Girls strike back
the politics of parody in an indigenous TV comedy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v10i2.24055Keywords:
Parody, Critique, Media, Intersectionality, IndexicalityAbstract
The diversification of the media has opened up new spaces for performances that seek not only to evoke laughter but also to voice social critique. One example of this development is the TV comedy show Märät säpikkäät/Njuoska bittut, created by two young women belonging to the indigenous Sámi people living in Finland. This paper focuses on one particularly critical sketch in the show: a counter-parody of a popular parody of the Sámi presented by two Finnish male comedians. The original sketch was a parody of ethnicity. As they strike back, however, the female presenters consciously foreground the categories of gender and class, thereby introducing a completely new figure: a white, urban, underclass woman. In this paper we draw on intersectionality and indexicality to analyse this multidimensional performance and its intertextual links to the original sketch. We ask, what do these insurgent discursive practices mean in terms of critique? What do they do under cover of laughter?
References
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Bernhardsson, J. and Bogren, A. (2012) Drink sluts, brats and immigrants as others: an analysis of Swedish media discourse on gender, alcohol and rape. Feminist Media Studies 12 (1): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2011.558344
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Blommaert, J. (2007) Sociolinguistics and discourse analysis: orders of indexicality and polycentricity. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 2(2): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/md089.0
Brah, A. and Phoenix, A. (2004) Ain’t I a woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Women's Studies 5(3): 75-86.
Brown, W. (2003) Neo-liberalism and the end of liberal democracy. Theory and Event 7(1): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tae.2003.0020
Bucholz, M. and Hall, K. (2010) Locating identity in language. In C. Llamas and D. Watt (eds) Language and Identities18–28. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Cameron, D. (1995) Verbal Hygiene. New York: Routledge.
Crenshaw, K. (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine. University of Chicago Legal Forum 140: 139–
67.
Crenshaw, K. (1991) Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review 43: 1241–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Davis, K. (2008) Intersectionality as buzzword: a sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful. Feminist Theory 9(1): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700108086364
Dlaske, K. (2014) Semiotics of pride and profit. Interrogating commodification in indigenous handicraft production. Social Semiotics 24(5): 582–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2014.943459
Fairclough, N. (1992) Language and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity.
Gill, R. (2007) Postfeminist media culture: elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies 10(2): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549407075898
Gill, R. (2008) Empowerment/Sexism: figuring female sexual agency in contemporary advertising. Feminism and Psychology 18 (1): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353507084950
Gill, R. (2009) Mediated intimacy and postfeminism: a discourse analytic examination of sex and relationships advice in a women’s magazine. Discourse and Communication 3(4): 345–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481309343870
Gill, R. and Arthurs, J. (2006) Editor’s introduction: new femininities? Feminist Media Studies 6(4): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680770600989855
Häkkinen, A. and Leppänen, S. (2013) YouTube meme warriors: mashup videos as political critique. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies 86: 1–27. Retrieved on 15 August 2014 from www.tilburguniversity.edu/upload/48f34eca-836a-4455-b6c8-ee6b7fbf650c_TPCS_86_HakkinenLeppanen.pdf.
Hall, K. (2013) Commentary I: ‘It’s a hijra!’ Queer linguistics revisited. Discourse and Society 24(5): 634–642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926513490321
Halonen, M. (2015) Presenting ‘pissis girls’: categorisation in a social media video. Discourse, Context and Media 8: 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2015.05.002
Helaakoski, A. (2012) Saamenmaan sanansaattajat [Messengers from Sámiland]. Kaleva (12 January).
Helander, E. (2000) Saamelainen maailmankuva ja luontosuhde [The Sámi world view and relation to nature]. In I. Seurujärvi-Kari (ed.) Beaivvi mánát: Saamelaisten juuret ja nykyaika [Children of the Sun: The Sámi in the Past and Present] 171–82. Helsinki: SKS.
Hietala, V. (1991) Sarjakuvatekniikkaa ja hybridihahmoja: Pulttiboisin lapsellinen tv-viihde [Comic book technique and hybrid characters: the childish TV entertainment of Pulttibois]. In E. Huhtamo and M. Lahti (eds) Elävän kuvan vuosikirja [Yearbook of Living Pictures] 43–51. Helsinki: Suomen Elokuvasäätiö.
Hiltunen, V.-P. (2012) Kälätys ei lopu [No end to the chatter]. Kainuun Sanomat (11 November): 7.
Hunt, L. (1998) British Low Culture:From Safari Suits to Sexploitation. London: Routledge.
Huru, J. (2012) Nuoret saamelaisnaiset nauravat itselleen [Young Sámi women laugh at themselves]. Kansan uutiset (5 January): 20–21.
Juntti, P. (2012) Hävyttömät [The shameless]. Aamulehti (12 January): 15–16.
Karkulehto, S., Saresma, T., Harjunen, H. and Kantola, J. (2012) Intersektionaalisuus metodologiana ja performatiivisen intersektionaalisuuden haaste [Intersectionality as a methodology, and the challenge of performative intersectionality]. Naistutkimus 4: 17–28.
Kauppinen, K. (2014) Welcome to the end of the world! Resignifying periphery under the new economy: a nexus analytical view of a tourist website. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 9(1): 1?19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2013.831422
Keskitalo-Foley, S. and Naskali, P. (2013) Tracing places and deconstructing knowledge. In Keskitalo-Foley, S., Naskali P. and Rantala, P. (eds) Northern Insights: Feminist Inquiries into Politics of Place, Knowledge and Agency 7–18. Rovaniemi: Lapland University Press.
