Putting gender on the agenda in Rio de Janeiro

subtly switching gears in discussions of bicycle advocacy

Authors

  • Naomi Orton Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)
  • Liana de Andrade Biar Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.19988

Keywords:

social movements, narrative analysis, gendered performances, violence, postfeminist

Abstract

Considerable scholarly attention has been devoted to the investigation of language and gendered performances in the workplace, particularly in the Global North. However, as yet few studies have examined such dynamics in the context of contemporary social movements. Drawing on (auto)ethnographic observations and audio recordings, this article takes a critical look at the negotiation of meaning in public debates held by bicycle advocates in Rio de Janeiro. The gendered performances which arise from small stories suggest that female participants find themselves in a ‘double bind’ as they seek to raise awareness of the gendered violence they experience whilst simultaneously adhering to the discursive norms of the movement. Such performances may be understood as characteristic of a postfeminist sensibility in which everyday violence is mitigated in order to project a courageous, resilient subject undeterred by such threats.

Author Biographies

  • Naomi Orton, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

    Naomi Orton holds a PhD in Language Studies from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), where she is currently a postdoctoral fellow and member of the research group NAVIS (Narrative and Social Interaction). Her research interests include the interplay between language, gender and violence, particularly within the context of social movements.

  • Liana de Andrade Biar, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

    Liana de Andrade Biar obtained her PhD in Language Studies from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), where she is currently a professor and researcher as well as coordinator of the Postgraduate Programme in Language Studies. She further coordinates the research group NAVIS (Narrative and Social Interaction), as part of which she investigates contexts of social asymmetry drawing on narrative analysis and talk-in-interaction.

References

Bakhtin, Mikhail (1981) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Texas: University of Texas.

Bamberg, Michael (2006) Stories: big and small: why do we care? Narrative Inquiry 16(1): 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.16.1.18bam

Barrett, Rusty (1999) Indexing polyphonous identity in the speech of African American drag queens. In Mary Bucholtz, A. C. Liang and Laurel A. Sutton (eds) Reinventing Identities: The Gendered Self in Discourse 313–328. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bauman, Richard (1986) Story, Performance and Event. Contextual Studies of Oral Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620935

Baxter, Judith (2008) Is it all tough talking at the top? a post-structuralist analysis of the construction of gendered speaker identities of British business leaders within interview narratives. Gender and Language 2(2): 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v2i2.197

Biar, Liana de Andrade, Orton, Naomi and Bastos, Liliana Cabral (2021) Tales from the South: doing narrative analysis in a ‘post-truth’ Brazil. Narrative Inquiry 31(2): 126–146. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.20120.bia

Blickstein, Susan and Hanson, Susan (2001) Critical Mass: forging a politics of sustainable mobility in the information age. Transportation 28(4): 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011829701914

Blommaert, Jan and De Fina, Anna (2017) Chronotopic identities: on the timespace organization of who we are. In Anna De Fina, Didem Ikizoglu and Jeremy Wegner (eds) Diversity and Super-diversity. Sociocultural Linguistic Perspectives 1–16. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.

Blue, Elly (2013) Bikenomics: How Bicycling Can Save the Economy. Portland, OR: Microcosm Publishing.

Bodzin, Steven (2002) Politics can be fun. In Chris Carlsson (ed) Critical Mass, Bicycling’s Defiant Celebration 100–104. Oakland, CA: AK Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre (1977) The economics of linguistic exchanges. Social Science Information 16(6): 645–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847701600601

Bruzzone, Mario (2012) Putting the ‘critical’ mass in Critical Mass: patriarchy, radical feminism and radical inclusiveness. In Chris Carlsson, LisaRuth Elliott and Adriana Camarena (eds) Shift Happens! Critical Mass at 20 131–142. San Francisco: Full Enjoyment Books.

Bucholtz, Mary (1999) ‘Why be normal?’ language and identity practices in a community of nerd girls. Language and Society 28(2): 203–223. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404599002043

Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira (2004) Language and identity. In Alessandro Duranti (ed) A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology 369–394. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996522.ch16

Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira (2005) Identity and interaction: a sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407

Butler, Judith (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and Identity Subversion. London: Routledge.

Calder, Jeremy (2020) Language, gender and sexuality in 2019: interrogating normativities in the field. Gender and Language 14(4): 429–454. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.18634

Camarena, Adriana (2012) The blind spot: subcultural exclusivity in Critical Mass. In Chris Carlsson, LisaRuth Elliott and Adriana Camarena (eds) Shift Happens! Critical Mass at 20 117–126. San Francisco: Full Enjoyment Books.

