Static or mobile positions for the male asylum seeker?

Teaching ‘Danish sexual morals’ at asylum centres

Authors

  • Kristine Køhler Mortensen University of Copenhagen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.22686

Keywords:

asylum seekers, Denmark, migration, nationalism, sexuality, teaching

Abstract

This article examines how concepts of gender and sexuality are increasingly being mobilised as symbolic values in Danish immigration politics. The Danish national self-perception rests on an idea of widespread tolerance, especially regarding gender and sexuality. However, understandings of gender and sexuality as represented in Danish immigration discourse draw clear boundaries between insiders and outsiders. As of 2017, Danish asylum centres introduced compulsory teaching of so-called ‘Danish sexual morals’ as an attempt to prevent sexual violence by educating asylum seekers in sexual conduct. Based on fieldwork conducted in a language and culture class at an asylum centre, the analysis demonstrates how the teacher simultaneously reproduces and challenges concepts of differing national sexualities as they appear in the teaching material, and how the students push back against culturally specific conceptualisations of gender and sexuality by offering personal narratives countering those ascribed to them in the stereotypical representations.

Author Biography

  • Kristine Køhler Mortensen, University of Copenhagen

    Kristine Køhler Mortensen is Associate Professor at the University of Copenhagen. Her research falls within critical sociolinguistics with a primary focus on gender and sexuality. It includes projects focusing on online dating, youth and social media interaction, sexuality and the nation, sexuality education in asylum contexts and critical issues of Danish coloniality in relation to Greenland.

References

Ahlburg, Kirsten (2016) Det er min krop! Hold nallerne væk. En bog om dansk seksualmoral [It’s My Body! Keep Your Hands Off. A Book about Danish Sexual Morals]. Herning: Specialpædagogisk forlag.

Andreassen, Rikke (2005) The Mass Media’s Construction of Gender, Race, Sexuality and Nationality: An Analysis of the Danish News Media’s Communication about Visible Minorities from 1971–2004. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.

Baker, Paul and Levon, Erez (2016) ‘That’s what I call a man’: representations of racialised and classed masculinities in the UK print media. Gender and Language 10(1): 106–139. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v10i1.25401

Bamberg, Michael (1997) Positioning between structure and performance. Journal of Narrative and Life History 7(1): 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.7.42pos

Bech, Henning (1992) Report from a rotten state: ‘marriage’ and ‘homosexuality’ in ‘Denmark’. In Ken Plummer (ed) Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences 134–147. London: Routledge.

Berlingske (27 October 2015) Danske asylansøgere skal undervises om voldtægt og seksualmoral [Danish asylum seekers must be taught about rape and sexual morals]. Retrieved 29 October 2017 from https://www.berlingske.dk/politik/danske-asylansoegere-skal-undervises-om-voldtaegt-og-seksualmoral

Billig, Michael (1995) Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.

Bradby, Hannah, Frenz, Margret and Snow, Stephanie (2016) Migration and danger: ethnicity and health. Ethnicity & Health 21(4): 333–339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2016.1170414

Brotherton, Chloe (2023) ‘We have the best gays, folks’: homonationalism and Islamophobia in a critical discourse analysis of a pro-Trump social media forum. Gender and Language 17(1): 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.18550

Connell, R. W. (1995) Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Davies, Bronwyn and Harré, Rom (1990) Positioning: the discursive production of selves. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 20(1): 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1990.tb00174.x

De Fina, Anna (2013) Positioning level 3: connecting local identity displays to macro social processes. Narrative Inquiry 23(1): 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.23.1.03de

Durrani, Mariam (2018) Communicating and contesting Islamophobia. In Netta Avineri, Laura R. Graham, Eric J. Johnson, Robin Conley Riner and Jonathan Rosa (eds) Language and Social Justice in Practice 44–51. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315115702-6

Farris, Sara R. (2017) In the Name of Women’s Rights: The Rise of Femonationalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Flubacher, Mi-Cha, Duchêne, Alexandre and Coray, Renata (2017) Language Investment and Employability: The Uneven Distribution of Resources in the Public Employment System. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hall, Stuart (1997) The spectacle of the ‘other’. In Stuart Hall (ed) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices 223–290. London: Sage.

