Language, sexuality and place
The view from cyberspace
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v5i1.1Keywords:
computer-mediated, discourse, performative, place, queer, sexualityAbstract
This study attempts to use space/place as a tool in discourse analysis, focusing on the immediate surroundings of interaction. Analysis focuses on data taken from a corpus of computer-mediated chat-room interaction. It investigates the ongoing performance of sexualised place (and place-based sexuality) through the use of language in online chat-rooms. The central questions focus on how the shared imaginary of a room helps to shape the performances of genders and sexualities and how the gendered and sexualised discourses sexualise the room. Guided by the triangle of space model (Gotved, 2002, 2006), attention is paid to the chat rooms’ user interface, the spatial metaphor of the ‘room,’ and to participant interaction as part of the three dimensions of online spatiality. These are queer places for performances (in this case) of non-heterosexual, masculine identities and desires. Gotved’s model of online spatiality enables the investigation.
References
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Barrett, Rusty (2006) [1995] Supermodels of the World Unite! Political Economy and the Language of Performance among African-American Drag Queens. In Deborah Cameron and Don Kulick (eds) The Language and Sexuality Reader 151–163. London: Routledge.
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Blumen, Orna (2007) The performative landscape of going-to-work: On the edge of a Jewish ultraorthodox neighborhood. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25(5):803–831. doi:10.1068/d76j
Brickell, Chris and Taylor, Ben (2004) What it means to be a gay man. In Lynne Alice and Lynne Star (eds) Queer in Aotearoa New Zealand 145–164. Palmerston North, NZ: Dunmore Press.
Brown, Michael (2000) Closet Space: Geographies of Metaphor from the Body to the Globe. London: Routledge.
Browne, Kath, Lim, Jason and Brown, Gavin (eds) (2007) Geographies of Sexualities: Theory, Practices, and Politics. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
Cameron, Deborah (1997) Performing gender identity: Young men’s talk and the construction of heterosexual masculinity. In Sally Johnson and Ulrika Meinhoff (eds) Language and Masculinity 47–64. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Cameron, Deborah and Kulick, Don (2003) Language and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, John Edward (2004) Getting it on Online: Cyberspace, Gay Male Sexuality and Embodied Identity. Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press.
Chauncey, George (1994) Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. New York: Basic Books.
Cicognani, Anna (1998) On the linguistic nature of cyberspace and virtual communities. Virtual Reality 3(1):16–24. doi:10.1007/BF01409794
Collins, James and Slembrouck, Stef (2005) Editorial: Multilingualism and diasporic populations: Spatializing practices, institutional processes, and social hierarchies. Language and Communication 25(3):189–195. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2005.03.006
Conlon, Deirdre (2004) Productive bodies, performative spaces: Everyday life in Christopher Park. Sexualities 7(4):462–479. doi:10.1177/1363460704047063
Cresswell, Tim (2004) Place: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
del-Teso-Craviotto, Marisol (2008) Gender and sexual identity authentication in language use: The case of chat rooms. Discourse Studies 10(2):251–270. doi:10.1177/1461445607087011
Désert, Jean-Ulrick (1997) Queer space. In Gordon Brent Ingram, Anne-Marie Bouthillette and Yolanda Retter (eds) Queers in Space: Communities | Public Places | Sites of Resistance 17–26. Seattle: Bay Press.
Dodge, Martin and Kitchin, Rob (2001) Mapping Cyberspace. London: Routledge.
Dundes, Allan, Leach, Jerry W. and Özkök, Bora (1972) The strategy of Turkish boys’ verbal duelling rhymes. In John J. Gumperz and Dell Hymes (eds) Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication 130–160. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Gibson, William (1984) Neuromancer. London: HarperCollins. Gotved, Stine (2002) Spatial dimensions in online communities. Space and Culture 5(4):405–414. doi:10.1177/1206331202005004006
Gotved, Stine (2006) Time and space in cyber social reality. New Media and Society 8(3):467–486. doi:10.1177/1461444806064484
Gregson, Nicky and Rose, Gillian (2000) Taking Butler elsewhere: Performativities, spatialities and subjectivities. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 18(4):433–452. doi:10.1068/d232
Halberstam, Judith (1998) Female Masculinity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Harvey, Keith (1998) Translating camp talk: Gay identities and cultural transfer. The Translator 4(2):295–320.
