Towards a 'second-generation' suffragism
Reclaiming Indiana’s iron(ic) woman in Helen Gougar’s political rhetoric
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v5i1.31Keywords:
irony analysis, gender studies, Oratory, Suffrage, written textAbstract
On 7 June 1907, The Kansas Commoner ran an obituary commemorating Helen M. Jackson Gougar (1843--1907) as a woman over whom the American public held ‘two opinions,’ in part because of her aggressive stance towards turn-of-the-century political reform. Known as a simultaneously elegant and ironic speaker, Gougar did not always align her own messages with the feminist mainstream. This essay seeks to bring Helen Gougar into the national conversation surrounding suffrage rhetoric, which has historically focused on American feminists such as Susan B. Anthony, Ida Harper, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Frances Willard, first by offering a way to discursively classify her texts, and secondly by demonstrating how more tacit features of her irony represent a productive and complex rhetoric – productive in the way it creates, rather than merely responds to, persuasive occasions, and complex in the way it employs her audiences as targeted subjects in certain exchanges.
References
A great compliment (21 may 1887) Lafayette Morning Journal. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 82.195.4. tippecanoe County historical association, lafayette, indiana.
Anderson, Karrin Vasby and sheeler, Kristina horn (2005) Governing Codes: Gender, Metaphor, and Political Identity. oxford: lexington/rowman and littlefield.
towards a ‘seCond-generation’ suffragism 55
A significant scene: mrs. helen gougar at albany. (26 april 1884) The Inter-Ocean. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 82.195.6. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Attardo, salvatore (2001) Humorous Texts: A Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis. Berlin: mouton de gruyter.
Barton, ellen (2002) inductive discourse analysis: discovering rich features. in e. Barton and g. stygall (eds) Discourse Studies in Composition 19–42. Cresskill, nj: hampton Press.
Baxter, judith (2006) Speaking Out: The Female Voice in Public Contexts. Basingstoke: Palgrave macmillan.
Bierce, ambrose (1909) emancipated woman. in The Shadow on the Dial and Other Essays. san francisco, Ca: a. m. robertson, 1909. retrieved on 16 february 2004 from http://www.olypen.com/gspencer/bierceix.html
Bierce, ambrose (1909) The opposing sex. in The Shadow on the Dial and Other Essays. san francisco, Ca: a. m. robertson, 1909. retrieved on 16 february 2004 from http://www.olypen.com/gspencer/bierceix.html
Biesecker, Barbara (1993) Coming to terms with recent attempts to write women into the history of rhetoric. in takis Poulakos (ed.) Rethinking the History of Rhetoric: Multidisciplinary Essays on the Rhetorical Tradition 153–172. Boulder, Co: westview.
Bilger, audrey (2005) laughing all the way to the polls: do female politicians need a new punch line? Bitch: 48–53.
Biography of helen m. gougar (1888) in Biographical Record and Portrait Album of Tippecanoe County, Indiana 637–643. Chicago, il: lewis Publishing. retrieved on 16 february 2004 from http://www.rootsweb.com/~intippec/ gougar.html
Bourdieu, Pierre (1986) The forms of capital. in j. richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education 241–258. new york: greenwood.
Brown, robert l. (1976) The pragmatics of verbal irony. in roger w. shuy and anna shnukal (eds) Language Use and the Uses of Language 111–127. washington, dC: georgetown university Press.
Buchanan, lindal (2005) Regendering Delivery: The Fifth Canon and Antebellum Women Rhetors. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Cady stanton, elizabeth, anthony, susan B., harper, ida husted, and gage, matilda joslyn, (eds) (1881–1922) History of Woman Suffrage. six Volumes. new york: arno and new york times.
Campaign of 1888: mrs helen m. gougar replies to anna dickinson (6 november 1888) Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.8. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs (1989) Man Cannot Speak for Her, Volume i: A Critical Study of Early Feminist Rhetoric. westport, Ct: greenwood Press.
Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs (1995) gender and genre: loci of invention and contradiction in the earliest speeches by u.s. women. Quarterly Journal of Speech 81: 479–495.
Carston, robyn (1981) irony and parody and the use-mention distinction. The Nottingham Linguistic Circular 10.1: 24–35.
Cicero (1970) De Oratore, trans j. s. watson. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Colby, Clara Bewick (29 june 1907) helen gougar. Woman’s Tribune. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 75.17.26. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Connors, robert j. (1995) women’s reclamation of rhetoric in nineteenthcentury america. in louise wetherbee Phelps and janet emig (eds) Feminine Principles and Women’s Experience in American Composition and Rhetoric 67–90. Pittsburgh: university of Pittsburgh Press.
Crawford, mary (2003) gender and humor in social context. Journal of Pragmatics 35: 1413–1430.
Denison, john h. (january 1895) The survival of the american type. Atlantic Monthly 75: 17–22. retrieved 22 december 2005 from making of america, Cornell library, http://cdl.library.cornell.edu
Donawerth, jane (ed.) (2002) Rhetorical Theory by Women before 1900: An Anthology. lanham, md: rowman and littlefield Publishers. editorial (7 june 1907) Lafayette Morning Journal.
Elshtain, jean Bethke (1982) feminist discourse and its discontents: language, power, and meaning. Signs 7.3: 603–21.
Flower, B. o. (april 1906) noble type of twentieth-century american womanhood. Arena 384–385.
Gans, eric (1997) on irony. in Signs of Paradox: Irony, Resentment, and Other Mimetic Structures 64–74. stanford, Ca: stanford university Press.
Gibbs, raymond w., jr., and izett, Christin d. (2005) irony as persuasive communication. in herbert l. Colston and albert n. Katz (eds) Figurative Language Comprehension: Social and Cultural Influences 131–151. mahwah, nj: lawrence erlbaum.
Gougar, helen (25 january1879) Bric-a-brac. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen (11 october 1879) Bric-a-brac. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (22 november 1879) The man who blows. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (6 december 1879) Criticism vs. gallantry. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (20 december 1879) man’s rights. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen (13 december 1880) Bric-a-brac. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen (1881) address by helen gougar at the indiana state assembly on february 15, 1881. Brevier Legislative Reports XIX 193.
Gougar, helen m. (18 october 1882) letter to reverend B. wilson smith. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, Correspondence item 65.77. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (4 november 1887) unrestricted ballot. Joliet News. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 82.195.4. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (november 1888) female politicians: a conversation with james g. Blaine. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.8. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (1895) The Constitutional Rights of the Women of Indiana. lafayette, indiana: journal Printing Co. indiana Collection, Courtesy of Purdue university libraries, special Collections.
Gougar, helen m. (3 february 1900) industrial training. Lafayette Evening Call. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 75.17.3. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen (29 july 1901) Thinks men will go to heaven. Lafayette Morning Journal.
Gougar, helen m. (n.d.) a plea for woman suffrage. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 75.17.13. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (n.d.) i have all the rights i want, a true story. history of women series, reel 950, no. 9205, indiana university microfilm.
Gougar, helen m. (n.d.) some of the idiots. history of women series, reel 950, no. 9206, indiana university microfilm.
Gould, lewis l. (2003) Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans. new york: random house.
Graban, tarez samra (2009) emergent taxonomies: using ‘tension’ and ‘forum’ to organize primary texts. in alexis e. ramsey, wendy sharer, Barbara l’eplattenier and lisa mastrangelo (eds.) Working in the Archives: Practical Research Methods for Rhetoric and Composition 206–219. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Helen m. gougar (july 1907) Columbus Press-Post. ‘helen m. gougar expires suddenly: noted advocate of woman’s rights drops dead at her home in this city.’ (6 june 1907) Lafayette Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, unnumbered newspaper item. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Hoganson, Kristin (2001) as badly off as the filipinos: u.s. women’s suffragists and the imperial issue at the turn of the twentieth century. Journal of Women’s History 13.2: 9–33.
