‘What are you doing here, I thought you had a kid now?’ The stigmatisation of working mothers in academia
a critical self-reflective essay on gender, motherhood and the neoliberal academy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.37573Keywords:
motherhood, gender, neoliberal universities, early-career researchers, auto-ethnography, stigmaAbstract
The last decade has seen an increase of scholarly work within the social sciences critiquing neoliberal processes of our academic institutions. Much of this work has focused on metrics, paradoxes and politics. Few studies centre on the effects of these processes for women only and where they do exist, they are primarily located within the fields of critical geography, sociology and feminist studies. In this paper, I argue that as scholars of language, we are lagging behind and it is high time to address the demands of our taxing institutions and international workplaces with regard to the implications and consequences they have for women and, more specifically, early-career female researchers who would like to combine motherhood with an academic career. I argue that we need to be seriously attuned to the effects and ramifications of motherhood and academia with the aim of correcting existing gendered biases, which requires an investment on the part of all stakeholders if change is to take place. As such, this work has personal, political and epistemological motivations and implications. By focusing primarily on women and my own personal experiences through autoethnography, this essay is concerned with knowledge production that deviates from masculine and heteronormative accounts within the academy. In these ways, this article contributes to recent work in the social sciences that has been influenced by the ‘emotional turn’ in order to ‘find ways to exist in a world that is diminishing’.
References
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Brandth, B. and Kvande, E. (2002) Reflexive fathers: negotiating parental leave and working life. Gender, Work and Organization 9(2): 186–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00155
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Burnett, S. B., Gatrell, C., Cooper, C. and Sparrow, P. (2011) Fatherhood and flexible working: a contradiction in terms? In S. Kaiser, M. J. Ringlstetter, M. Pinae Cunha and D. R. Eikhof (eds) Creating Balance?! International Perspectives on the Work–Life Integration of Professionals 157–71. Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16199-5_9
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Butz, D. and Besio, K. (2004) The value of autoethnography for field research in transcultural settings. The Professional Geographer 56(3): 350–60.
Caretta, M. A., Drozdzewski, D. Jokinen, J. C and Falconer, E. (2018) ‘Who can play this game?’ The lived experiences of doctoral candidates and early career women in the neoliberal university. Journal of Geography in Higher Education 42(2): 261–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2018.1434762
Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.21236/AD0616323
Cohen, S. A., Hanna, P., Higham, J., Hopkins, D. and Orchiston, C. (in press) Gender discourses in academic mobility. Gender, Work and Organization.
Coontz, S. (2005) Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage. London: Penguin Books.
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Donath, O. (2015) Regretting motherhood: a sociopolitical analysis. Signs Journal of Women in Culture and Society 40(2): 343–67. https://doi.org/10.1086/678145
Douglas, S. and Michaels, M. (2005) The Mommy Myth: The Idealization of Motherhood and How it Has Undermined Women. New York: Free Press.
Durkheim, É. (1933). The Division of Labor in Society (trans. G. Simpson). New York: Free Press.
Ellingsæter, A. L. and Leira, A. (eds) (2006) Politicising Parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender Relations in Welfare States. Bristol: Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgtw3
Elliott, A. and Urry, J. (2010) Mobile Lives. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203887042
Frändberg, L. and Vilhelmson, B. (2003) Personal mobility: a corporeal dimension of transnationalisation: the case of long-distance travel from Sweden. Environment and Planning A 35(10): 1751–68. https://doi.org/10.1068/a35315
Giddens, A. (2003) Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives. New York: Routledge.
Gill, R. (2012) The hidden injuries of the neoliberal university. In R. Ryan-Flood and R. Gill (eds) Secrecy and Silence in the Research Process 228–44. London: Routledge.
Gonçalves, K. (2018) The ‘dark side’ of hypermobility within Queenstown, New Zealand. In M. Bielenia-Grajewska and E. Cortes de los Rios (ed.) Innovative Perspectives on Tourism Discourse 74–90. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2930-9.ch005
Gonçalves, K. and Schluter, A. (2017). ‘Please do not leave any notes for the cleaning lady, as many do not speak English fluently’: policy, power, and language brokering in a multilingual workplace. Language Policy 16(3): 241–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-016-9406-2
Greenberg, D. N., Clair, J. A. and Ladge, J. (2016) Identity and the transition to motherhood: navigating existing, temporary, and anticipatory Identities. In C. Spitzmüller and R. A. Matthews (eds) Research Perspectives on Work and the Transition to Motherhood 33–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41121-7_3
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Hartman, Y. and Darab, S. (2012) A call for slow scholarship: a case study on the intensification of academic life and its implications for policy. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies 34(1–2): 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740
Hochschild, A. (1989) The Second Shift: Working families and the revolution at home. New York: Penguin Books.