Harvey, Keith (2000a) Describing camp talk: Language/pragmatics/politics. Language and Literacy 9(3):240–260. doi:10.1177/096394700000900303
Harvey, Keith (2000b) Gay community, gay identity and the translated text. TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 13(1):137–165.
Haywood, Chris and Mac An Ghaill, Mairtin (2003) Men and Masculinities. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Heasley, Robert (2005) Queer masculinities of straight men: A typology. Men and Masculinities 7(3):310–320. doi:10.1177/1097184X04272118
Jackson, Stevi (1999) Heterosexuality in Question. London: Sage.
Jaworski, Adam and Thurlow, Crispin (eds) (2010) Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space. London: Continuum.
Johnstone, Barbara (1990) Stories, Community and Place: Narratives from Middle America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Johnstone, Barbara (1999) Uses of Southern-sounding speech by contemporary Texas women. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3(4):505–522. doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00093
Johnstone, Barbara, Andrus, Jennifer and Danielson, Andrew E. (2006) Mobility, indexicality, and the enregisterment of ‘Pittsburghese’. Journal of English Linguistics 34(2):77–104. doi:10.1177/0075424206290692
Kawale, Rani (2004) Inequalities of the heart: The performance of emotion work by lesbian and bisexual women in London, England. Social and Cultural Geography 5(4):565–581. doi:10.1080/1464936042000317703
Kennedy, Graeme (1998) An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London: Longman.
Kiesling, Scott F. (2006) Hegemonic identity-making in narrative. In Anna De Fina, Deborah Schiffrin and Michael Bamberg (eds) Discourse and Identity 261–287. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kiesling, Scott F. (2006) [2002] Playing the straight man: Displaying and maintaining male heterosexuality in discourse. In Deborah Cameron and Don Kulick (eds) The Language and Sexuality Reader 118–131. London: Routledge.
Kimmel, Michael S. (2001) Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame and silence in the construction of gender identity. In Stephen M. Whitehead and Frank J. Barrett (eds) The Masculinities Reader 266–287. Cambridge: Polity Press.
King, Brian W. (2006) A Corpus-based Investigation into the Discourses of Men in Online Queer Space. Unpublished masters dissertation. Available from the University of Leicester library, Leicester, UK.
King, Brian W. (2009) Building and analysing corpora of computer-mediated communication. In Paul Baker (ed.) Contemporary Corpus Linguistics 301–320. London: Continuum.
King, Brian W. (forthcoming) Location, Lore and Language: An Erotic Triangle.
Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark (2003) [1980] Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Leap, William L. (1999) Sex in ‘private’ places: Gender, erotics, and detachment in two urban locales. In William L. Leap (ed.) Public Sex/Gay Space 115–140. New York: Columbia University Press.
Lefebvre, Henri (1991) [1974] The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell.
LeVine, Philip (2007) Sharing common ground: The role of place reference in parent-child conversation. In Deborah Tannen, Shari Kendall and Cynthia Gordon (eds) Family Talk: Discourse and Identity in Four American Families 263–282. New York: Oxford University Press.
MacKinnon, Catharine (1982) Feminism, marxism, method and the state: An agenda for theory. Signs 7(3):515–544. doi:10.1086/493898
Modan, Gabriella Gahlia (2007) Turf Wars: Discourse, Diversity, and the Politics of Place. Oxford: Blackwell.
Morrish, Liz and Leap, William (2007) Sex talk: Language, desire, identity and beyond. In Helen Sauntson and Sakis Kyratzis (eds) Language, Sexualities and Desires: Cross-cultural Perspectives 17–40. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Natter, Wolfgang and Jones III, John Paul (1997) Identity, space, and other uncertainties. In Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer (eds) Space and Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity 141–161. Oxford: Blackwell.
Rellstab, Daniel H. (2007) Staging gender online: Gender plays in Swiss internet relay chats. Discourse and Society 18(6):765–787. doi:10.1177/0957926507082195
Rheingold, Howard (1993) The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Boston: Addison Wesley.
Scollon, Ron and Scollon, Suzie Wong (2003) Discourse in Place: Language in the Material World. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203422724
Shaw, David F. (1997) Gay men and computer communication: A discourse of sex and identity in cyberspace. In Steve G. Jones (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety 133–145. London: Sage.
Shields, Rob (1998) Lefebvre, Love and Struggle. London: Routledge.
