Order and turbulence in a Swedish bathroom
Youths’ negotiations of the meaning of ‘queer’
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.18826Keywords:
queer subjectivities, linguistic citizenship, turbulence, bathroom graffiti, school ethnographyAbstract
‘Where are all the queers at the school?! I want to hug you’. Thus begins a conversation scrawled on the door to a Swedish high school’s student bathroom that will spark a debate among students on whether the word ‘queer’ should be considered a slur. In dialogue with work on linguistic citizenship and graffiti as a semiotic mode, this article analyses different stages of the unfolding debate. The analytical lens of turbulence captures the interplay of ordering and disordering in the students' efforts to define ‘queer’. Youths' linguistic agency works as a struggle for meaning across different indexical orders, illustrating the difficulty of sustaining mastery of identity labels as they travel through discourse.
References
Addison Smith, Mark (2015) Overwriting hate. In Beth Tauke, Korydon Smith and Charles Davis (eds) Diversity and Design: Understanding Hidden Consequences. New York: Routledge.
Althusser, Louis (2014) Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. In On the Reproduction of Capitalism: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 232–272. London: Verso.
Barboza, Rafael de Vasconcelos and Borba, Rodrigo (2018) Linguistic landscapes as pornoheterotopias: (de)regulating gender and sexuality in the public toilet. Linguistic Landscape 4(3): 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.18005.vas
Besnier, Niko (2009) Gossip and the Everyday Production of Politics. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. https://doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824833381.001.0001
Blommaert, Jan (1999) The debate is open. In Jan Blommaert (ed) Language Ideological Debates 1–38. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110808049.1
Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira (2005) Identity and interaction: a sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407
Butler, Judith (1991) Imitation and gender insubordination. In Diana Fuss (ed) Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories 306–320. New York: Routledge.
Butler, Judith (1993) Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. New York: Routledge.
Butler, Judith (1997) Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge.
Cover, Rob (2002) Some cunts: Graffiti, globalisation, injurious speech and ‘owning’ signification. Social Semiotics 12(3): 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330216370
Creese, Angela (2008) Linguistic ethnography. In Marilyn Martin-Jones, Anne-Marie de Mejía and Nancy H. Hornberger (eds) Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol. 3: Discourse and Education 229–241. New York: Springer.
Cresswell, Tim and Martin, Craig (2012) On turbulence: Entanglements of disorder and order on a Devon beach. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 103(5): 516–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00734.x
Davies, Bronwyn and Harré, Rom (1990) Positioning: the discursive production of selves. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 20(1): 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1990.tb00174.x
Derrida, Jacques (1988) Limited Inc. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Deumert, Ana (2018) Commentary – on participation and resistance. In Lisa Lim, Christopher Stroud and Lionel Wee (eds) The Multilingual Citizen: Towards a Politics of Language for Agency and Change 289–299. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783099665-016
Duranti, Alessandro (1997) Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810190
Gal, Susan (2006) Linguistic anthropology. In Keith Brown (ed) Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition 171–185. Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/03032-7
Gumperz, John Joseph (1982) Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611834
Isin, Engin F. (2009) Citizenship in flux: the figure of the activist citizen. Subjectivity 29(1): 367–388. https://doi.org/10.1057/sub.2009.25
Jagose, Annamarie (1996) Queer Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press.
Jaworski, A. (2016) Visual silence and non-normative sexualities: art, transduction and performance. Gender and Language 10(3): 433–454. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v10i3.32038
Jones, Lucy (2018) ‘I’m not proud, I’m just gay’: lesbian and gay youths’ discursive negotiation of otherness. Journal of Sociolinguistics 22(1): 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12271
Jones, Lucy (2020) ‘The fact they knew before I did upset me most’: essentialism and normativity in lesbian and gay youths’ coming out stories. Sexualities 23(4): 497–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460719830343
Jonsson, Rickard (2018) Swedes can’t swear: making fun at a multiethnic secondary school. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 17(5): 320–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2018.1469412
Karlander, David (2019) A semiotics of nonexistence? erasure and erased writing under anti-graffiti regimes. Linguistic Landscape 5(2): 198–216. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.18023.kar
Kehl, Katharina (2018) ‘In Sweden, girls are allowed to kiss girls, and boys are allowed to kiss boys’: Pride Järva and the inclusion of the ‘LGBT other’ in Swedish nationalist discourses. Sexualities 21(4): 674–691. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460717748621
Kulick, Don (1996) Queer theory: vad är det och vad är det bra för? [Queer theory: what is it and what is it good for?] lambda nordica 2(3–4): 5–22.