Huxman, susan schultz (2000) Perfecting the rhetorical vision of women’s rights: elizabeth Cady stanton, anna howard shaw, and Carrie Chapman Catt. Women’s Studies in Communication 23.3: 307–336.
Jamieson, Kathleen hall (1995) Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. new york: oxford university Press.
Jerry, e. Claire (1993) helen jackson gougar. in Karlyn Kohrs Campbell (ed.) Women Public Speakers in the United States, 1800–1925: A Bio-critical Sourcebook 267–278. westport, Ct: greenwood.
Johnson, nan (2002) Gender and Rhetorical Space in American Life, 1866–1910. Carbondale, il: southern illinois university Press.
Kriebel, robert C. (1985) Where the Saints Have Trod: The Life of Helen Gougar. west lafayette, in: Purdue university Press.
La flamme, janice m. (1968) The strategy of feminine Protest: a rhetorical study of the Campaign for woman’s rights in indiana, 1881. unpublished master’s thesis, indiana university.
Lomicky, Carol s. (2002) frontier feminism and the Woman’s Tribune: The journalism of Clara Bewick Colby. Journalism History 28.3: 102–111.
Mattingly, Carol (1998) Well-Tempered Women: Nineteenth-Century Temperance Rhetoric. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Mattingly, Carol (2002) telling evidence: rethinking what counts in rhetoric. Rhetoric Society Quarterly 32.1: 99–108.
Mayhead, molly and marshall, Brenda deVore (2005) Women’s Political Discourse: A 21st Century Perspective. lanham, md: rowman and littlefield.
Merrill, yvonne d. (1996) The Social Construction of Western Women’s Rhetoric Before 1750. lewiston, ny: edwin mellen.
Mountford, roxanne (2003). The Gendered Pulpit: Preaching in American Protestant Spaces. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Mrs. helen m. gougar in Kansas. (1 february 1887) Lafayette Morning Journal. mrs. gougar memorialized. (5 may 1887) Lafayette Morning Journal.
National federal suffrage association. (1895) A True Republic 5.2.
Parkman, francis (1879). The woman question. North American Review 129: 303–321. retrieved on 10 january 2005 from making of america, Cornell library. http://cdl.library.cornell.edu
Perelman, Chaim and olbrechts-tyteca, lucie (1969) The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. notre dame, in: university of notre dame Press.
Porter, james e. (1986) intertextuality and the discourse community. Rhetoric Review 5.1: 34–47.
Post office muddle. (3 january 1890) Lafayette Morning Journal. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 82.195.6. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Riegel, robert e. (1962) The split of the feminist movement in 1869. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 49.3: 485–496.
Royster, jacquelyn jones (1999) sarah’s story: making a place for historical ethnography in rhetorical studies. in C. jan swearingen and david Pruett (eds) Rhetoric, the Polis, and the Global Village 39–51. mahwah, nj: erlbaum.
Scott, anne firor (1991) Natural Allies: Women’s Associations in American History. Chicago: university of illinois, Press.
Swearingen, C. jan (1991) Rhetoric and Irony: Western Literacy and Western Lies. new york: oxford university Press.
Two opinions of a woman. (7 june 1907) The Kansas Commoner. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 75.17.26. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Waggenspack, Beth m. (1982) elizabeth Cady stanton’s reform rhetoric 1848–1854: a Perelman analysis of Practical reasoning. unpublished doctoral dissertation, ohio state university.
Waggenspack, Beth m. (2004) women’s role in rhetorical traditions. in james l. golden, goodwin f. Berquist, william e. Coleman, and j. michael sproule (eds) The Rhetoric of Western Thought, eighth edition, 45–47. dubuque, ia: Kendall-hunt.
Wagner, joanne (1995) intelligent members or restless disturbers: women’s rhetorical styles, 1880–1920. in andrea lunsford (ed) Reclaiming Rhetorica 185–202. Pittsburgh: university of Pittsburgh Press.
Willard, frances e. and livermore, mary a. (eds) (1897) American Women: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the Lives and Achievements of American Women During the Nineteenth Century, Volume 1. new york: mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick.