Sidnell, Jack (2003) Constructing and managing male exclusivity in talk-ininteraction. In Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff (eds) The Handbook of Language and Gender 327–352. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Skeggs, Beverley, Moran, Leslie, Tyrer, Paul and Binnie, Jon (2004) Queer as folk: Producing the real of urban space. Urban Studies 41(9):1839–1856. doi:10.1080/0042098042000243183
Smith, Neil (1991) Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. Second edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sundén, Jenny (2003) Material Virtualities: Approaching Online Textual Embodiment. New York: Peter Lang.
Taylor, Jonathan (1997) The emerging geographies of virtual worlds. The Geographical Review 87(2):172–192. doi:10.2307/216004
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1974) Space and place: Humanistic perspective. Progress in Geography 6:211–252.
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1977) Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Unwin, Tim (2000) A waste of space? Towards a critique of the social production of space…. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 25(1):11–29. doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2000.00011.x
Valentine, Gill (2002) Queer bodies and the production of space. In Steven Seidman and Diane Richardson (eds) Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies 145–160. London: Sage.
Waitt, Gordon R. (2006) Boundaries of desire: Becoming sexual through the spaces of Sydney’s 2002 gay games. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96(4):773–787. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00811.x
Waskul, Dennis D. (2003) Self-games and Body Play: Personhood in Online Chat and Cybersex. New York: Peter Lang.
Werry, Christopher C. (2004) [1996] Linguistic and interactional features of Internet relay chat. In Geoffrey Sampson and Diana McCarthy (eds) Corpus Linguistics: Readings in a Widening Discipline 340–352. London: Continuum.
Woodland, Randal (2000) [1995] Queer spaces, modem boys and pagan statues. In David Bell and Barbara Kennedy (eds) The Cybercultures Reader 416–431. London: Routledge.
Yates, Simeon J. (1996) Oral and written linguistic aspects of computer conferencing. In Susan C. Herring (ed.) Computer-mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-cultural Perspectives 29–46. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Yep, Gust A. (2003) The violence of heteronormativity in communication studies: Notes on injury, healing, and queer world-making. Journal of Homosexuality 45(2/3/4):11–59.
Baker, Paul (2004) Querying keywords: Questions of difference, frequency and sense in keywords analysis. Journal of English Linguistics 32(4):346–359. doi:10.1177/0075424204269894
Baker, Paul (2005) Public Discourses of Gay Men. London: Routledge.
Barrett, Rusty (2006) [1995] Supermodels of the World Unite! Political Economy and the Language of Performance among African-American Drag Queens. In Deborah Cameron and Don Kulick (eds) The Language and Sexuality Reader 151–163. London: Routledge.
Baynham, Mike (2003) Narratives in space and time: Beyond ‘backdrop’ accounts of narrative orientation. Narrative Inquiry 13(2):347–366. doi:10.1075/ni.13.2.07bay
Bell, David, Binnie, Jon, Cream, Julia and Valentine, Gill (1994) All hyped up and no place to go. Gender, Place and Culture 1(1):31–48. doi:10.1080/09663699408721199
Blommaert, Jan (2005a) Discourse: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610295
Blommaert, Jan (2005b) In and out of class, codes and control: Globalization, discourse and mobility. In Mike Baynham and Anna De Fina (eds) Dislocations/relocations: Narratives of Displacement 128–143. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Blumen, Orna (2007) The performative landscape of going-to-work: On the edge of a Jewish ultraorthodox neighborhood. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25(5):803–831. doi:10.1068/d76j
Brickell, Chris and Taylor, Ben (2004) What it means to be a gay man. In Lynne Alice and Lynne Star (eds) Queer in Aotearoa New Zealand 145–164. Palmerston North, NZ: Dunmore Press.
Brown, Michael (2000) Closet Space: Geographies of Metaphor from the Body to the Globe. London: Routledge.
Browne, Kath, Lim, Jason and Brown, Gavin (eds) (2007) Geographies of Sexualities: Theory, Practices, and Politics. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
Cameron, Deborah (1997) Performing gender identity: Young men’s talk and the construction of heterosexual masculinity. In Sally Johnson and Ulrika Meinhoff (eds) Language and Masculinity 47–64. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Cameron, Deborah and Kulick, Don (2003) Language and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, John Edward (2004) Getting it on Online: Cyberspace, Gay Male Sexuality and Embodied Identity. Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press.
Chauncey, George (1994) Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. New York: Basic Books.
