Domestic violence and public participation in the media
The case of citizen journalism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v7i3.275Keywords:
gender, domestic violence, citizen journalism, ideologyAbstract
Recent research suggests that as a social public problem, domestic violence is sustained in a number of social contexts that naturalize violence against women through gendered discourses and ideologies of male violence. This paper examines domestic violence vis-à-vis public participation in the media. In doing so, it seeks to explore the social public aspects of domestic violence and to investigate whether the gendered discourse of male violence is also sustained through the new electronic spaces of public participation. To this end, a corpus of unsolicited digital comments – a form of ‘citizen journalism’ – to a British online newspaper was compiled and analysed. This paper draws from research on gender, pragmatics and critical/computer-mediated discourse analysis. The analysis reveals that some citizen journalists resorted to abuse-sustaining discourses; these were challenged by others who questioned the gendered ideologies of male violence against women.
References
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Allan, S. and Thorsen, E. (2009) Introduction. In S. Allan and E. Thorsen (eds) Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives 1–16. New York: Peter Lang.
Anderson, K. L. and Umberson, D. (2001) Gendering violence: Masculinity and power in men’s accounts of domestic violence. Gender & Society 15(3): 358–80. http://dx. doi.org/10.1177/089124301015003003
Bengoechea, M. (2006) ‘Rompo tus miembros uno a uno’ (Pablo Neruda): de la reificación a la destrucción en los discursos masculinos sobre la mujer. Cuadernos de Trabajo Social 19: 25–41. Retrieved on October 2011 from http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/trs/02140314/articulos/CUTS0606110025A.PDF
Bengoechea, M. (2010) El lenguaje y la cultura como mecanismos de producción y legitimación de la violencia de género. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Boonzaier, F. (2008) ‘If the man says so you must sit, then you must sit’: The relational construction of woman abuse: Gender, subjectivity and violence. Feminism and Psychology 18(2): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353507088266
Bostock, J., Plumpton, M. and Pratt, R. (2009) Domestic violence against women: Understanding social processes and women’s experiences. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 19: 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.985
Bou-Franch, P., Lorenzo-Dus, N. and Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2010) The discursive construction of domestic violence in YouTube. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Bou-Franch, P., Lorenzo-Dus, N. and Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2012) Social interaction in YouTube text-based polylogues: A study of coherence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17(4): 50–521.
Bruns, A. (2005) Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production. New York: Peter Lang.
Chouliaraki, L. (2010). Introduction. Self-mediation: New media and citizenship. Critical Discourse Studies 7(4): 227–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2010.511824
Christie, C. (1998) Rewriting rights: A relevance theoretical analysis of press constructions of sexual harassment and the responses of readers. Language and Literature 7(3): 214–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709800700303
Christie, C. (2000) Gender and Language: Towards a Feminist Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Coates, L. and Wade, A. (2004) ‘Telling it like it isn’t’: Obscuring perpetrator responsibility for violent crime. Discourse & Society 15: 499–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0957926504045031
Domingo, D., Quandt, T., Heinonen, A., Paulussen, S., Singer J. B. and Vujnovic, M. (2008) Participatory journalism practices in the media and beyond. Journalism Practice 2(3): 326–342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512780802281065
Drew, P. and Heritage, J. (1992) Analyzing talk at work: An introduction. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds) Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings 3–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ehrlich, S. (2008) Sexual assault trials, discursive identities and institutional change. In R. Dolón and J. Todolí (eds) Analysing Identities in Discourse 159–177. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Eisikovits, Z. and Buchbinder, E. (1997) Talking violent: A phenomenological study of metaphors battering men use. Violence against Women 3(5): 482–498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801297003005003
Fairclough, N. (2003) Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
Fernández Díaz, N. (2004) La violencia sexual y su representación en la prensa. Barcelona: Anthropos.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2010) The YouTubification of politics, impoliteness and polarization. In R. Taiwo (ed.) Handbook of Research on Discourse Behavior and Digital Communication: Language Structures and Social Interaction 540–563. New York: IGI Global.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., Bou-Franch, P. and Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2013a) Identity and impoliteness: The expert in the talent show Idol. Journal of Politeness Research 9(1): 97–120.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., Lorenzo-Dus, N. and Bou-Franch, P. (2013b) Relational work in anonymous, asynchronous communication: A study of (dis)affiliation in YouTube. In I. Kecskes and J. Romero-Trillo (eds) Linguistic Aspects of Intercultural Pragmatics 343–365. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hermida, A. and Thurman, N. (2008) A clash of cultures: The integration of user-generated content within professional journalistic frameworks at British newspaper websites. Journalism Practice 2(3): 343–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1751278080 2054538
