Young women in the Meiji period as linguistic trendsetters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v2i1.51Keywords:
innovative speech, cultural and linguistic norms, trendsetters, non-linguistic style, young female speakersAbstract
The normative speech associated with Japanese women today has been identified as a product of the Meiji government’s modernization project in the early 20th Century. In this article, we examine the speech style in question, which is found in novels, magazines, and other print media during the Meiji period (1868--1912), in conjunction with other notable expressions of the time (e.g. foreign borrowings). We also examine other cultural expressions of femininity, for example, female students’ clothing and hairstyle. The analysis reveals that female students’ speech style that is now categorized as ‘feminine’ was part of the vernacular, rather than emanating from the context of the school, as is generally asserted. It was criticized by older linguistic norm holders (e.g. educators, novelists) as being coarse, crude and unladylike, in contrast to upper-class women’s speech in the preceding Edo period. Drawing comparisons with the linguistic innovation of current young Japanese women, we suggest that young female speakers of the Meiji period can be viewed as the trendsetters of the era, not simply as passive targets of ideological conditioning.
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Mizutani, O. and Nobuko, M. (1987) How to be Polite in Japanese. Tokyo: The Japan Times.
Mori, S. (1969) Meiji Tokyo itsubunshi (History of Rare News in Meiji Tokyo). vol. 2. Tokyo: Heibonsha.
Morino, M. (1991) Joseego no rekishi (A history of women’s language). In Kooza nihongo to nihongo kyooiku (A Series of Lectures on Japanese Language and Japanese Language Education) vol. 10. 225–248. Tokyo: Meiji Shoin.
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Natsu no jogakusei (Female students in summer). In Jokan (1906) 16(9): 149.
Nicholas, D. K. (1997) Stateside lingo gives Japan its own valley girls. In New York Times, 19 October.
Namura, J. (1981 [1692]) Onna Choohooki (Record of useful instruction for women). In Onna Choohoo ki, Kanai Choohooki: Sankoo Bunken-hen vol. 18. 1–220. Tokyo: Benseisha.
Ochs, E. (1993) Indexing gender. In B. D. Miller (ed.) Sex and Gender Hierarchies 146–169. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Okamoto, S. (1994) ‘Gendered’ speech styles and social identity. In M. Bucholtz, A. C. Liang, L. A. Sutton and C. Hines (eds) Cultural Performances: Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Women and Language Conference 569–581. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group.
Okamoto, S. (1995) ‘Tasteless’ Japanese: Less ‘feminine’ speech among young Japanese women. In K. Hall, M. Bucholtz and B. Moonwomon (eds) Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self 297–325. New York: Routledge,
Okamoto, S. (1996) Representations of diverse female speech styles in Japanese popular culture. In N. Warner, J. Ahlers, L. Bilmes, M. Oliver, S. Wertheim and M. Chen (eds) Gender and Belief Systems: Proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Women and Language Conference vol. 1. 575–587. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group.
Okamoto, S. and Shie, S. (1992) Less feminine speech among young Japanese females. In K. Hall, M. Bucholtz and B. Moonwomon (eds) Locating Power: Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference vol. 2. 478–488. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group.
Oohara, R. (2000) Kurokami no bunkashi (Cultural History of Black Hair). Tokyo: Kikuchi Shokan.
Ozaki, K. (1994 [1888]) Hayari kotoba (Trendy speech). In Kooyoo zenshuu (The Collected Writings of Ozaki Kooyoo) vol. 10. 4–5. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Ozaki, K. (2001 [1888]) Fuuryuu Kyooningyoo (An Elegant Kyoto Doll). In Meiji no bunko: Ozaki Kooyoo (Literature in the Meiji Period: Ozaki Kooyoo) vol. 6. 3–99. Tokyo: Chikuma Shoboo.
Radway, J. A. (1984) Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Reynolds, K. A. (1989) Josei zasshi no kotoba (Language in women’s magazines). In T. Inoue and women’s magazine study group (eds) Josei zasshi o kaidoku suru : Comparepolitan – nichi-bei mekishiko hikaku kenkyuu (Decode Women’s Magazines: Comparepolitan – Comparative Study of Japan, United States and Mexico). Tokyo: Kamiuchi Shuppan.
Sakaguchi, H. (1972) Nihon no rihatsu fuuzoku (Japan’s Hair Customs). Tokyo: Yuuzankaku Shuppan.
Sassa, S. (1906) Joshi Kokubun Kyookasho (A Japanese Literature Textbook for Women). Tokyo: Koofuukan Shoten.
Shimoda, U. (1911) Jogakusei wa busahoo nari to hyooban ari (There are rumours that female students are ill-mannered). Fujin Sekai 6 (12): 16–17.
Shinpo, I. (1897) Joshi Nihon Tokuhon (A Japanese Reader for Women) Tokyo: Kinkoodoo Shoseki.
Shoogaku joreishiki kunkai (1980 [1882]) In Meiji shoki kyooiku kikoosho shuusei (The Limited Edition of Textbooks in the Early Meiji Period) vol. 26. Tokyo: Yushoodo Shoten.
Shoogaku sahoosho (1962 [1883]) In Nihon kyookasho taikei (An Outline of Japanese Textbooks) vol. 2. Tokyo: Koodansha.
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Published
2008-06-27
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Bohn, M. T., & Matsumoto, Y. (2008). Young women in the Meiji period as linguistic trendsetters. Gender and Language, 2(1), 51-85. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v2i1.51