Cicognani, Anna (1998) On the linguistic nature of cyberspace and virtual communities. Virtual Reality 3(1):16–24. doi:10.1007/BF01409794
Collins, James and Slembrouck, Stef (2005) Editorial: Multilingualism and diasporic populations: Spatializing practices, institutional processes, and social hierarchies. Language and Communication 25(3):189–195. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2005.03.006
Conlon, Deirdre (2004) Productive bodies, performative spaces: Everyday life in Christopher Park. Sexualities 7(4):462–479. doi:10.1177/1363460704047063
Cresswell, Tim (2004) Place: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
del-Teso-Craviotto, Marisol (2008) Gender and sexual identity authentication in language use: The case of chat rooms. Discourse Studies 10(2):251–270. doi:10.1177/1461445607087011
Désert, Jean-Ulrick (1997) Queer space. In Gordon Brent Ingram, Anne-Marie Bouthillette and Yolanda Retter (eds) Queers in Space: Communities | Public Places | Sites of Resistance 17–26. Seattle: Bay Press.
Dodge, Martin and Kitchin, Rob (2001) Mapping Cyberspace. London: Routledge.
Dundes, Allan, Leach, Jerry W. and Özkök, Bora (1972) The strategy of Turkish boys’ verbal duelling rhymes. In John J. Gumperz and Dell Hymes (eds) Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication 130–160. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Gibson, William (1984) Neuromancer. London: HarperCollins. Gotved, Stine (2002) Spatial dimensions in online communities. Space and Culture 5(4):405–414. doi:10.1177/1206331202005004006
Gotved, Stine (2006) Time and space in cyber social reality. New Media and Society 8(3):467–486. doi:10.1177/1461444806064484
Gregson, Nicky and Rose, Gillian (2000) Taking Butler elsewhere: Performativities, spatialities and subjectivities. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 18(4):433–452. doi:10.1068/d232
Halberstam, Judith (1998) Female Masculinity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Harvey, Keith (1998) Translating camp talk: Gay identities and cultural transfer. The Translator 4(2):295–320.
Harvey, Keith (2000a) Describing camp talk: Language/pragmatics/politics. Language and Literacy 9(3):240–260. doi:10.1177/096394700000900303
Harvey, Keith (2000b) Gay community, gay identity and the translated text. TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 13(1):137–165.
Haywood, Chris and Mac An Ghaill, Mairtin (2003) Men and Masculinities. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Heasley, Robert (2005) Queer masculinities of straight men: A typology. Men and Masculinities 7(3):310–320. doi:10.1177/1097184X04272118
Jackson, Stevi (1999) Heterosexuality in Question. London: Sage.
Jaworski, Adam and Thurlow, Crispin (eds) (2010) Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space. London: Continuum.
Johnstone, Barbara (1990) Stories, Community and Place: Narratives from Middle America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Johnstone, Barbara (1999) Uses of Southern-sounding speech by contemporary Texas women. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3(4):505–522. doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00093
Johnstone, Barbara, Andrus, Jennifer and Danielson, Andrew E. (2006) Mobility, indexicality, and the enregisterment of ‘Pittsburghese’. Journal of English Linguistics 34(2):77–104. doi:10.1177/0075424206290692
Kawale, Rani (2004) Inequalities of the heart: The performance of emotion work by lesbian and bisexual women in London, England. Social and Cultural Geography 5(4):565–581. doi:10.1080/1464936042000317703
Kennedy, Graeme (1998) An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London: Longman.
Kiesling, Scott F. (2006) Hegemonic identity-making in narrative. In Anna De Fina, Deborah Schiffrin and Michael Bamberg (eds) Discourse and Identity 261–287. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kiesling, Scott F. (2006) [2002] Playing the straight man: Displaying and maintaining male heterosexuality in discourse. In Deborah Cameron and Don Kulick (eds) The Language and Sexuality Reader 118–131. London: Routledge.
Kimmel, Michael S. (2001) Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame and silence in the construction of gender identity. In Stephen M. Whitehead and Frank J. Barrett (eds) The Masculinities Reader 266–287. Cambridge: Polity Press.
King, Brian W. (2006) A Corpus-based Investigation into the Discourses of Men in Online Queer Space. Unpublished masters dissertation. Available from the University of Leicester library, Leicester, UK.