Herring, S. C. (2010) Computer-mediated conversation: Introduction and overview. Language@Internet 7. http://www.languageatinternet.org/articles/2010/2801
Home Office (2000) Domestic violence: Break the Chain Multi-agency Guidance for Addressing Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/daphnetoolkit/files/projects/1998_064/domestic_violence_multi_agency_guidance _uk.pdf
Hydén, M. (1999) ‘The world of the Fearful’: Battered women’s narratives of leaving abusive husbands. Feminism & Psychology 9(4): 449–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0959353599009004012
Hydén, M. (2005) ‘I must have been an idiot to let it go on’: Agency and positioning in battered women’s narratives of leaving. Feminism & Psychology 15(2): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353505051725
Ihlström, C. and Lundberg, J. (2002) The online news genre through the user perspective. In Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii Internacional Conference on System Sciences. IEEE Computer Society Press. Retrieved on 11 December 2011 from http://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDC62/material/newsgenre-HICCS36.pdf
Jackson, S. (2001) ‘Happily never after’: Young women’s stories of abuse in hetero-sexual love relationships. Feminism & Psychology 11(3): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0959353501011003004
Jones, J. and Peccei, J. S. (2004) Language and politics. In L. Thomas, S. Wareing, I. Singh, J. S. Peccei, J. Thornbarrow and J. Jones (eds) Language, Society and Power 35–54. London: Routledge.
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C. (2004) Introducing polylogue. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00034-1
Livingstone, S. and Lunt, P. (1994) Talk on Television: Audience Participation and Public Debate. London: Routledge.
Lledó, E. (2010) La representación de la violencia de género en los medios de comunicación. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Lorenzo-Dus, N. and Bryan, A. (2011) Recontextualizing participatory journalists’ mobile media in British television news: A case study of the live coverage and commemorations of the 2005 London bombings. Discourse & Communication 5(1): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481310390164
Lorenzo-Dus, N., Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. and Bou-Franch, P. (2011) On-line polylogues and impoliteness: The case of postings sent in response to the Obama Reggaeton YouTube video. Journal of Pragmatics 43: 2578–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.pragma.2011.03.005
Lundberg, J. (2001) On-line newspapers and genre development on the world wide web. In S. Bjørnestad, R. E. Moe, A. I. Morch and A. L. Opdahl (eds) Proceedings of the 24th Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia 505–518. Bergen: University of Bergen, Norway.
Mildorf, J. (2002) ‘Opening up a can of worms’: Physician’s narrative construction of knowledge about domestic violence. Narrative Inquiry 12(2): 233–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.12.2.02mil
Mills, S. (2008) Language and Sexism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Morris, A. (2009) Gendered dynamics of abuse and violence in families: Considering the abusive household gender regime. Child Abuse Review 18: 414–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.1098
Muehlenhard, C. L. and Kimes, L. A. (1999) The social construction of violence: The case of sexual and domestic violence. Personality and Social Psychology Review 3(3): 234–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_6
Neurauter-Kessels, M. (2011) Im/polite reader responses on British online news sites. Journal of Politeness Research 7: 187–214.
O’Connor, P. (1995) Discourse of violence: Introduction. Discourse & Society 6: 309–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006003002
Patrona, M. (2005) Speaking authoritatively: On the modality and factuality of expert talk in Greek television studio discussion programs. Text 25(2): 233–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text.2005.25.2.233
Santaemilia, J. and Maruenda, S. (2013) Semantic prosodies and discourse constellations in (de)legitimising naming practices in newspaper discourse. In I. Kecskes and J. Romero Trillo (eds) Applied Intercultural Pragmatics 439–457. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Santaemilia, J., Maruenda, S. and Clavel, B. (2010) ¿Violencia de género, doméstica o machista? Violencia contra la mujer y diversidad discursiva. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Schegloff, E.A. (1992) On talk and its institutional occasions. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds) Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings 10–134. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sonwalkar, P. (2009) Citizen journalism in India: The politics of recognition. In S. Allan and E. Thorsen (eds) Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives 75–84. New York: Peter Lang.
