'I Dislike Politicians and Homosexuals'
Language and Homophobia in France
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v4i2.287Keywords:
anti-Semitism, citizenship, Bertrand Delanoë, France, heteronormativity, homophobia, masculinity, Noël Mamère, politicians, republicanismAbstract
In this essay, I examine the pragmatic and social semiotic aspects of recent hate speech against French politicians and homosexuals. In part one I analyze the discourse surrounding the 2002 stabbing of Paris mayor Bertrand Delanoë in which his assailant Azedine Berkane expressed dislike for ‘politicians and homosexuals.’ The French media and authorities generally did not frame this as a ‘homophobic act’ and ignored any potentially logical association between the two terms (i.e. ‘politicians’ and ‘homosexuals’). In order to better understand his statement, I examine Berkane’s act in relation to what other spectators and participants said about it both immediately following the event and sometime after its occurrence. In part two of the essay, I link Berkane’s homophobic statement to a broader French semiotic system and set of textual practices including several examples of hate speech that occurred during an attack on Bègles mayor Noël Mamère. I analyze representative examples of hate speech received by Mamère when he performed the first and only gay marriage in France in 2004. By examining examples of hate speech from the ‘Mamère Affair,’ it is possible to gain a better understanding of the ideological underpinnings of Berkane’s seemingly illogical statement in the ‘Delanoë Affair’
References
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Guénif-souilamas, nacira and macé, eric (2004) Les féministes et le garçon arabe. la tour d’aigues: aube.
Halliday, michael a. k. (1978) Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. baltimore: edward arnold press.
Halperin, david m. (1995) Saint Foucault: Towards a Gay Hagiography. new york: oxford university press.
Hammarberg, Thomas (2008) les crimes de haine – une des sombres facettes du racisme, de l’antisémitisme, de l’antitsiganisme, de l’islamophobie et de l’homophobie. Conseil de l’Europe (www.coe.int) July 21, 2008. retrieved on february 23, 2009 from http://www.coe.int/t/commissioner/ viewpoints/080721_fr.asp.
Herek, Gregory m. and berrill, kevin t. (eds) (1992) Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence against Lesbians and Gay Men. newbury park, ca: sage.
Hocquenghem, Guy (1993) Homosexual Desire. trans. daniella dangoor. durham, nc: duke university press.
Hocquenghem, Guy (1994) towards an irrecuperable pederasty. in J. Goldberg (ed.) Reclaiming Sodom 233–246. new york: routledge.
Hooks, bell (1990) talking back. in russell ferguson, martha Gever, trinh t. minh-ha, and cornel west (eds) Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures 337–340. cambridge: mit press.
Kantorowicz, ernst h. (1997) [1957] The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. princeton, nJ: princeton university press.
Kimmel, michael (1994) masculinity as homophobia: fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity. in h. brod and m. kaufman (eds) Theorizing Masculinities 119–141. Thousand oaks, ca: sage.
Laforgerie, Jean-françois (2007) rapport 2007 de sos homophobie: les agressions violentes contre les homosexuels en hausse. E-llico.com may 31, 2007. retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://v2.ellico.com/article.htm?rubriq ue=dossier&articleid=15535.
Locoge, b. and vergara, c. (2002) Quand les hommes politiques risquent leur peau. Paris-Match october 17.
Loi du 30 décembre (2004) Haute Autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l’égalité (halde). retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/pfect.htm.
Martet, christophe (2005a) bertrand delanoë. Têtu may 2005: 102.
Martet, christophe (2005b) noël mamère. Têtu may 2005: 164.
Mccaffrey, enda (2005) The Gay Republic: Sexuality, Citizenship and Subversion in France. aldershot: ashgate publishing.
Michallat, wendy (2006) ‘marions-nous!’ Gay rites: the campaign for gay marriage in france. Modern and Contemporary France 14.3: 305–316.
Mosse, George (1985) Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe. madison, wi: university of wisconsin press.
Mosse, George (1996) The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity. new york: oxford university press.
Nye, robert (1993) Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France. berkeley, ca: university of california press.
Paris: l’agresseur en fuite de bertrand delanoë en 2002 interpellé (2007) E-llico. com may 23, 2007. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http://v2.e-llico.com/ article.htm?articleid=15559&rubrique=actus.
