The desire for identity and the identity of desire
language, gender and sexuality in the Greek context
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v9i1.18460Keywords:
desire, gender, identity, queer linguistics, sexualityAbstract
This paper focuses on three recent studies investigating the discursive construction of sexuality in Modern Greek – in contexts as diverse as same-sex online personals, the performance of heterosexuality in a mixed-sex conversation and coming out narratives – arguing that critical approaches to heteronormativity, the hallmark of queer linguistics, can hardly be dissociated from issues of ‘identity’ and ‘desire’ in language, since heteronormativity specifically aims at regulating their correlation vis-à-vis gender norms. These studies investigate the indexical relation between language, gender and sexuality as experienced by socially positioned agents whose subjectivity is constructed with reference to their desires and whose desires allude to intelligible (and eroticisable) subjectivities. Therefore, any attempt at reductive theorising based on an exclusivist platform, inspired by either identity or desire alone, fails to capture crucial aspects of sexually relevant language.
References
Archakis, A. and Lampropoulou, S. (2011) ??????????????, ????????????? ??? ? ??????????? ????????? ??????????. [Sexuality, masculinities, and the narrative construction of identities.] In C. Canakis (ed.) ?????? ??? ??????????????: ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? [Language and Sexuality: Linguistic and Anthropological Perspectives] 183–201. Athens: Eikostos Protos.
Austin, J. L. (1962) How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Baker, P. (2003) No effeminates please: a corpus-based analysis of masculinity via personal adverts in Gay News/Times 1973–2000. In B. Benwell (ed.) Masculinity and Men’s Lifestyle Magazines 243–60. Oxford: Blackwell.
Barrett, R. (2003) Models of gay male identity and the marketing of ‘gay language’ in foreign-phrasebooks for gay men. Sociolinguistic Studies 4: 533–652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/sols.v4i2.533
Barsalou, L. (1983) Ad hoc categories. Memory and Cognition 11: 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03196968
Bersani, L. (1995) Homos. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brubaker, R. and Cooper, F. (2000) Beyond ‘identity’. Theory and Society 29: 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007068714468
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2004) Theorizing identity in language-and-sexuality research. Language in Society 33: 469–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0047404504334020
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2005) Identity and interaction: a sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7: 585–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407
Butler, J. (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
Butler, J. (2009) Performativity, precarity and sexual politics. Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana 4: i–xiii.
Cameron, D. (2005) Language, gender, and sexuality: current issues and new directions. Applied Linguistics 26: 482–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami027
Cameron, D. and Kulick, D. (2003) Language and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791178
Cameron, D. and Kulick, D. (2005) Identity crisis? Language and Communication 25: 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2005.02.003
Cameron, D. and Kulick, D. (eds) (2006) The Language and Sexuality Reader. London: Routledge.
Campbell-Kibler, K., Podesva, R. J., Roberts, S. J. and Wong, A. (eds) (2002) Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice. Stanford, CA: CSLI.
Canakis, C. (2010) Eroticizing male homo-subjectivities in online personals. In C. Canakis, V. Kantsa and K. Yannakopoulos (eds) Language and Sexuality: (Through) and Beyond Gender 143–70. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Canakis, C. (2013) The ‘national body’: language and sexuality in the Balkan national narrative. In F. Tsibiridou and N. Palantzas (eds) Myths of the Other in the Balkans: Representations, Social Practices, Performances 305–20. Thessaloniki: University of Macedonia.
Canakis, C. and Chalkidou, A. (2014) Discourses of same-sex parenthood in Greece: ‘doing being ordinary’ in extraordinary circumstances. Paper presented at Kinship and Medical Technology: Assisted Reproduction in Greece, Mytilene, 30–31 May.