Woman suffrage in new york. (may 1894) Voice 31. woman suffrage not on trial. (24 february 1883) Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 82.195.4. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Wood, julia t. (1993) enlarging conceptual boundaries: a critique of research in interpersonal communication. in sheryl Perlmutter Bowen and nancy wyatt (eds) Transforming Visions: Feminist Critiques in Communication Studies 19–49. Cresskill, nj: hampton Press.
Anderson, Karrin Vasby and sheeler, Kristina horn (2005) Governing Codes: Gender, Metaphor, and Political Identity. oxford: lexington/rowman and littlefield.
towards a ‘seCond-generation’ suffragism 55
A significant scene: mrs. helen gougar at albany. (26 april 1884) The Inter-Ocean. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 82.195.6. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Attardo, salvatore (2001) Humorous Texts: A Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis. Berlin: mouton de gruyter.
Barton, ellen (2002) inductive discourse analysis: discovering rich features. in e. Barton and g. stygall (eds) Discourse Studies in Composition 19–42. Cresskill, nj: hampton Press.
Baxter, judith (2006) Speaking Out: The Female Voice in Public Contexts. Basingstoke: Palgrave macmillan.
Bierce, ambrose (1909) emancipated woman. in The Shadow on the Dial and Other Essays. san francisco, Ca: a. m. robertson, 1909. retrieved on 16 february 2004 from http://www.olypen.com/gspencer/bierceix.html
Bierce, ambrose (1909) The opposing sex. in The Shadow on the Dial and Other Essays. san francisco, Ca: a. m. robertson, 1909. retrieved on 16 february 2004 from http://www.olypen.com/gspencer/bierceix.html
Biesecker, Barbara (1993) Coming to terms with recent attempts to write women into the history of rhetoric. in takis Poulakos (ed.) Rethinking the History of Rhetoric: Multidisciplinary Essays on the Rhetorical Tradition 153–172. Boulder, Co: westview.
Bilger, audrey (2005) laughing all the way to the polls: do female politicians need a new punch line? Bitch: 48–53.
Biography of helen m. gougar (1888) in Biographical Record and Portrait Album of Tippecanoe County, Indiana 637–643. Chicago, il: lewis Publishing. retrieved on 16 february 2004 from http://www.rootsweb.com/~intippec/ gougar.html
Bourdieu, Pierre (1986) The forms of capital. in j. richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education 241–258. new york: greenwood.
Brown, robert l. (1976) The pragmatics of verbal irony. in roger w. shuy and anna shnukal (eds) Language Use and the Uses of Language 111–127. washington, dC: georgetown university Press.
Buchanan, lindal (2005) Regendering Delivery: The Fifth Canon and Antebellum Women Rhetors. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Cady stanton, elizabeth, anthony, susan B., harper, ida husted, and gage, matilda joslyn, (eds) (1881–1922) History of Woman Suffrage. six Volumes. new york: arno and new york times.
Campaign of 1888: mrs helen m. gougar replies to anna dickinson (6 november 1888) Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.8. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs (1989) Man Cannot Speak for Her, Volume i: A Critical Study of Early Feminist Rhetoric. westport, Ct: greenwood Press.
Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs (1995) gender and genre: loci of invention and contradiction in the earliest speeches by u.s. women. Quarterly Journal of Speech 81: 479–495.
Carston, robyn (1981) irony and parody and the use-mention distinction. The Nottingham Linguistic Circular 10.1: 24–35.
Cicero (1970) De Oratore, trans j. s. watson. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Colby, Clara Bewick (29 june 1907) helen gougar. Woman’s Tribune. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 75.17.26. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Connors, robert j. (1995) women’s reclamation of rhetoric in nineteenthcentury america. in louise wetherbee Phelps and janet emig (eds) Feminine Principles and Women’s Experience in American Composition and Rhetoric 67–90. Pittsburgh: university of Pittsburgh Press.