Stokoe, E. (2010) ‘I’m not gonna hit a lady’: Conversation analysis, membership categorization and men’s denials of violence towards women. Discourse & Society 21(1): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926509345072
Thurman, N. (2008) Forums for citizen journalism? Adoption of user generated content initiatives by online news media. New Media & Society 10: 139–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444807085325
Towns, A. and Adams, P. (2000) ‘If I really loved him enough, he would be okay’: Women’s accounts of male partner violence. Violence Against Women 6(6): 558–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778010022182038
Trinch, S. (2007) Deconstructing the ‘stakes’ in high stakes gatekeeping interviews: Battered women and narration. Journal of Pragmatics 39: 1895–1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.07.006
Turner, G. (2010) Ordinary People and the Media: The Demotic Turn. London: Sage.
Upadhyay, S. R. (2010) Identity and impoliteness in computer-mediated reader responses. Journal of Politeness Research 6: 105–127.
van Dijk, T. A. (1995) The violence of text and talk: Editorial. Discourse & Society 6: 307–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006003001
van Dijk, T. A. (1998) Opinions and ideologies in the press. In P. Garrett and A. Bell (eds) Approaches to Media Discourse 21–63. Blackwell: Oxford.
van Dijk, T. A. (2006) Ideology and discourse analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies 11(2): 115–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569310600687908
Van Leeuwen, T. (1996) The representation of social actors. In R. Caldas-Coulthard and M. Coulthard (eds) Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge.
Van Leeuwen, T. and Wodak, R. (1999) Legitimazing immigration control: A discourse-historical analysis. Discourse Studies 1(1): 83–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614 45699001001005
Wheeler, D. (2009) Violent images? The representation of gender violence in contemporary British and American cinema. Plenary Speech for the Gentext Meeting, Valencia 2009.
Wood, J. T. (2001) The normalization of violence in heterosexual romantic relationships: Women’s narratives of love and violence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 18(2): 239–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407501182005
Wood, J. T. (2004) Monsters and victims: Male felons’ accounts of intimate partner violence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 21(5): 555–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407504045887
Zaragoza, M. G. and Vázquez, S. (2010) El ciberescape a la violencia de género: Los foros como espacios narrativos de liberación. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Allan, S. and Thorsen, E. (2009) Introduction. In S. Allan and E. Thorsen (eds) Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives 1–16. New York: Peter Lang.
Anderson, K. L. and Umberson, D. (2001) Gendering violence: Masculinity and power in men’s accounts of domestic violence. Gender & Society 15(3): 358–80. http://dx. doi.org/10.1177/089124301015003003
Bengoechea, M. (2006) ‘Rompo tus miembros uno a uno’ (Pablo Neruda): de la reificación a la destrucción en los discursos masculinos sobre la mujer. Cuadernos de Trabajo Social 19: 25–41. Retrieved on October 2011 from http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/trs/02140314/articulos/CUTS0606110025A.PDF
Bengoechea, M. (2010) El lenguaje y la cultura como mecanismos de producción y legitimación de la violencia de género. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Boonzaier, F. (2008) ‘If the man says so you must sit, then you must sit’: The relational construction of woman abuse: Gender, subjectivity and violence. Feminism and Psychology 18(2): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353507088266
Bostock, J., Plumpton, M. and Pratt, R. (2009) Domestic violence against women: Understanding social processes and women’s experiences. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 19: 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.985
Bou-Franch, P., Lorenzo-Dus, N. and Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2010) The discursive construction of domestic violence in YouTube. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Bou-Franch, P., Lorenzo-Dus, N. and Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2012) Social interaction in YouTube text-based polylogues: A study of coherence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17(4): 50–521.
Bruns, A. (2005) Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production. New York: Peter Lang.
