The category (Greek) ‘woman’, or ‘lady’, or ‘girl’, or ‘lass’, or…
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v9i1.18469Keywords:
accountability, category-boundedness, gender, indexicality, mcds, occasionedness, repair/reformulation, sexismAbstract
This paper examines instances of the use of Greek category terms for women in the context of consecutive repairs/reformulations. It turns out that most of the times category terms actually categorise, rather than simply refer as (non-)recognitionals, in a reflexive interaction with category-bound predicates, the linguistic cotext and relevant (often sexist) conventional/cultural knowledge. Interestingly, gendered items do not always (primarily) index gender as they might be foregrounding other aspects of the interaction as well, thus documenting their highly indexical character.
References
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Butler, C. W. and Weatherall, A. (2011) Accomplishing a cross gender identity: a case of passing in children’s talk-in-interaction. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 231–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511781032.012
Coulter, J. (1991) Logic: Ethnomethodology and the logic of language. In G. Button (ed.) Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences 20–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cuff, E. C. (1993) Problems of Versions in Everyday Situations. Washington, DC: International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis/University Press of America.
Eglin, P. and Hester, S. (1999) Moral order and the Montreal massacre: a story of membership categorization analysis. In P. J. Jalbert (ed.) Media Studies: Ethnomethodological Approaches 195–230. Lanham, MD: International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis/University Press of America.
Ferguson, C. (1959) Diglossia. Word 15: 325–40.
Garfinkel, H. (1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hauser, E. (2011) Generalization: a practice of situated categorization in talk. Human Studies 34(2): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10746-011-9184-y
Heritage, J. (1984) A change-of-state token and its sequential placement. In J. M. Maxwell and J. Heritage (eds) Structures of Social Action 299–345. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.
Heritage, J. and Greatbatch, D. (1991) On the institutional character of institutional talk: the case of news interviews. In D. Boden and D. H. Zimmerman (eds) Talk and Social Structure: Studies in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis 93–137. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hester, S. and Eglin, P. (1997) Membership categorization analysis: an introduction. In S. Hester and P. Eglin (eds) Culture in Action: Studies in Membership Categorization Analysis 1–23. Washington, DC: International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis/University Press of America.
Hester, S. and Hester, S. (2012) Categorial occasionality and transformation: analyzing culture in action. Human Studies 35(4): 563–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10746-012-9211-7
Hilbert, R. A. (2005) Ethnomethodology. In G. Ritzer (ed.) Encyclopedia of Social Theory, vol. 1, 252–57. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952552.n96
Hutchby, I. (2006) Media Talk: Conversation Analysis and the Study of Broadcasting. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Jayyusi, L. (1984) Categorization and the Moral Order. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Jefferson, G. (1987) On exposed and embedded correction in conversation. In G. Button and J. R. E. Lee (eds) Talk and Social Organization 86–100. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Jefferson, G. (1996) On the poetics of ordinary talk. Text and Performance Quarterly 16(1): 1–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10462939609366132
Jefferson, G. (2004) Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. H. Lerner (ed.) Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation 13–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kessler, S. J. and McKenna, W. (1978) Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach. New York: John Wiley.
Kitzinger, C. (2000) Doing feminist conversation analysis. Feminism and Psychology 10(2): 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353500010002001
Klein, N. L. (2011) Doing gender categorization: non-recognitional person reference and the omnirelevance of gender. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 64–82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Land, V. and Kitzinger, C. C. (2011) Categories in talk-in-interaction: gendering speaker and recipient. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 48–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1989) The gender of ????????: an exercise in false generics. Proceedings of the 3rd ISTAL 61–83. Thessaloniki: Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1991) Agreement/disagreement: affiliative vs. disaffiliative display in cross-sex conversations. PhD thesis, Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1994a) Interruption revisited: affiliative vs. disaffiliative intervention. Journal of Pragmatics 21: 401–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90012-4
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1994b) Laughing their way: gender and conversational mirth. Working Papers in Language, Gender and Sexism 4(1): 15–50.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1997) Gendered panhandling? International Journal of the Sociology of Language 126: 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1997.126.123
?akri-Tsilipakou, M. (2003) Greek diminutive use problematized: gender, culture and common sense. Discourse & Society 14(6): 699–726.