Crawford, mary (2003) gender and humor in social context. Journal of Pragmatics 35: 1413–1430.
Denison, john h. (january 1895) The survival of the american type. Atlantic Monthly 75: 17–22. retrieved 22 december 2005 from making of america, Cornell library, http://cdl.library.cornell.edu
Donawerth, jane (ed.) (2002) Rhetorical Theory by Women before 1900: An Anthology. lanham, md: rowman and littlefield Publishers. editorial (7 june 1907) Lafayette Morning Journal.
Elshtain, jean Bethke (1982) feminist discourse and its discontents: language, power, and meaning. Signs 7.3: 603–21.
Flower, B. o. (april 1906) noble type of twentieth-century american womanhood. Arena 384–385.
Gans, eric (1997) on irony. in Signs of Paradox: Irony, Resentment, and Other Mimetic Structures 64–74. stanford, Ca: stanford university Press.
Gibbs, raymond w., jr., and izett, Christin d. (2005) irony as persuasive communication. in herbert l. Colston and albert n. Katz (eds) Figurative Language Comprehension: Social and Cultural Influences 131–151. mahwah, nj: lawrence erlbaum.
Gougar, helen (25 january1879) Bric-a-brac. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen (11 october 1879) Bric-a-brac. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (22 november 1879) The man who blows. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (6 december 1879) Criticism vs. gallantry. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (20 december 1879) man’s rights. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen (13 december 1880) Bric-a-brac. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.29. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen (1881) address by helen gougar at the indiana state assembly on february 15, 1881. Brevier Legislative Reports XIX 193.
Gougar, helen m. (18 october 1882) letter to reverend B. wilson smith. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, Correspondence item 65.77. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (4 november 1887) unrestricted ballot. Joliet News. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 82.195.4. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (november 1888) female politicians: a conversation with james g. Blaine. Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, scrapbook item 75.17.8. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (1895) The Constitutional Rights of the Women of Indiana. lafayette, indiana: journal Printing Co. indiana Collection, Courtesy of Purdue university libraries, special Collections.
Gougar, helen m. (3 february 1900) industrial training. Lafayette Evening Call. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 75.17.3. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen (29 july 1901) Thinks men will go to heaven. Lafayette Morning Journal.
Gougar, helen m. (n.d.) a plea for woman suffrage. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 75.17.13. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Gougar, helen m. (n.d.) i have all the rights i want, a true story. history of women series, reel 950, no. 9205, indiana university microfilm.
Gougar, helen m. (n.d.) some of the idiots. history of women series, reel 950, no. 9206, indiana university microfilm.
Gould, lewis l. (2003) Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans. new york: random house.
Graban, tarez samra (2009) emergent taxonomies: using ‘tension’ and ‘forum’ to organize primary texts. in alexis e. ramsey, wendy sharer, Barbara l’eplattenier and lisa mastrangelo (eds.) Working in the Archives: Practical Research Methods for Rhetoric and Composition 206–219. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Helen m. gougar (july 1907) Columbus Press-Post. ‘helen m. gougar expires suddenly: noted advocate of woman’s rights drops dead at her home in this city.’ (6 june 1907) Lafayette Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, unnumbered newspaper item. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Hoganson, Kristin (2001) as badly off as the filipinos: u.s. women’s suffragists and the imperial issue at the turn of the twentieth century. Journal of Women’s History 13.2: 9–33.
Huxman, susan schultz (2000) Perfecting the rhetorical vision of women’s rights: elizabeth Cady stanton, anna howard shaw, and Carrie Chapman Catt. Women’s Studies in Communication 23.3: 307–336.
Jamieson, Kathleen hall (1995) Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. new york: oxford university Press.
Jerry, e. Claire (1993) helen jackson gougar. in Karlyn Kohrs Campbell (ed.) Women Public Speakers in the United States, 1800–1925: A Bio-critical Sourcebook 267–278. westport, Ct: greenwood.
Johnson, nan (2002) Gender and Rhetorical Space in American Life, 1866–1910. Carbondale, il: southern illinois university Press.