Chouliaraki, L. (2010). Introduction. Self-mediation: New media and citizenship. Critical Discourse Studies 7(4): 227–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2010.511824
Christie, C. (1998) Rewriting rights: A relevance theoretical analysis of press constructions of sexual harassment and the responses of readers. Language and Literature 7(3): 214–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709800700303
Christie, C. (2000) Gender and Language: Towards a Feminist Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Coates, L. and Wade, A. (2004) ‘Telling it like it isn’t’: Obscuring perpetrator responsibility for violent crime. Discourse & Society 15: 499–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0957926504045031
Domingo, D., Quandt, T., Heinonen, A., Paulussen, S., Singer J. B. and Vujnovic, M. (2008) Participatory journalism practices in the media and beyond. Journalism Practice 2(3): 326–342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512780802281065
Drew, P. and Heritage, J. (1992) Analyzing talk at work: An introduction. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds) Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings 3–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ehrlich, S. (2008) Sexual assault trials, discursive identities and institutional change. In R. Dolón and J. Todolí (eds) Analysing Identities in Discourse 159–177. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Eisikovits, Z. and Buchbinder, E. (1997) Talking violent: A phenomenological study of metaphors battering men use. Violence against Women 3(5): 482–498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801297003005003
Fairclough, N. (2003) Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
Fernández Díaz, N. (2004) La violencia sexual y su representación en la prensa. Barcelona: Anthropos.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2010) The YouTubification of politics, impoliteness and polarization. In R. Taiwo (ed.) Handbook of Research on Discourse Behavior and Digital Communication: Language Structures and Social Interaction 540–563. New York: IGI Global.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., Bou-Franch, P. and Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2013a) Identity and impoliteness: The expert in the talent show Idol. Journal of Politeness Research 9(1): 97–120.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., Lorenzo-Dus, N. and Bou-Franch, P. (2013b) Relational work in anonymous, asynchronous communication: A study of (dis)affiliation in YouTube. In I. Kecskes and J. Romero-Trillo (eds) Linguistic Aspects of Intercultural Pragmatics 343–365. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hermida, A. and Thurman, N. (2008) A clash of cultures: The integration of user-generated content within professional journalistic frameworks at British newspaper websites. Journalism Practice 2(3): 343–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1751278080 2054538
Herring, S. C. (2010) Computer-mediated conversation: Introduction and overview. Language@Internet 7. http://www.languageatinternet.org/articles/2010/2801
Home Office (2000) Domestic violence: Break the Chain Multi-agency Guidance for Addressing Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/daphnetoolkit/files/projects/1998_064/domestic_violence_multi_agency_guidance _uk.pdf
Hydén, M. (1999) ‘The world of the Fearful’: Battered women’s narratives of leaving abusive husbands. Feminism & Psychology 9(4): 449–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0959353599009004012
Hydén, M. (2005) ‘I must have been an idiot to let it go on’: Agency and positioning in battered women’s narratives of leaving. Feminism & Psychology 15(2): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353505051725
Ihlström, C. and Lundberg, J. (2002) The online news genre through the user perspective. In Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii Internacional Conference on System Sciences. IEEE Computer Society Press. Retrieved on 11 December 2011 from http://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDC62/material/newsgenre-HICCS36.pdf
Jackson, S. (2001) ‘Happily never after’: Young women’s stories of abuse in hetero-sexual love relationships. Feminism & Psychology 11(3): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0959353501011003004
Jones, J. and Peccei, J. S. (2004) Language and politics. In L. Thomas, S. Wareing, I. Singh, J. S. Peccei, J. Thornbarrow and J. Jones (eds) Language, Society and Power 35–54. London: Routledge.
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C. (2004) Introducing polylogue. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(03)00034-1
Livingstone, S. and Lunt, P. (1994) Talk on Television: Audience Participation and Public Debate. London: Routledge.
Lledó, E. (2010) La representación de la violencia de género en los medios de comunicación. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Lorenzo-Dus, N. and Bryan, A. (2011) Recontextualizing participatory journalists’ mobile media in British television news: A case study of the live coverage and commemorations of the 2005 London bombings. Discourse & Communication 5(1): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481310390164
Lorenzo-Dus, N., Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. and Bou-Franch, P. (2011) On-line polylogues and impoliteness: The case of postings sent in response to the Obama Reggaeton YouTube video. Journal of Pragmatics 43: 2578–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.pragma.2011.03.005
Lundberg, J. (2001) On-line newspapers and genre development on the world wide web. In S. Bjørnestad, R. E. Moe, A. I. Morch and A. L. Opdahl (eds) Proceedings of the 24th Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia 505–518. Bergen: University of Bergen, Norway.