?akri-Tsilipakou, M. (2004) The reinforcement of tellability in Greek television eyewitnessing. Media, Culture and Society 26(6): 841–59.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (2012) ? ????????????/????????????? ?? ????? ????????????????? ?????????: ? ????????? ??? ???????????/????????. [Self-/other-repair as a measure of sociolinguistic awareness: the case of address/reference.] In Z. Gavriilidou, A. Efthymiou, E. Thomadaki and P. Kambakis-Vougiouklis (eds) Selected Papers of the 10th ICGL 929–39. Komotini, Greece: Democritus University of Thrace.
Pavlidou, T.-S. (1985) ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????. [Remarks on feminine occupational terms.] Studies in Greek Linguistics 5: 201–17.
Poulios, A. (2011) The construction of age identities in everyday talk: the case of the elderly. PhD thesis, Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Sacks, H. (1966) The search for help: no one to turn to. PhD thesis, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Sacks, H. (1972) An initial investigation of the usability of conversational data for doing sociology. In D. Sudnow (ed.) Studies in Social Interaction 31–74. New York: Free Press.
Sacks, H. (1992) Lectures on Conversation, vols 1 and 2 (ed. G. Jefferson). Oxford: Blackwell.
Sacks, H. and Schegloff, E. A. (1979) Two preferences in the organization of reference to persons in conversation and their interaction. In G. Psathas (ed.) Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology 15–21. New York: Irvington.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. and Jefferson, G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language 50: 696–735. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/412243
Schegloff, E. A. (1987) Between macro and micro: contexts and other connections. In J. Alexander, B. Giesen, R. Munch and N. J. Smelser (eds) The Micro-Macro Link 207–34. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Schegloff, E. A. (1992) In another context. In A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds) Rethinking Context 191–229. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, E. A. (1996) Some practices for referring to persons in talk-in-interaction: a partial sketch of a systematics. In B. Fox (ed.) Studies in Anaphora 437–85. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.33.14sch
Schegloff, E. A. (1997) Whose text? Whose context? Discourse and Society 8: 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926597008002002
Schegloff, E. A. (2007a) A tutorial on membership categorization. Journal of Pragmatics 39: 462–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.007
Schegloff, E. A. (2007b) Categories in action: person-reference and membership categorization. Discourse Studies 9(4): 433–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445607079162
Schegloff, E. A. (2007c) Conveying who you are: the presentation of self, strictly speaking. In N. Enfield and T. Stivers (eds) Person Reference in Interaction: Linguistic, Cultural and Social Perspectives 123–48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, E. A., Jefferson, G. and Sacks. H. (1977) The preference of self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language 53: 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1977.0041
Sidnell, J. (2010) Conversation Analysis: An Introduction. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Speer, S. A. and Stokoe, E. H. (2011). Introduction. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 1–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stokoe, E. H. (2000). Toward a conversation analytic approach to gender and discourse. Feminism and Psychology 10 (4): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353500010004018
Stokoe, E. H. (2006) On ethnomethodology, feminism, and the analysis of categorial reference to gender in talk-in-interaction. The Sociological Review 54(3): 467–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00626.x
Stokoe, E. H. (2011) Girl – woman – sorry! On the repair and non-repair of consecutive gender categories. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 85–111. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tagliamonte, S. and Roberts, C. (2005) So weird; so cool; so innovative: the use of intensifiers in the television series Friends. American Speech 80: 280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-80-3-280
Triandafyllidis, M. ([1953]1963) ? ‘??????????’ ??? ? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????. [The ‘MP-fem.’ and the formation of feminine occupational terms.] In ?????? ?????? ?????????????? [Collected Works of Manolis Triandafyllidis], vol. 2, 326–34. Thessaloniki: Institute of Modern Greek Studies.
Watson, D. R. (1978) Categorization, authorization and blame negotiation in conversation. Sociology 12(1): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003803857801200106
West, C. and Fenstermaker, S. (2002) Accountability in action: the accomplishment of gender, race and class in a meeting of the University of California Board of Regents. Discourse and Society 13: 537–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926502013004455
West, C. and Zimmerman, D. H. (1987) Doing gender. Gender and Society 1: 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002
Wetherell, M. (1998) Positioning and interpretative repertoires: conversation analysis and post-structuralism in dialogue. Discourse and Society 9(3): 387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926598009003005
Zimmerman, D. H. and Pollner, M. (1970) The everyday world as a phenomenon. In J. D. Douglas (ed.) Everyday Life 80–103. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.