Cameron, Deborah (1992) ‘Not gender difference but the difference gender makes’ – explanation in research on sex and language. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 94: 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1992.94.13

Cameron, Deborah (1995) Verbal Hygiene. London: Routledge.

Cameron, Deborah (1998) Performing gender identity: young men’s talk and the construction of heterosexual masculinity. In Jennifer Coates (ed) Language and Gender: A Reader 270–284. Oxford: Blackwell.

Carlsson, Chris (1997) The hidden class politics of bicycling, trains, cars, BART(!). In Chris Carlsson, Jim Swanson and Hugh D’Andrade (eds) Critical Mass Essays, Flyers, Images from San Francisco. Retrieved from http://www.scorcher.org/cmhistory.

Carlsson, Chris (2002) Critical Mass: Bicycling’s Defiant Celebration. Oakland: AK Press.

Carlsson, Chris, Elliott, LisaRuth and Camarena, Adriana (eds) (2012) Shift Happens! Critical Mass at 20. San Francisco: Full Enjoyment Books.

Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1991) Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review 43(6): 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039

D’Andrade, Hugh (2012) Personal Mass. In Chris Carlsson, LisaRuth Elliott and Adriana Camarena (eds) Shift Happens! Critical Mass at 20 19–29. San Francisco: Full Enjoyment Books.

De Fina, Anna (2008) Who tells which story and why? micro and macro contexts in narrative. Text & Talk 28(3): 421–442. https://doi.org/10.1515/TEXT.2008.020

De Fina, Anna and Georgakopoulou, Alexandra (2008) Introduction: narrative analysis in the shift from texts to practices. Text & Talk 28(3): 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1515/TEXT.2008.013

Eckert, Penelope (1998) Gender and sociolinguistic variation. In Jennifer Coates (ed) Language and Gender: A Reader 64–75. Oxford: Blackwell.

Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2003) Language and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791147

Elias, Ana Sofia, Gill, Rosalind and Scharff, Christina (eds) (2017) Aesthetic Labour: Rethinking Beauty Politics in Neoliberalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47765-1_1

Fabrício, Branca Falabella and Moita Lopes, Luiz Paulo (2019) Transidiomaticity and transperformances in Brazilian queer rap: toward an abject aesthetics. Revista Gragoatá 24(48): 136–159. https://doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.v24i48.33623

Foucault, Michel (1972/1969) The Archaeology of Knowledge (Alan Sheridan trans). New York: Pantheon Books.

Fraser, Nancy (1997) Rethinking the public sphere: a contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. In Justice Interrupts – Critical Reflections on the ‘Post Socialist’ Condition 69–98. New York: Routledge.

Freeman, Jo (1972) The tyranny of structurelessness. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 17: 151–165.

Freitas, Lúcia Gonçalves and Bastos, Liliana Cabral (2019) Sexual abuse in proceedings of gender-based violence in the Brazilian judicial system. Gender and Language 13(2): 153–173. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.35608

French, Brigittine (2000) The symbolic capital of social identities: the genre of bargaining in an urban Guatemalan market. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 10(2): 155–189. https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.2000.10.2.155

Fuller, Janet (2009) Gendered choices: codeswitching and collaboration in a bilingual classroom. Gender and Language 3(2): 181–208. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v3i2.181

Garcez, Pedro (2001) Deixa eu te contar uma coisa: o trabalho sociológico do narrar na conversa cotidiana [Let me tell you something: the sociological work of narration in everyday conversation]. In Branca Telles Ribeiro, Cristina Costa Lima and Maria Tereza Lopes Dantas (eds) Narrativa, Identidade e Clínica 189–213. IPUB.

Gauthier, Michael and Guille, Adrien (2017) Gender and age differences in swearing: a corpus study of Twitter. In Kristy Beers Fägersten and Karyn Stapleton (eds) Advances in Swearing Research: New Languages and New Contexts 137–157. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.282.07gau

Georgakopoulou, Alexandra (2006) Thinking big with small stories in narrative and identity analysis. Narrative Inquiry 16(1): 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.16.1.16geo

Gill, Rosalind (2007) Postfeminist media culture: elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies 10(2): 147–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549407075898

Gill, Rosalind (2014) Powerful women, vulnerable men and postfeminist masculinity in men’s popular fiction. Gender and Language 8(2): 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v8i2.185

Gill, Rosalind (2017) The affective, cultural and psychic life of postfeminism: 10 years on. European Journal of Cultural Studies 20(6): 606–626. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417733003

Gilmore, Leigh (2018) Tainted Witness: Why We Doubt What Women Say about Their Lives. New York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/gilm17714

Hoffman, Melody (2016) Bike Lanes are White Lanes: Bicycle Advocacy and Urban Planning. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1d4v13q

Holmes, Janet (2007) Social constructionism, postmodernism and feminist sociolinguistics. Gender and Language 1(1): 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.2007.1.1.51

Klett, Michael (2002) A uniquely democratic experiment. In Chris Carlsson (ed) Critical Mass, Bicycling’s Defiant Celebration 90–93. Oakland: AK Press.