King, Brian W. (2009) Building and analysing corpora of computer-mediated communication. In Paul Baker (ed.) Contemporary Corpus Linguistics 301–320. London: Continuum.
King, Brian W. (forthcoming) Location, Lore and Language: An Erotic Triangle.
Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark (2003) [1980] Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Leap, William L. (1999) Sex in ‘private’ places: Gender, erotics, and detachment in two urban locales. In William L. Leap (ed.) Public Sex/Gay Space 115–140. New York: Columbia University Press.
Lefebvre, Henri (1991) [1974] The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell.
LeVine, Philip (2007) Sharing common ground: The role of place reference in parent-child conversation. In Deborah Tannen, Shari Kendall and Cynthia Gordon (eds) Family Talk: Discourse and Identity in Four American Families 263–282. New York: Oxford University Press.
MacKinnon, Catharine (1982) Feminism, marxism, method and the state: An agenda for theory. Signs 7(3):515–544. doi:10.1086/493898
Modan, Gabriella Gahlia (2007) Turf Wars: Discourse, Diversity, and the Politics of Place. Oxford: Blackwell.
Morrish, Liz and Leap, William (2007) Sex talk: Language, desire, identity and beyond. In Helen Sauntson and Sakis Kyratzis (eds) Language, Sexualities and Desires: Cross-cultural Perspectives 17–40. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Natter, Wolfgang and Jones III, John Paul (1997) Identity, space, and other uncertainties. In Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer (eds) Space and Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity 141–161. Oxford: Blackwell.
Rellstab, Daniel H. (2007) Staging gender online: Gender plays in Swiss internet relay chats. Discourse and Society 18(6):765–787. doi:10.1177/0957926507082195
Rheingold, Howard (1993) The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Boston: Addison Wesley.
Scollon, Ron and Scollon, Suzie Wong (2003) Discourse in Place: Language in the Material World. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203422724
Shaw, David F. (1997) Gay men and computer communication: A discourse of sex and identity in cyberspace. In Steve G. Jones (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety 133–145. London: Sage.
Shields, Rob (1998) Lefebvre, Love and Struggle. London: Routledge.
Sidnell, Jack (2003) Constructing and managing male exclusivity in talk-ininteraction. In Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff (eds) The Handbook of Language and Gender 327–352. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Skeggs, Beverley, Moran, Leslie, Tyrer, Paul and Binnie, Jon (2004) Queer as folk: Producing the real of urban space. Urban Studies 41(9):1839–1856. doi:10.1080/0042098042000243183
Smith, Neil (1991) Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. Second edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sundén, Jenny (2003) Material Virtualities: Approaching Online Textual Embodiment. New York: Peter Lang.
Taylor, Jonathan (1997) The emerging geographies of virtual worlds. The Geographical Review 87(2):172–192. doi:10.2307/216004
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1974) Space and place: Humanistic perspective. Progress in Geography 6:211–252.
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1977) Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Unwin, Tim (2000) A waste of space? Towards a critique of the social production of space…. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 25(1):11–29. doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2000.00011.x
Valentine, Gill (2002) Queer bodies and the production of space. In Steven Seidman and Diane Richardson (eds) Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies 145–160. London: Sage.
Waitt, Gordon R. (2006) Boundaries of desire: Becoming sexual through the spaces of Sydney’s 2002 gay games. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96(4):773–787. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00811.x
Waskul, Dennis D. (2003) Self-games and Body Play: Personhood in Online Chat and Cybersex. New York: Peter Lang.
Werry, Christopher C. (2004) [1996] Linguistic and interactional features of Internet relay chat. In Geoffrey Sampson and Diana McCarthy (eds) Corpus Linguistics: Readings in a Widening Discipline 340–352. London: Continuum.
Woodland, Randal (2000) [1995] Queer spaces, modem boys and pagan statues. In David Bell and Barbara Kennedy (eds) The Cybercultures Reader 416–431. London: Routledge.
Yates, Simeon J. (1996) Oral and written linguistic aspects of computer conferencing. In Susan C. Herring (ed.) Computer-mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-cultural Perspectives 29–46. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Yep, Gust A. (2003) The violence of heteronormativity in communication studies: Notes on injury, healing, and queer world-making. Journal of Homosexuality 45(2/3/4):11–59.
Published
2011-07-20
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
King, B. W. (2011). Language, sexuality and place: The view from cyberspace. Gender and Language, 5(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v5i1.1