Butler, C. W. and Weatherall, A. (2011) Accomplishing a cross gender identity: a case of passing in children’s talk-in-interaction. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 231–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511781032.012
Coulter, J. (1991) Logic: Ethnomethodology and the logic of language. In G. Button (ed.) Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences 20–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cuff, E. C. (1993) Problems of Versions in Everyday Situations. Washington, DC: International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis/University Press of America.
Eglin, P. and Hester, S. (1999) Moral order and the Montreal massacre: a story of membership categorization analysis. In P. J. Jalbert (ed.) Media Studies: Ethnomethodological Approaches 195–230. Lanham, MD: International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis/University Press of America.
Ferguson, C. (1959) Diglossia. Word 15: 325–40.
Garfinkel, H. (1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hauser, E. (2011) Generalization: a practice of situated categorization in talk. Human Studies 34(2): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10746-011-9184-y
Heritage, J. (1984) A change-of-state token and its sequential placement. In J. M. Maxwell and J. Heritage (eds) Structures of Social Action 299–345. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.
Heritage, J. and Greatbatch, D. (1991) On the institutional character of institutional talk: the case of news interviews. In D. Boden and D. H. Zimmerman (eds) Talk and Social Structure: Studies in Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis 93–137. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hester, S. and Eglin, P. (1997) Membership categorization analysis: an introduction. In S. Hester and P. Eglin (eds) Culture in Action: Studies in Membership Categorization Analysis 1–23. Washington, DC: International Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis/University Press of America.
Hester, S. and Hester, S. (2012) Categorial occasionality and transformation: analyzing culture in action. Human Studies 35(4): 563–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10746-012-9211-7
Hilbert, R. A. (2005) Ethnomethodology. In G. Ritzer (ed.) Encyclopedia of Social Theory, vol. 1, 252–57. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952552.n96
Hutchby, I. (2006) Media Talk: Conversation Analysis and the Study of Broadcasting. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Jayyusi, L. (1984) Categorization and the Moral Order. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Jefferson, G. (1987) On exposed and embedded correction in conversation. In G. Button and J. R. E. Lee (eds) Talk and Social Organization 86–100. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Jefferson, G. (1996) On the poetics of ordinary talk. Text and Performance Quarterly 16(1): 1–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10462939609366132
Jefferson, G. (2004) Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. H. Lerner (ed.) Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation 13–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kessler, S. J. and McKenna, W. (1978) Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach. New York: John Wiley.
Kitzinger, C. (2000) Doing feminist conversation analysis. Feminism and Psychology 10(2): 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353500010002001
Klein, N. L. (2011) Doing gender categorization: non-recognitional person reference and the omnirelevance of gender. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 64–82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Land, V. and Kitzinger, C. C. (2011) Categories in talk-in-interaction: gendering speaker and recipient. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 48–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1989) The gender of ????????: an exercise in false generics. Proceedings of the 3rd ISTAL 61–83. Thessaloniki: Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1991) Agreement/disagreement: affiliative vs. disaffiliative display in cross-sex conversations. PhD thesis, Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1994a) Interruption revisited: affiliative vs. disaffiliative intervention. Journal of Pragmatics 21: 401–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90012-4
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1994b) Laughing their way: gender and conversational mirth. Working Papers in Language, Gender and Sexism 4(1): 15–50.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (1997) Gendered panhandling? International Journal of the Sociology of Language 126: 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1997.126.123
?akri-Tsilipakou, M. (2003) Greek diminutive use problematized: gender, culture and common sense. Discourse & Society 14(6): 699–726.
?akri-Tsilipakou, M. (2004) The reinforcement of tellability in Greek television eyewitnessing. Media, Culture and Society 26(6): 841–59.
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (2012) ? ????????????/????????????? ?? ????? ????????????????? ?????????: ? ????????? ??? ???????????/????????. [Self-/other-repair as a measure of sociolinguistic awareness: the case of address/reference.] In Z. Gavriilidou, A. Efthymiou, E. Thomadaki and P. Kambakis-Vougiouklis (eds) Selected Papers of the 10th ICGL 929–39. Komotini, Greece: Democritus University of Thrace.