Labov, William (1972) The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. In Language in the Inner City 354–396. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.

Lakoff, Robin (1990) Talking Power: The Politics of Language. San Francisco: Basic Books.

Lawson, Robert (2013) The construction of ‘tough’ masculinity: negotiation, alignment and rejection. Gender and Language 7(3): 369–395. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v7i3.369

Levon, Erez and Ye, Yang (2020) Language, indexicality and gender ideologies: contextual effects on the perceived credibility of women. Gender and Language 14(2): 123–151. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.39235

Litosseliti, Lia (2006) Gender and Language: Theory and Practice. London: Hodder & Arnold.

Litosseliti, Lia, Gill, Rosalind and Favaro, Laura Garcia (2019) Postfeminism as a critical tool for gender and language study. Gender and Language 13(1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.34599

McElhinny, Bonnie (1998) ‘I don’t smile much anymore’: affect, gender and the discourse of Pittsburgh police officers. In Jennifer Coates (ed) Language and Gender: A Reader 309–327. Oxford: Blackwell.

McRobbie, Angela (2009) The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage.

Norrick, Neal (2020) The epistemics of narrative performance in conversation. Narrative Inquiry 30(2): 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.18095.nor

Ochs, Elinor and Taylor, Carolyn (1995) The ‘father knows best’ dynamic in dinnertime narratives. In Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz (eds) Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self 99–122. London: Routledge.

Orton, Naomi (2017) Gender (in)equality and urban (im)mobility: a Goffmanesque view. Revista Rua 23(2): 243–266. https://doi.org/10.20396/rua.v23i2.8651142

Orton, Naomi (2021) ‘Myths’, ‘truths’ and the role of applied linguistics in contemporary society. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada 60(2): 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1590/010318131010071620210524

Orton, Naomi and Biar, Liana de Andrade (2020) Horizontality and gender in contemporary social movements: narrative practice as a means of resistance. Narrative Inquiry 30(2): 236–270. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.19045.ort

Ross, Hannah (2021) Revolutions: How Women Changed the World on Two Wheels. London: Orion.

Serano, Julia (2007) Whipping Girl. New York: Seal Press.

Shaw, Sylvia (2000) Language, gender and floor apportionment in political debates. Discourse & Society 11(3): 401–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926500011003006

Sheldon, Amy (1992) Conflict talk: sociolinguistic challenges to self-assertion and how young girls meet them. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 38(1): 95–117.

Singh, Jaspal (2021) Language, gender and sexuality in 2020: forward Global South. Gender and Language 15(2): 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.20311

Singleton, Patrick and Goddard, Tara (2016) Cycling by choice or necessity? exploring the gender gap in bicycling in Oregon. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2598(1): 110–118. https://doi.org/10.3141/2598-13

Sitrin, Marina and Azzellini, Dario (2014) They Can’t Represent Us! Reinventing Democracy from Greece to Occupy. London: Verso.

Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1988) Subaltern studies: deconstructing historiography. In Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (eds) Selected Subaltern Studies 3–32. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Swigart, Leigh (1992) Women and language choice in Dakar: a case of unconscious innovation. Women and Language 15(1): 11–20.

Tannen, Deborah (1989) ‘Oh talking voice that is so sweet’: constructing dialogue in conversation. In Deborah Tannen (ed) Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue, and Imagery in Conversational Discourse 102–132. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618987.005

Winch, Alison (2015) Brand intimacy, female friendship and digital surveillance networks. New Formations 84–85: 228–45. https://doi.org/10.3898/NewF:84/85.11.2015

Yoder, Michael Miller and Johnstone, Barbara (2018) Unpacking a political icon: ‘bike lanes’ and orders of indexicality. Discourse & Communication 12(2): 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317745753

Zubair, Cala Ann (2015) Sexual violence and the creation of an empowered female voice. Gender and Language 9(2): 279–317. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v9i2.17909

Published

2021-12-23

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Orton, N., & Biar, L. de A. (2021). Putting gender on the agenda in Rio de Janeiro: subtly switching gears in discussions of bicycle advocacy. Gender and Language, 15(4), 447–475. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.19988