Paris: le retour de delanoë (2002) Nouvelobs.com november 12, 2002. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http://archquo.nouvelobs.com/cgi/articles?ad= politique/20021112.obs2591.html&host=http://permanent.nouvelobs.com/.
Pascoe, c. J. (2007) Dude You’re a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School. berkeley, ca: university of california press.
Pénégry, J. (2007) J’ai quitté paris pour la campagne. Têtu July/august 2007: 90–95.
Pharr, suzanne (1997) Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism. berkeley, ca: chardon press.
Plummer, ken (2003) Intimate Citizenship: Private Decisions and Public Dialogues. seattle: university of washington press.
Povert, lionel (1994) Dictionnaire gay. paris: Jacques Grancher.
Provencher, denis m. (2003) press. in h. dauncey (ed.) French Popular Culture: An Introduction 34–47. oxford: arnold publishing.
Provencher, denis m. (2007) Queer French: Globalization, Language and Sexual Citizenship in France. aldershot: ashgate publishing.
Qaddafi, momar (2009) The one-state solution. NYTimes.com January 22, 2009. retrieved on february 16, 2009 from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/ opinion/22qaddafi.html.
Raissiguier, catherine (2002) The sexual and racial politics of civil unions in france. Radical History Review 83: 73–93.
Rapport sur l’homophobie (2007) Haute Autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l’égalité (halde). retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. halde.fr/discriminations-10/documentation-13/etudes-rapports-47/rapportsur-homophobie-2007-10569.html.
La réaction de patrick bloche (2002) E-llico.com october 7, 2002. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http://v2.e-llico.com/article.htm?articleid=964&rubrique= actus.
Rosello, mireille (1998) Declining the Stereotype: Ethnicity and Representation in French Cultures. dartmouth, nh: university press of new england.
Schegloff, emanuel a. (1997) whose text, whose context? Discourse and Society 8 (2): 165–87.
Schehr, lawrence r. (1995) defense and illustration of gay liberation. Yale French Studies 90: 139–152.
Silberfeld, Judith (2002a) azedine berkane déclaré pénalement irresponsable. Tetu.com december 23, 2002. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http://www.tetu. com/rubrique/infos/infos_detail.php?id_news=4695&date_info=2002-12-23.
Silberfeld, Judith (2002b) azedine berkane mis en examen pour ‘tentative d’assassinat’. Tetu.com october 8, 2002. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http:// www.tetu.com/rubrique/infos/infos_detail.php?id_news=4361&date_info=200210-08.
Silberfeld, Judith (2002c) azedine berkane sera-t-il jugé? Tetu.com may 12, 2003. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http://www.tetu.com/rubrique/infos/infos_ detail.php?id_news=5595&date_info=2003-05-12.
Silberfeld, Judith (2002d) bertrand delanoë poignardé lors le la nuit blanche. Tetu.com october 7, 2002. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http://www.tetu. com/rubrique/infos/infos_detail.php?id_news=4351&date_info=20002-10-07.
Silberfeld, Judith (2002e) des nouvelles de bertrand delanoë et de son agresseur. Tetu.com october 10, 2002. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http://www.tetu. com/rubrique/infos/infos_detail.php?id_news=4373&date_info=2002-10-10.
Simon, serge (2004) Homophobie France 2004. latresne: editions le bord de l’eau.
Speer, susan a. and potter, Jonathan (2002) The management of heterosexist talk: conversational resources and prejudiced claims. Discourse and Society 11.4: 543–572.
Stabbed paris mayor back at work (2002) News.bbc.co.uk november 18, 2002. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2489907.stm.
Sullivan, andrew (2007) faggot. TheAtlantic.com march 6, 2007. retrieved on June 4, 2007 from http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_ dish/2007/03/faggots.html.
Surkis, Judith (2006) Sexing the Citizen: Morality and Masculinity in France, 1870–1920. ithaca: cornell university press.
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Published
2011-07-20
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Provencher, D. M. (2011). ’I Dislike Politicians and Homosexuals’: Language and Homophobia in France. Gender and Language, 4(2), 287-321. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v4i2.287