Kulick, Don (2005) Queer sverige [Queer Sweden]. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.
Kulick, Don (2012) En unken och beklaglig människosyn: män, sex och funktionshinder [A stale and regrettable view of human beings: men, sex and, disability]. In Lucas Gottzén and Rickard Jonsson (eds) Andra män: maskulinitet, normskapande och jämställdhet [Other Men: Masculinity, Norms and Gender Equality]. Malmö: Gleerups.
Laskar, Pia, Johansson, Anna and Mulinari, Diana (2017) Decolonising the rainbow flag. Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research 8(3): 192–217. https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1683193
Mangeya, Hugh (2019) Graffiti as a site for cultural literacies in Zimbabwean urban high schools. International Journal of Cultural Studies 22(3): 334–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877918788577
Martel, James R. (2015) When the call is not meant for you: misinterpellation, subjectivity, and the law. Philosophy & Rhetoric 48(4): 494–515. https://doi.org/10.5325/philrhet.48.4.0494
Milani, Tommaso M. (2014) Sexed signs – queering the scenery. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 228: 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0011
Milani, Tommaso M. (2021) Fuck off! recasting queer anger for a politics of (self-) discomfort. Gender and Language 15(3): 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.20885
Nwoye, Onuigbo G. (1993) Social issues on walls: graffiti in university lavatories. Discourse & Society 4(4): 419–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004004001
Parish, Ayden and Hall, Kira (2020) Agency. In James Stanlaw (ed), The International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology, 1st edition. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786093
Raithelhuber, Eberhard (2016) Extending agency: the merit of relational approaches for Childhood Studies. In Florian Esser, Meike Baader and Tanja Betz (eds) Reconceptualising Agency and Childhood: New Perspectives in Childhood Studies [Elektronisk resurs]. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Rydström, Jens (2007) Att queera historien: Framväxten av ett nordiskt forskningsfält [Queering history: the evolution of a Nordic field of research]. Scandia 73(2): 86–102.
Scollon, Ronald and Scollon, Suzanne B. K. (2003) Discourses in Place: Language in the Material World. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203422724
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (1990) Epistemology of the Closet. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Silverstein, Michael (1993) Metapragmatic discourse and metapragmatic function. In John A. Lucy (ed) Reflexive Language 33–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621031.004
Silverstein, Michael (2003) Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication 23(3–4): 193–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00013-2
Silverstein, Michael and Urban, Greg (eds) (1996) Natural Histories of Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Stroud, Christopher (2001) African mother-tongue programmes and the politics of language: linguistic citizenship versus linguistic human rights. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 22(4): 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630108666440
Stroud, Christopher (2015) Dignity in diversity: turbulent approaches to linguistic citizenship. Retrieved on 5 May 2017 from http://www.academia.edu/download/38080265/Plenary-_Turbulent_citizenship.pdf.
Stroud, Christopher (2016) Turbulent linguistic landscapes and the semiotics of citizenship. In Robert Blackwood, Elizabeth Lanza, Hirut Woldemariam and Tommaso M. Milani (eds) Negotiating and Contesting Identities in Linguistic Landscapes 3–18. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Stroud, Christopher (2018) Linguistic citizenship. In Lisa Lim, Christopher Stroud and Lionel Wee (eds) The Multilingual Citizen: Towards a Politics of Language for Agency and Change 17–39. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783099665-004
Sullivan, Nikki (2003) A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Thurlow, Crispin and Jaworski, Adam (2011) Introducing semiotic landscapes. In Adam Jaworski and Crispin Thurlow (eds) Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space 1–40. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Warner, Michael (2002) Publics and counterpublics. Public Culture 14(1): 49–90. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-14-1-49
Williams, Quentin E. and Stroud, Christopher (2017) Linguistic citizenship: language and politics in postnational modernities. In Tommaso M. Milani (ed) Language and Citizenship: Broadening the Agenda 89–112. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/bct.91.05wil