Kriebel, robert C. (1985) Where the Saints Have Trod: The Life of Helen Gougar. west lafayette, in: Purdue university Press.
La flamme, janice m. (1968) The strategy of feminine Protest: a rhetorical study of the Campaign for woman’s rights in indiana, 1881. unpublished master’s thesis, indiana university.
Lomicky, Carol s. (2002) frontier feminism and the Woman’s Tribune: The journalism of Clara Bewick Colby. Journalism History 28.3: 102–111.
Mattingly, Carol (1998) Well-Tempered Women: Nineteenth-Century Temperance Rhetoric. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Mattingly, Carol (2002) telling evidence: rethinking what counts in rhetoric. Rhetoric Society Quarterly 32.1: 99–108.
Mayhead, molly and marshall, Brenda deVore (2005) Women’s Political Discourse: A 21st Century Perspective. lanham, md: rowman and littlefield.
Merrill, yvonne d. (1996) The Social Construction of Western Women’s Rhetoric Before 1750. lewiston, ny: edwin mellen.
Mountford, roxanne (2003). The Gendered Pulpit: Preaching in American Protestant Spaces. Carbondale: southern illinois university Press.
Mrs. helen m. gougar in Kansas. (1 february 1887) Lafayette Morning Journal. mrs. gougar memorialized. (5 may 1887) Lafayette Morning Journal.
National federal suffrage association. (1895) A True Republic 5.2.
Parkman, francis (1879). The woman question. North American Review 129: 303–321. retrieved on 10 january 2005 from making of america, Cornell library. http://cdl.library.cornell.edu
Perelman, Chaim and olbrechts-tyteca, lucie (1969) The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. notre dame, in: university of notre dame Press.
Porter, james e. (1986) intertextuality and the discourse community. Rhetoric Review 5.1: 34–47.
Post office muddle. (3 january 1890) Lafayette Morning Journal. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 82.195.6. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Riegel, robert e. (1962) The split of the feminist movement in 1869. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 49.3: 485–496.
Royster, jacquelyn jones (1999) sarah’s story: making a place for historical ethnography in rhetorical studies. in C. jan swearingen and david Pruett (eds) Rhetoric, the Polis, and the Global Village 39–51. mahwah, nj: erlbaum.
Scott, anne firor (1991) Natural Allies: Women’s Associations in American History. Chicago: university of illinois, Press.
Swearingen, C. jan (1991) Rhetoric and Irony: Western Literacy and Western Lies. new york: oxford university Press.
Two opinions of a woman. (7 june 1907) The Kansas Commoner. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 75.17.26. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
Waggenspack, Beth m. (1982) elizabeth Cady stanton’s reform rhetoric 1848–1854: a Perelman analysis of Practical reasoning. unpublished doctoral dissertation, ohio state university.
Waggenspack, Beth m. (2004) women’s role in rhetorical traditions. in james l. golden, goodwin f. Berquist, william e. Coleman, and j. michael sproule (eds) The Rhetoric of Western Thought, eighth edition, 45–47. dubuque, ia: Kendall-hunt.
Wagner, joanne (1995) intelligent members or restless disturbers: women’s rhetorical styles, 1880–1920. in andrea lunsford (ed) Reclaiming Rhetorica 185–202. Pittsburgh: university of Pittsburgh Press.
Willard, frances e. and livermore, mary a. (eds) (1897) American Women: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the Lives and Achievements of American Women During the Nineteenth Century, Volume 1. new york: mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick.
Woman suffrage in new york. (may 1894) Voice 31. woman suffrage not on trial. (24 february 1883) Lafayette Daily Courier. The helen gougar Collection, 117.2004.01, newspaper item 82.195.4. tCha, lafayette, indiana.
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Published
2011-07-20
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Graban, T. S. (2011). Towards a ’second-generation’ suffragism: Reclaiming Indiana’s iron(ic) woman in Helen Gougar’s political rhetoric. Gender and Language, 5(1), 31-59. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v5i1.31