Jolly, M., Sebire, N., Harris, J., Robinson, S. and Regan, L. (2000) The risks associated with pregnancy in women aged 35 years or older. Human Reproduction 15(11): 2433–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/15.11.2433
Ladge, J. J., Humberd, B. K. and McNett, J. (2016) The other half: views of fatherhood in the organization. In C. Spitzmüller and R. A. Matthews (eds) Research Perspectives on Work and the Transition to Motherhood 267–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41121-7_13
Lammi-Taskula, J. (2006) Nordic men on parental leave: can the welfare state change gender relations. In A. L. Ellingsæter and A. Leira (eds) Politicising Parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender Relations in Welfare States 79–99. Bristol: Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861346452.003.0004
Lazar, M. M. (2000) Gender, discourse and semiotics: the politics of parenthood representations. Discourse and Society 11(3): 373–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926500011003005
Le Roux, C. S. (2017) Exploring rigour in autoethnographic research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 20(2): 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1140965
Lesnick-Oberstein, K., Burman, E., Parker, I., Grech, S., House, R., Abbs, P. and Ainley, P. (126 signatories) (2015) Let UK universities do what they do best – teach and research. The Guardian (6 July). Retrieved from http://theguardian.com/education/2015/jul/06/let-uk-universities-do-what-they-do-best-teaching-and-research?
Loke, J., Harp, D. and Bachman, I. (2011) Mothering and governing. Journalism Studies 12: 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2010.488418
Martin, M. (2009). Motherhood shouldn’t be a competitive sport. NPR (11 May). Retrieved from www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104001566&t=1571124592240
McRobbie, A. (2004) Post-feminism and popular culture. Feminist Media Studies 4(3): 255–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1468077042000309937
McRobbie, A. (2013) Feminism, the family and the new ‘mediated’ maternalism. New Formations: A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics 80–81: 119–37. https://doi.org/10.3898/newF.80/81.07.2013
Mountz, A., Bonds, A., Mansfield, B., Loyd, J., Hyndman, J., Walton-Roberts, M. and Curran, W. (2015) For slow scholarship: a feminist politics of resistance through collaborative action in the neoliberal university. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 14(4): 1235–59.
Mullings, B., Peake, L. and Parizeau, K. (2016) Cultivating an ethic of wellness in geography. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 60(2): 161–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12275
Mundy, C. M. L. (2012) The Richer Sex: How the New Majority of Female Breadwinners is Transforming Sex, Love and Family. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Neal, M. E. (2011) Protecting women: preserving autonomy in the commodification of motherhood. William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law 17(3): 611–37.
Ozturk, M. B. and Rumens, N. (2014) Gay male academics in UK business and management schools: negotiating heteronormativities in everyday work life. British Journal of Management 25(3): 503–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12061
Peseta, T., Barrie, S. and McLean, J. (2017) Academic life in the measured university: pleasures, paradoxes and politics. Higher Education Research and Development 36(3): 453–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1293909
Pitt, R. and Mewburn, I. (2016) Academic superheroes? A critical analysis of academic job descriptions. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 38(1): 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2015.1126896
Porter, B. A. and Schänzel, H. A. (eds). (2018) Femininities in the Field: Tourism and Transdisciplinary Research. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Ray, R., Gornick, J. C. and Schmitt, J. (2010) Who cares? Assessing generosity and gender equality in parental leave policy designs in 21 countries. Journal of European Social Policy 20(3): 196–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928710364434
Romero, M., Preston, V. and Giles, W. (eds). (2014) When Care Work Goes Global: Locating the Social Relations of Domestic Work. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Sabat, I. E, Lindsey, A. P, King, E. B. and Jones, K. P. (2016) Understanding and Overcoming Challenges Faced by Working Mothers: A Theoretical and Empirical Review. In C. Spitzmüller and R. A. Matthews (eds) Research Perspectives on Work and the Transition to Motherhood 9–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41121-7_2
Sandberg, S. (2013) Lean In: Women, Work and the Will to Lead. London: W. H. Allen Publishing.
Senior, J. (2014) All Joy and No Fun: the Paradox of Modern Parenthood. New York: Ecco.
Slaughter, A. M. (2012) Why women still can’t have it all. Atlantic Monthly (July). Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/why-women-still-cant-have-it-all/309020
Spitzmüller, C. and Matthews, R. A. (eds) (2016) Research Perspectives on Work and the Transition to Motherhood. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41121-7_1
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Published
2019-11-21
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Gonçalves, K. (2019). ‘What are you doing here, I thought you had a kid now?’ The stigmatisation of working mothers in academia: a critical self-reflective essay on gender, motherhood and the neoliberal academy. Gender and Language, 13(4), 469-487. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.37573