Chirrey, D. A. (2003) ‘I hereby come out’: what sort of speech act is coming out? Journal of Sociolinguistics 7: 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00209
Coates, J. (2003) Men Talk: Stories in the Making of Masculinities. Malden, MA: Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470755617
Coates, J. (2013) The discursive production of everyday heterosexualities. Discourse and Society 24: 536–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926513486070
Daleziou, M. (2011) ? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????. [The reproduction of the normative heterosexual world in everyday linguistic production.] In C. Canakis (ed.) ?????? ??? ??????????????: ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? [Language and Sexuality: Linguistic and Anthropological Perspectives] 231–61. Athens: Eikostos Protos.
Eckert, P. (2002) Demystifying sexuality and desire. In K. Campbell-Kibler, R. J. Podesva, S. J. Roberts and A. Wong (eds) Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice 99–110. Stanford: CSLI.
Eckert, P. and McConnell-Ginet, S. (1992) Think practically and look locally: language and gender as community-based practice. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 461–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002333
Eckert, P. and McConnell-Ginet, S. (2007) Putting communities of practice in their place. Gender and Language 1: 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/genl.2007.1.1.27
Hall, K. (2005) Intertextual sexuality: parodies of class, identity, and desire in liminal Delhi. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15(1): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.2005.15.1.125
Hall, K. (2013) Commentary I: ‘It’s a hijra!’ Queer linguistics revisited. Discourse and Society 24: 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926513490321
Kahlina, K. (2011) Nation, state and queers: ethnosexual identities in the interface between social and personal in contemporary Croatia. In A. G. Jónasdóttir, V. Bryson and K. B. Jones (eds) Sexuality, Gender and Power: Intersectional and Transnational Perspectives 30–44. New York: Routledge.
Kantsa, V. (2011) ??????: ? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????. [Lesvía: the unbearable gravity of a word.] In C. Canakis (ed.) ?????? ??? ??????????????: ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? [Language and Sexuality: Linguistic and Anthropological Perspectives] 111–34. Athens: Eikostos Protos.
Kefala, M. (2011) ???? ??? ??????! Coming out ??? ? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????????. [Ftu kai vgaino! Coming out and the linguistic performance of sexuality.] In C. Canakis (ed.) ?????? ??? ??????????????: ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? [Language and Sexuality: Linguistic and Anthropological Perspectives] 265–303. Athens: Eikostos Protos.
Kiesling, S. F. (2006) Playing the straight man. In D. Cameron and D. Kulick (eds) The Language and Sexuality Reader 118–31. London: Routledge.
Kiesling, S. F. (2013) Flirting and ‘normative’ sexualities. Journal of Language and Sexuality 2: 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.2.1.04kie
Kitzinger, C. (2006) Speaking as a heterosexual. In D. Cameron and D. Kulick (eds) The Language and Sexuality Reader 169–88. London: Routledge.
Kulick, D. (2000) Gay and lesbian language. Annual Review of Anthropology 29: 243–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.243
Kulick, D. (2003) Language and desire. In J. Holmes and M. Meyerhoff (eds) The Handbook of Language and Gender 119–41. Oxford: Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470756942.ch5
Lakoff, G. (1982) On categories: an essay in cognitive linguistics. In Linguistic Society of Korea (ed.) Linguistics in the Morning Calm 139–93. Seoul: Hanshin. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226471013.001.0001
Lakoff, G. (1987) Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Leap, W. L. (2002) Not entirely in support of a queer linguistics. In K. Campbell-Kibler, R. J. Podesva, S. J. Roberts and A. Wong (eds) Language and Sexuality: Contesting Meaning in Theory and Practice 45–63. Stanford, CA: CSLI.
