlegungen zum Gegenstand der Esoterikfoschung.” In Aufklärung und Esoterik: Rezeption, Integration, Konfrontation, edited by Monika Neugebauer-Wölk, 477–507. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Betz, Otto. 1999. “The Essenes.” In The Cambridge History of Judaism, Volume 3, edited by William Horbury, William D. Davies and John Sturdy, 444–470. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243773.016
Blavatsky, Helena P. 2006 [1877]. Isis Unveiled: A Master-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology. 2 volumes. Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press.
Boccaccini, Gabriele. 1998. Beyond the Essene Hypothesis: The Parting of the Ways between Qumran and Enochic Judaism. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
“Brotherhood of the Essenes.” 2018. www.essenes.org
Brown, Dan. 2003. The Da Vinci Code. New York: Doubleday.
Burrows, Millar. 1948. “The Content and Signi?cance of the Manuscripts.” The Biblical Archaeologist 11(3): 57–61. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209230
Campbell, Colin. 1972. “The Cult, the Cultic Milieu and Secularization.” A Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain 5: 119–36.
Charlesworth, James. 1975. “The Odes of Solomon.” In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, edited by James H. Charlesworth, 1:725–772. 2 volumes. Peabody: Hendrickson.
Collins, John Joseph. 1998. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. Second edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Collins, Matthew A. 2011. “Examining the Reception and Impact of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Some Possibilities for Future Investigation.” Dead Sea Discoveries 18: 226–246. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851711X582541
Day, Brother. n.d. The Book of Doctrines of the Essene Church of Christ. Elmira, OR.
----- n.d. Introduction to the Essene Church of Christ and the Order of the Blue Rose. Elmira, OR.
“Yahshua as Guru.” 2016. http://www.essene.org/Yahowshua_as_Guru.htm
Droge, Arthur J. 1989. Homer or Moses? Early Christian Interpretations of the History of Culture. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr.
Edmonds, Ennis B. 1998. “Dread ‘I’ in-a-Babylon.” In Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader, edited by Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, William David Spencer and Adrian Anthony McFarlane, 23–36. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Eisenman, Robert. 1996. The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians. Rockport, MA: Element.
Owen, David. 2012. “EisenmanTalks. Professor Robert Eisenman’s Interview with the Eugene, Oregon Essenes.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwFErcbiUlc
Elukin, Jonathan M. 1998. “A New Essenism: Heinrich Graetz and Mysticism.” Journal of the History of Ideas 59(1): 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.1998.0002
Essene Church of Christ. n.d. Holy Megillah: The Nasarean Bible of the Essene Way. Elmira, OR.
----- n.d. The Forty-Nine Petals of the Blue Rose: The Primary Study Course of the Order of the Blue Rose with an Introduction to the Mystery School Known as Essene Mountain of Peace. Elmira, OR.
“The Essene Church of Christ Website.” n.d. http://www.essene.org
“The Essene Church of Christ Website – Doctrines.” n.d. http://www.essene.org/Essene_Doctrine.htm
Eusebius. 1926. Ecclesiastical History. Translated by Kirsopp Lake. 2 volumes. Loeb Classical Library 153, 265. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fields, Weston. 2009. The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Full History. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004193741
Furst, Jeffrey, ed. 1976 [1968]. Edgar Cayce’s Story of Jesus. New York: Berkley.
Gallagher, Eugene V. 2014. Reading and Writing Scripture in New Religious Movements. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137434838
Goranson, Stephen. 1984. “Essenes: Etymology from ‘sh.’” Revue de Qumran 11: 483–498.
Green?eld, Jonas C. and Michael E. Stone. 1977. “The Enochic Pentateuch and the Date of the Similitudes.” Harvard Theological Review 70(1/2): 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816000017624
Grif?th-Jones, Robin. 2010. “From John’s Gospel to Dan Brown: The Magdalene Code.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Reception-history of the Bible, edited by Michael Lieb, Emma Mason, Jonathan Roberts and Christopher Rowland, 369–381. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grossman, Maxine L. and Catherine M. Murphy. 2005. “Introduction: The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Popular Imagination.” Dead Sea Discoveries 12: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568517053272350
Hammer, Olav and Jan A. M. Snoek. 2006. “Essenes, Esoteric Legends about.” In Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, edited by Wouter J. Hanegraaff, in collaboration with Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek and Jean-Pierre Brach, 340–343. Leiden: Brill.
Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 1998. New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.
----- 2006a. “Esotericism.” In Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, edited by Wouter J. Hanegraaff, in collaboration with Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek and Jean-Pierre Brach, 336–340. Leiden: Brill.
----- 2006b. “Tradition.” In Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, edited by Wouter J. Hanegraaff, in collaboration with Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek and Jean-Pierre Brach, 1125–1135. Leiden: Brill.
Hillaby, John. 1956a. “Christian Bases Seen in Scrolls.” New York Times. 5 February. http://www.nytimes.com/1956/02/05/archives/christian-bases-seen-in-scrolls-antecedents-for-some-rites-and.html
----- 1956b. “Scrolls Termed Vital to Church.” New York Times. 19 February. http://www.nytimes.com/1956/02/19/archives/scrolls-termed-vital-to-church-christianity-did-not-derive-from.html
Iamblichus. 1989. Iamblichus: On the Pythagorean Life. Translated by Gillian Clark. Translated Texts for Historians. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
“Jahlah.” n.d. http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Jah’lah
Joseph, Simon J. 2012. “Jesus in India? Transgressing Social and Religious Boundaries.” Journal of the Academic Study of Religion 80(1): 161–199. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfr094
Josephus. 1926. The Life. Against Apion. Edited and translated by Henry S. J. Thackeray. Loeb Classical Library 186. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
----- 1927. Jewish War. Edited and translated by Henry S. J. Thackeray. 3 volumes. Loeb Classical Library 203, 487, 210. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
----- 1943. Jewish Antiquities: Volume VIII: Books 18–19. Edited and translated by Ralph Marcus. Loeb Classical Library 365. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
----- 1965. Jewish Antiquities: Volume V: Books 12–13. Edited and translated by Louis H. Feldman. Loeb Classical Library 433. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kotr?, Ronald F. 1981. “The Dodecahedron in Plato’s Timaeus.” Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, Neue Folge 124: 212–222.