Hall, Stuart (2017 [1978]) Racism and reaction 1978. In Sally Davison, David Featherstone, Michael Rustin and Bill Schwarz (eds) Selected Political Writings: The Great Moving Right Show and Other Essays, 142–157. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822372943

Heritage, John (2012) Epistemics in action: action formation and territories of knowledge. Research on Language and Social Interaction 45(1): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2012.646684

Joppke, Christian (2017) Civic integration in Western Europe: three debates. West European Politics 40(6): 1153–1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1303252

Karrebæk, Martha S. (2020) ‘Hvad betyder wallah?’: Sociolingvistisk forandring, sprog-i-brug og arabisk i dansk [‘What Does Wallah Mean?’: Sociolinguistic change, language-in-use and Arabic in Danish]. Nydanske sprogstudier (NyS) 1(58). https://doi.org/10.7146/nys.v1i58.120485

Kiesling, Scott F. (2005) Homosocial desire in men’s talk: balancing and re-creating cultural discourses of masculinity. Language in Society 34(5): 695–726. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404505050268

Kiesling, Scott F. (2018) Masculine stances and the linguistics of affect: on masculine ease. NORMA: International Journal for Masculinity Studies 13(3–4): 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2018.1431756

Kulick, Don and Rydström, Jens (2015) Loneliness and Its Opposite: Sex, Disability, and the Ethics of Engagement. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Kulturministeriet (2016) DANMARKSKANON – 10 værdier for fremtidens samfund [DENMARK CANON – 10 values for the future society]. København: Kulturministeriet.

Lazar, Michelle M. (2017) Sociolinguistics of gender/sexual stereotyping: a transnational perspective. Gender and Language 11(4): 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.34574

McClintock, Anne (1995) Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. New York: Routledge.

Milani, Tommaso M., Bauer, Simon, Carlson, Marie, Spehar, Andrea and Brömssen, Kerstin von (2021) Citizenship as status, habitus and acts: language requirements and civic orientation in Sweden. Citizenship Studies 25(6): 756–772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2021.1968698

Milani, Tommaso M., Mortensen, Kristine Køhler and Levon, Erez (2021) At queere flersprogethed og migration [To queer multilingualism and migration]. Språk och stil 31(1): 201–229. https://doi.org/10.33063/diva-434156

Mortensen, Kristine K. and Milani, Tommaso M. (2023) The sexually abnormal male asylum-seeker: regimes of normativities in a context of free-spiritedness. In Gavin Brookes and Malgorzata Chalupnik (eds) Masculinities and Discourses of Men’s Health. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Petersoo, Pille (2007) What does ‘we’ mean? National deixis in the media. Journal of Language and Politics 6(3): 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.6.3.08pet

Plumly, Vanessa D. (2016) Refugee assemblages, cycles of violence, and body politic(s) in times of ‘celebratory fear’. Women in German Yearbook 32: 163–188. https://doi.org/10.5250/womgeryearbook.32.2016.0163

Puar, Jasbir K. (2006) Mapping US homonormativities. Gender, Place and Culture 13(1): 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690500531014

Puar, Jasbir K. (2007) Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Rampton, Ben (2017) Interactional sociolinguistics. Tilburg Papers in Cultural Studies 175. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/32303757/TPCS_175_Rampton.pdf

Sedgwick, Eve K. (1985) Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press.

Speer, Susan A. and Potter, Jonathan (2000) The management of heterosexist talk: conversational resources and prejudiced claims. Discourse & Society 11(4): 543–572. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926500011004005

Støjberg, Inger (2016) Svar til Retsudvalgets spørgsmål 200 [Response to the Judicial Committee’s question no. 200]. Folketinget [The Danish Parliament].

Wigger, Iris (2019) Anti-Muslim racism and the racialisation of sexual violence: ‘intersectional stereotyping’ in mass media representations of male Muslim migrants in Germany. Culture and Religion 20(3): 248–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610.2019.1658609

Yuval-Davis, Nira (1997) Gender & Nation. London: Sage.

Published

2024-01-12

How to Cite

Mortensen, K. K. (2024). Static or mobile positions for the male asylum seeker? Teaching ‘Danish sexual morals’ at asylum centres. Gender and Language, 17(4), 391-411. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.22686