Mildorf, J. (2002) ‘Opening up a can of worms’: Physician’s narrative construction of knowledge about domestic violence. Narrative Inquiry 12(2): 233–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.12.2.02mil
Mills, S. (2008) Language and Sexism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Morris, A. (2009) Gendered dynamics of abuse and violence in families: Considering the abusive household gender regime. Child Abuse Review 18: 414–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.1098
Muehlenhard, C. L. and Kimes, L. A. (1999) The social construction of violence: The case of sexual and domestic violence. Personality and Social Psychology Review 3(3): 234–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_6
Neurauter-Kessels, M. (2011) Im/polite reader responses on British online news sites. Journal of Politeness Research 7: 187–214.
O’Connor, P. (1995) Discourse of violence: Introduction. Discourse & Society 6: 309–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006003002
Patrona, M. (2005) Speaking authoritatively: On the modality and factuality of expert talk in Greek television studio discussion programs. Text 25(2): 233–267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text.2005.25.2.233
Santaemilia, J. and Maruenda, S. (2013) Semantic prosodies and discourse constellations in (de)legitimising naming practices in newspaper discourse. In I. Kecskes and J. Romero Trillo (eds) Applied Intercultural Pragmatics 439–457. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Santaemilia, J., Maruenda, S. and Clavel, B. (2010) ¿Violencia de género, doméstica o machista? Violencia contra la mujer y diversidad discursiva. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Schegloff, E.A. (1992) On talk and its institutional occasions. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds) Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings 10–134. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sonwalkar, P. (2009) Citizen journalism in India: The politics of recognition. In S. Allan and E. Thorsen (eds) Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives 75–84. New York: Peter Lang.
Stokoe, E. (2010) ‘I’m not gonna hit a lady’: Conversation analysis, membership categorization and men’s denials of violence towards women. Discourse & Society 21(1): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926509345072
Thurman, N. (2008) Forums for citizen journalism? Adoption of user generated content initiatives by online news media. New Media & Society 10: 139–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444807085325
Towns, A. and Adams, P. (2000) ‘If I really loved him enough, he would be okay’: Women’s accounts of male partner violence. Violence Against Women 6(6): 558–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778010022182038
Trinch, S. (2007) Deconstructing the ‘stakes’ in high stakes gatekeeping interviews: Battered women and narration. Journal of Pragmatics 39: 1895–1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.07.006
Turner, G. (2010) Ordinary People and the Media: The Demotic Turn. London: Sage.
Upadhyay, S. R. (2010) Identity and impoliteness in computer-mediated reader responses. Journal of Politeness Research 6: 105–127.
van Dijk, T. A. (1995) The violence of text and talk: Editorial. Discourse & Society 6: 307–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926595006003001
van Dijk, T. A. (1998) Opinions and ideologies in the press. In P. Garrett and A. Bell (eds) Approaches to Media Discourse 21–63. Blackwell: Oxford.
van Dijk, T. A. (2006) Ideology and discourse analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies 11(2): 115–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569310600687908
Van Leeuwen, T. (1996) The representation of social actors. In R. Caldas-Coulthard and M. Coulthard (eds) Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge.
Van Leeuwen, T. and Wodak, R. (1999) Legitimazing immigration control: A discourse-historical analysis. Discourse Studies 1(1): 83–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614 45699001001005
Wheeler, D. (2009) Violent images? The representation of gender violence in contemporary British and American cinema. Plenary Speech for the Gentext Meeting, Valencia 2009.
Wood, J. T. (2001) The normalization of violence in heterosexual romantic relationships: Women’s narratives of love and violence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 18(2): 239–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407501182005
Wood, J. T. (2004) Monsters and victims: Male felons’ accounts of intimate partner violence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 21(5): 555–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407504045887
Zaragoza, M. G. and Vázquez, S. (2010) El ciberescape a la violencia de género: Los foros como espacios narrativos de liberación. Paper presented at the International Conference on Gender Violence: Contexts, Discourses and Representations, Valencia, November 2010.
Published
2013-10-08
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Bou-Franch, P. (2013). Domestic violence and public participation in the media: The case of citizen journalism. Gender and Language, 7(3), 275-302. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v7i3.275