Kranenburg, Reender. 1988. “The Presentation of Essenes in Western Esotericism.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 13(2): 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537909808580833
Kvanvig, Helge S. 2007. “The Son of Man and the Parables of Enoch.” In Enoch and the Messiah Son of Man, edited by Gabriele Boccaccini, 179–215. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Melton, J. Gordon. 1996. Encyclopedia of American Religions. Fifth edition. Detroit: Gale Research.
Metso, Sarianna. 1997. The Textual Development of the Qumran Community Rule. Leiden: Brill.
Meurios-Givaudan, Anne. 1988. De mémoire d’essénien, l’autre visage de Jésus. Plazac-Rouf?gnac: Arista.
Meurios-Givaudan, Anne and Daniel Meurios-Givaudan. 1993 [1988]. The Way of the Essenes: Christ’s Hidden Life Remembered. Rochester, VT: Destiny.
Milik, Józef Tadeusz. 1976. The Books of Enoch. Oxford: Clarendon.
“The Nazarene Essene Order of Mount Carmel.” n.d. http://nazareanessene.co.uk/
Nickelsburg, George W. E. and James C. VanderKam. 2012. 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt22nm5vn
Philo. 1941. Volume IX. Every Good Man Is Free, On the Contemplative Life or Suppliants, On the Eternity of the World, Flaccus, Hypothetica, On Providence. Edited and translated by F. H. Colson. Loeb Classical Library 363. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Plato. 1929. Timaeus, Critias, Cleitophon, Menexenus, Epistles. Edited and translated by Robert G. Bury. Loeb Classical Library 234. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pliny. 1938. Natural History, Volume II: Books 3–7. Edited and translated by Harris Rackham. Loeb Classical Library 352. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Roberts, Jonathan. 2011. “Introduction.” In The Oxford Handbook to the Reception History of the Bible, edited by Michael Lieb, Emma Mason and Jonathan Roberts, 1–10. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schiffman, Lawrence H. 1994. Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their True Meaning for Judaism and Christianity. Philadelphia, PA: Doubleday.
----- 2005. “Inverting Reality: The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Popular Media.” Dead Sea Discoveries 12(1): 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568517053272314
Schmidt, Carl, ed. 1978. Pistis Sophia. Edited by Carl Schmidt. Translation and Notes by Violet MacDermot. Nag Hammadi Studies 9. Leiden: Brill.
Schultz, Richard A. 2007. “The Essene Lineage in California: Carmelites and Rosicrucians at Carmel in 1602.” Rosicrucian Digest 2: 12–21.
Stegemann, Hartmut. 1998. The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus. Leiden: Brill.
Stone, Michael E. 2006. “The Books Attributed to Noah.” Dead Sea Discoveries 13(1): 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851706776206021
Stuckrad, Kocku von. 2010. Locations of Knowledge in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Esoteric Discourse and Western Identities. Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History 186. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004184220.i-240
Supreme Master Television. 2011. Essene Church of Christ Documentary. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WI2f3RXCoIM
Szekely, Edmund Bordeaux. 1977. The Discovery of the Essene Gospel of Peace. San Diego: Academy.
----- 1994 [1974]. The Gospel of the Essenes: The Unknown Book of the Essenes, Lost Scrolls of the Essene Brotherhood. Essex: C. W. Daniel.
Teicher, Jacob L. 1951. “The Dead Sea Scrolls-Documents of the Jewish-Christian Sect of Ebionites.” Journal of Jewish Studies 2: 67–99. https://doi.org/10.18647/54/JJS-1951
Thiering, Barbara. 1992. Jesus and the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls. San Francisco: Harper Collins.
VanderKam, James C. 1996. “1 Enoch, Enoch Motifs, and Enoch in Early Christian Literature.” In The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity. Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum. Section 3. Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature, edited by James C. VanderKam and William Adler. Assen: Van Gorcum, 33–99. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
Vermes, Geza. 1977. The Dead Sea Scrolls in Perspective. London: Penguin.
----- 2011. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. London: Penguin.
Vermes, Geza and Martin D. Goodman, eds. 1989. The Essenes according to the Classical Sources. Shef?eld: JSOT.
Wagner, Siegfried. 1960. Die Essener in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion vom Ausgang des 18. bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für alttestamentische Wissenschaft 79. Berlin: Töpelmann.
Ward, Hiley H. 1972. The Far-Out Saints of the Jesus Communes. New York: Association.
Wilson, Edmund. 1995. The Scrolls from the Dead Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, Stuart and Joanna Prentis. 2005. The Essenes, Children of Light: A Voyage of Past Life Regression that Unravels the Mysterious Essene. Huntsville, AR: Ozark Mountain.
Published
2018-12-07
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Kreps, A. (2018). Reading History with the Essenes of Elmira. International Journal for the Study of New Religions, 9(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.37617