Pavlidou, T.-S. (1985) ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????. [Remarks on feminine occupational terms.] Studies in Greek Linguistics 5: 201–17.
Poulios, A. (2011) The construction of age identities in everyday talk: the case of the elderly. PhD thesis, Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Sacks, H. (1966) The search for help: no one to turn to. PhD thesis, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Sacks, H. (1972) An initial investigation of the usability of conversational data for doing sociology. In D. Sudnow (ed.) Studies in Social Interaction 31–74. New York: Free Press.
Sacks, H. (1992) Lectures on Conversation, vols 1 and 2 (ed. G. Jefferson). Oxford: Blackwell.
Sacks, H. and Schegloff, E. A. (1979) Two preferences in the organization of reference to persons in conversation and their interaction. In G. Psathas (ed.) Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology 15–21. New York: Irvington.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A. and Jefferson, G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language 50: 696–735. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/412243
Schegloff, E. A. (1987) Between macro and micro: contexts and other connections. In J. Alexander, B. Giesen, R. Munch and N. J. Smelser (eds) The Micro-Macro Link 207–34. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Schegloff, E. A. (1992) In another context. In A. Duranti and C. Goodwin (eds) Rethinking Context 191–229. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, E. A. (1996) Some practices for referring to persons in talk-in-interaction: a partial sketch of a systematics. In B. Fox (ed.) Studies in Anaphora 437–85. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.33.14sch
Schegloff, E. A. (1997) Whose text? Whose context? Discourse and Society 8: 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926597008002002
Schegloff, E. A. (2007a) A tutorial on membership categorization. Journal of Pragmatics 39: 462–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.07.007
Schegloff, E. A. (2007b) Categories in action: person-reference and membership categorization. Discourse Studies 9(4): 433–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445607079162
Schegloff, E. A. (2007c) Conveying who you are: the presentation of self, strictly speaking. In N. Enfield and T. Stivers (eds) Person Reference in Interaction: Linguistic, Cultural and Social Perspectives 123–48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, E. A., Jefferson, G. and Sacks. H. (1977) The preference of self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language 53: 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1977.0041
Sidnell, J. (2010) Conversation Analysis: An Introduction. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Speer, S. A. and Stokoe, E. H. (2011). Introduction. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 1–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stokoe, E. H. (2000). Toward a conversation analytic approach to gender and discourse. Feminism and Psychology 10 (4): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353500010004018
Stokoe, E. H. (2006) On ethnomethodology, feminism, and the analysis of categorial reference to gender in talk-in-interaction. The Sociological Review 54(3): 467–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00626.x
Stokoe, E. H. (2011) Girl – woman – sorry! On the repair and non-repair of consecutive gender categories. In S. Speer and E. H. Stokoe (eds) Gender and Conversation 85–111. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tagliamonte, S. and Roberts, C. (2005) So weird; so cool; so innovative: the use of intensifiers in the television series Friends. American Speech 80: 280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-80-3-280
Triandafyllidis, M. ([1953]1963) ? ‘??????????’ ??? ? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????. [The ‘MP-fem.’ and the formation of feminine occupational terms.] In ?????? ?????? ?????????????? [Collected Works of Manolis Triandafyllidis], vol. 2, 326–34. Thessaloniki: Institute of Modern Greek Studies.
Watson, D. R. (1978) Categorization, authorization and blame negotiation in conversation. Sociology 12(1): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003803857801200106
West, C. and Fenstermaker, S. (2002) Accountability in action: the accomplishment of gender, race and class in a meeting of the University of California Board of Regents. Discourse and Society 13: 537–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926502013004455
West, C. and Zimmerman, D. H. (1987) Doing gender. Gender and Society 1: 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002
Wetherell, M. (1998) Positioning and interpretative repertoires: conversation analysis and post-structuralism in dialogue. Discourse and Society 9(3): 387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926598009003005
Zimmerman, D. H. and Pollner, M. (1970) The everyday world as a phenomenon. In J. D. Douglas (ed.) Everyday Life 80–103. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.
Published
2015-03-19
Issue
Section
Special Issue Articles
How to Cite
Makri-Tsilipakou, M. (2015). The category (Greek) ‘woman’, or ‘lady’, or ‘girl’, or ‘lass’, or…. Gender and Language, 9(1), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v9i1.18469
