Constructing hegemonic masculinities in South Africa
The discourse and rhetoric of heteronormativity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v6i1.47Keywords:
discourse, hegemonic masculinities, heteronormativity, rhetoric, South AfricaAbstract
This paper considers how local and regional representations of hegemonic masculinity are (re)produced, and how men’s gender identities are constituted through situated interaction in South Africa. It points toward the important role played by the discourse and rhetoric of heteronormativity among these men in hegemonic sense-making, and in particular, the underlying discursive practices of performative/intimate (hetero)sexuality and homosexual rejection/acceptance. An attempt is made to account for complexity and diversity in this sense-making across intersecting social categories such as ethnicity and social class. Focus group discussion among Afrikaans, English and Xhosa men was transcribed and backtranslated where necessary. A technique of discourse analysis that considers the rhetorical aspects of text is developed through the introduction of norm-referencing rhetorical devices. Findings highlight the extent to which practices of both compliance and resistance contribute toward the (re)production of masculinities.
References
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Cooper, A. (2009) ‘Gevaarlike transitions’: negotiating hegemonic masculinity and rites of passage amongst coloured boys awaiting trial on the Cape Flats. Psychology in Society 37: 1–17.
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Edley, N. and Wetherell, M. (1996) Masculinity, power and identity. In M. Mac-an-Ghaill (ed) Understanding Masculinities: Social Relations and Cultural Arenas 97–114. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Edley, N. and Wetherell, M. (1997) Jockeying for position: the construction of masculine identities. Discourse & Society 8: 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926597008002004
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Edwards, D. and Potter, J. (1992) Discursive Psychology. London: Sage Publications.
Epprecht, M. (2002) Male-male sexuality in Lesotho: two conversations. Journal of Men’s Studies 10: 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.1003.373
Fairclough, N. (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis: Th e Critical Study of Language. London: Longman.
Foucault, M. (1978) Th e History of Sexuality. Trans. R. Hurley, Vol. 1. Harmonsworth: Penguin.
Gar?nkel, H. (1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cli? s, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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Gough, B. and Edwards, G. (1998) Th e beer talking: four lads, a carry out and the reproduction of masculinities. Sociological Review 46: 409–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00125
Grazian, D. (2007) Th e girl hunt: urban nightlife and the performance of masculinity as collective activity. Symbolic Interaction 30: 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.2007.30.2.221
Hall, S. (2002) Daubing the drudges of fury: men, violence and the piety of the ‘hegemonic masculinity’ thesis. Th eoretical Criminology 6: 35–61.
Hearn, J. (2004) From hegemonic masculinity to the hegemony of men. Feminist Th eory 5: 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700104040813
Hutchby, I. and Woo? tt, R. (1998) Conversation Analysis: Principles, Practices and Applications. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Je?erson, G. (1984) Transcription notation. In J. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds) Structures of Social Interaction ix–xvi. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Je?erson, T. (2002) Subordinating hegemonic masculinity. Th eoretical Criminology 6: 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136248060200600103
Jewkes, R. and Morrell, R. (2010) Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention. Journal of the International AIDS Society 13: 1–11.
Jørgensen, M. and Phillips, L. (2002) Discourse Analysis: As Th eory and Method. London: Sage Publications.
Kiesling, S.F. (2006) Playing the straight men: displaying and maintaining male heterosexuality in discourse. In D. Cameron and D. Kulick (eds) Th e Language and Sexuality Reader 118–131. London: Routledge.
Kitzinger, C. (2001) Sexualities. In R. K. Unger (ed.) Handbook of the Psychology of Women and Gender 272–85. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
Kitzinger, C. (2006) Speaking as a heterosexual: (how) does sexuality matter for talk-in-interaction. In D. Cameron and D. Kulick (eds) Th e Language and Sexuality Reader 169–88. London: Routledge.
Kitzinger, C. (2008) Conversation analysis: technical matters for gender research. In K. Harrington, L. Litosseliti, H. Sauntson and J. Sunderland (eds) Gender and Language Research Methodologies 119–38. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Light, R. and Kirk, D. (2000) High school rugby, the body and the reproduction of hegemonic masculinity. Sport, Education and Society 5: 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713696032
Louw, R. (2001) Mkhumbane and new traditions of (un)African same-sex weddings. In R. Morrell (ed.) Changing Men in Southern Africa 287–96. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
Luyt, R. (2003) Rhetorical representations of masculinities in South Africa: moving towards a material-discursive understanding of men. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 13: 46–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.706
Luyt, R. (2005) Th e Male Attitude Norms Inventory–II: a measure of masculinity ideology in South Africa. Men and Masculinities 8: 208–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184X04264631
Luyt, R. (2011) Representation of gender in South African television advertising: a content analysis. Sex Roles 65: 356–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0027-0
Luyt, R. (in press) Representation of masculinities and race in South African television advertising: a content analysis. Journal of Gender Studies.
Martino, W. J. (2008) Male teachers as role models: addressing issues of masculinity, pedagogy and the re-masculinization of schooling. Curriculum Inquiry 38: 189–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-873X.2007.00405.x
Marx, K. (1867–1894, 1981) Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (Vols 1–3). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
McClendon, T. V. (1995) Tradition and domestic struggle in the courtroom. International Journal of African Historical Studies 28: 527–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221173
Msibi, T. (2009) Not crossing the line: masculinities and homophobic violence in South Africa. Agenda 80: 50–54.
Neuman, W. L. (1997) Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Pomerantz, A. (1986) Extreme case formulations: a way of legitimizing claims. Human Studies 9: 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00148128
Potter, J. (1998) Discursive social psychology: from attitudes to evaluative practices. European Review of Social Psychology 9: 233–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14792779843000090
Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (2001) Discourse analysis. In J. A. Smith, R. Harré and L. van Langenhove (eds) Rethinking Methods in Psychology 80–92. London: Sage Publications.
Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (2005) Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London: Sage Publications.
Paechter, C. (2001) Using poststructuralist ideas in gender theory and research. In B. Francis and C. Skelton (eds) Investigating Gender: Contemporary Perspectives in Education 41–51. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Radley, A. and Billig, M. (1996) Accounts of health and illness: dilemmas and representations. Sociology of Health and Illness 18: 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.ep10934984
Ragnarsson, A., Onya, H. E., Th orson, A., Ekström, A. M. and Aarø, L.E. (2008) Young males’ gendered sexuality in the era of HIV and AIDS in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Qualitative Health Research 18: 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732308318373
Reeser, T.W. (2010) Masculinities in Th eory: An Introduction. Oxford: WileyBlackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444317312
Rich, A. (1980) Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Signs 5: 631–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/493756
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Published
2012-04-30
Issue
Section
Gender and Language in Sub-Saharan African Contexts: Research Agendas
How to Cite
Luyt, R. (2012). Constructing hegemonic masculinities in South Africa: The discourse and rhetoric of heteronormativity. Gender and Language, 6(1), 47-77. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v6i1.47