Leap, W. L. (2008) Queering gay men’s English. In K. Harrington, L. Litosseliti, H. Sauntson, and J. Sunderland (eds) Gender and Language Research Methodologies 283–96. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leap, W. L. (2013) Commentary II: Queering language and normativity. Discourse and Society 24: 643–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926513490320
Leap, W. L. and Motschenbacher, H. (2012) Launching a new phase in language and sexuality studies. Journal of Language and Sexuality 1: 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.1.1.01lea
Livia, A. and Hall, K. (1997) ‘It’s a girl!’ Bringing performativity back to linguistics. In A. Livia and K. Hall (eds) Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality 21–34. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Makri-Tsilipakou ([2002]2006). ????????/????????: ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????. [Agreement/ disagreement: solidarity and adversariness in conversations of men and women.] In T.-S. Pavlidou (ed.) ?????? – ????? – ???? [Language – Grammatical Gender – Social Gender], 2nd edn, 81–117. Thessaloniki: Institute of Modern Greek Studies.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (2010) ? ‘????????? ??????’ ??? ? ?????? ??? ????????. [‘Women’s language’ and the language of women.] In V. Kantsa, V. Moutafi and E. Papataxiarchis (eds) ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? [Gender and the Social Sciences in Contemporary Greece] 119–46. Athens: Alexandria.
Milani, T. (2013) Are ‘queers’ really ‘queer’? Language, identity and same-sex desire in a South African online community. Discourse and Society 24: 615–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926513486168
Morrish, L. and Leap, W. (2007) Sex talk: language, desire, identity, and beyond. In H. Sauntson and S. Kyratzis (eds) Language, Sexualities, and Desires: Cross-Cultural Perspectives 17–40. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Morrish, L. and Sauntson, H. (2007) New Perspectives on Language and Sexual Identity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599406
Motschenbacher, H. (2010) Language, Gender and Sexual Identity: Poststructuralist Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/impact.29
Motschenbacher, H. (2011) Taking Queer Linguistics further: sociolinguistics and critical heteronormativity research. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 212: 149–79.
Motschenbacher, H. and Stegu, M. (2013) Queer linguistic approaches to discourse. Discourse and Society 24: 519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926513486069
Ochs, E. (1992) Indexing gender. In A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds) Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon 335–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pavlidou, T.-S. ([2002]2006) ?????? – ????? – ????: ??????????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????. [Language – grammatical gender – social gender: problems, inquiries and the Greek language.] In T.-S. Pavlidou (ed.) ?????? – ????? – ???? [Language – Grammatical Gender – Social Gender], 2nd edn, 15–64. Thessaloniki: Institute of Modern Greek Studies.
Pavlidou, T.-S. (2011) Gender and interaction. In R. Wodak, B. Johnstone and P. Kerswill (eds) The Sage Handbook of Sociolinguistics 412–27. London: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446200957.n29
Queen, R. (2007) Sociolinguistic horizons: language and sexuality. Language and Linguistics Compass 1: 314–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00019.x
Rubin, G. (1999) Thinking sex: notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. In R. Parker and P. Aggleton (eds) Culture, Society, and Sexuality: A Reader 143–78. London: University College London Press.
Sauntson, H. and Kyratzis, S. (2007) Introduction: language, sexualities, and desires. In H. Sauntson and S. Kyratzis (eds) Language, Sexualities, and Desires: Cross-Cultural Perspectives 1–16. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Taylor, J. R. (2010). Linguistic Categorization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thorne, L. (2013) ‘But I’m attracted to women’: sexuality and sexual identity performance in interactional discourse among bisexual students. Journal of Language and Sexuality 2: 70–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.2.1.03tho
Valentine, D. (2006) ‘I went to bed with my own kind once’: the erasure of desire in the name of identity. In D. Cameron and D. Kulick (eds) The Language and Sexuality Reader 245–57. London: Routledge.
Viteri, M. A. (2014) Citizenship(s), belonging and xenophobia: Ecuador and NYC. Journal of Language and Sexuality 3(1): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.3.1.06vit
Weeks, J. (1985) Sexuality and Its Discontents: Meanings, Myths and Modern Sexualities. London: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203407462
Yannakopoulos, K. (2001) ??????? ?????????, ???? ??? ???????? ???????: ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????????????. [Male identity, body and same sex relations: an approach of gender and sexuality.] In S. Dimitriou (ed.) ? ???????????? ??? ????? [The Anthropology of Genders] 162–87. Athens: Savalas.