Koller, V. (2009) Butch camp: on the discursive construction of a queer identity position. Gender and Language 3(2): 249–74.
Lazar, M. (2006) ‘Discover the power of femininity!’Analyzing global ‘power femininity’ in local advertising. Feminist Media Studies 6(4): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680770600990002
Lazar, M. (2009) Entitled to consume: postfeminist femininity and a culture of post-critique. Discourse and Communication 3(4): 371–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481309343872
Lazar, M. (2014) Recuperating feminism, reclaiming femininity: hybrid postfeminist I-dentity in consumer advertisements. Gender and Language 8(2): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/genl.v8i2.205
Lehtola, J. (2000) Lailasta Lailaan: Tarinoita elokuvien sitkeistä lappalaisista [From Laila to Laila: Stories of Tenacious Lapps in the Films]. Inari: Kustannus-puntsi.
Lehtola, J. (2012) Pohjoinen tuulettaa [The north is cheering]. Apu (February): 63.
Lehtola, V.-P. (1997) Saamelaiset. Historia, yhteiskunta, taide. Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
Lehtola, V.-P. (1999) Aito Lappalainen ei syö haarukalla ja veitsellä [A real Lapp does not eat with knife and fork]. In M. Tuominen, S. Tuulentie, V-P. Lehtola and M. Autti (eds) Pohjoiset identiteetit ja mentaliteetit 1 [Northern Identities and Mentalities 1] 15–32. Inari: Kustannus-Puntsi.
Leppänen, S. and Häkkinen, A. (2012) Buffalaxed superdiversity: representations of the other on YouTube. Diversities 14(2): 17–33. Retrieved on 15 August 2014 from www.unesco.org/shs/diversities/vol14/issue2/art2.
Loomba, A. (1998) Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203194911
Lopez, C. (2014) Aggressively feminine: the linguistic appropriation of sexualized blackness by white female characters in film. Gender and Language 8(3): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/genl.v8i3.289
Lünenborg, M. and Fürsich, E. (2014). Media and the intersectional other. Feminist Media Studies 14(6): 959?75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2014.882857
Markelin, M., Husband, C. and Moring, T. (2013) Sámi media professionals and the role of language and identity. Sociolinguistica 28: 101–15.
McCall, L. (2005) The Complexity of Intersectionality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30(3): 1771–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/426800
McRobbie, A. (2009) The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage Publications.
Pietikäinen, S. (2008) Broadcasting indigenous voices: Sami minority media production. European Journal of Communication 22(2): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323108089221
Pietikäinen, S. (2013) Heteroglossic authenticity in Sámi heritage tourism. In S. Pietikäinen and H. Kelly-Holmes (eds) Multilingualism and the Periphery 77–94. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199945177.003.0005
Pietikäinen, S. and Dlaske, K. (2013) Cutting across media spaces and boundaries: the case of a hybrid indigeneous Sámi comedy. Sociolinguistica 27: 87–100.
Pietikäinen, S. and Leppänen, S. (2007) Saamelaiset toisin sanoin [The Sámi in other words]. In J. Kuortti, M. Lehtonen and O. Löytty (eds) Kolonialismin jäljet. Keskustat, periferiat ja Suomi [The Traces of Colonialism. Centers, Peripheries, and Finland] 175–89. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.
Pietikäinen, S. and Mäntynen, A. (2009) Kurssi kohti diskurssia [Course towards Discourse]. Tampere: Vastapaino.
Pope, R. (1995) Textual Intervention: Critical and Creative Strategies in Literary Research. London: Routledge.
Reisigl, M. and Wodak, R. (2001) Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Anti-Semitism. London: Routledge.
Römpötti, H. (2012) Tarvitseeko Saamenmaakin omat pissiksensä [Does Sámiland need its own party girls?]. Helsingin Sanomat (12 February): C29.
Rose, M. A. (1993) Parody: Ancient, Modern, and Postmodern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ruotsalainen, M. (2012) Saamelaiset myytit saavat huutia [Ventilating myths about Sámi]. Etelä-Suomen Sanomat (7 February).
Schlafani, J. (2009) Martha Stewart behaving badly: parody and the symbolic meaning of style. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(5): 613–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00427.x
Scollon R. and S. Scollon. (2004) Nexus Analysis: Discourse and the Emerging Internet. London: Routledge.
Silverstein, M. (2003) Indexical order and the dialectics of social life. Language and Communication 23: 193–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00013-2
Skeggs, B. (2004) Class, Self, Culture. London: Routledge.
Tannen, D. (1991) You Just Don’t Understand. Women and Men in Conversation. London: Virago.
Tapanainen, M. (2013) Huumoria Suomen päälaelta [Humour from the top of Finland]. Maailman kuvalehti 4. Retrieved on 4 June 2016 from www.maailmankuvalehti.fi/artikkelit/12622.
Tyler, I. (2008) ‘Chav mum chav scum’: class disgust in contemporary Britain. Feminist Media Studies 8(1): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680770701824779
Tyler, I. (2013) Revolting Subjects: Social Abjection and Resistance in Neoliberal Britain. London: Zed Books.
Valkonen, S. (2009) Poliittinen saamelaisuus [Political Sáminess]. Tampere: Vastapaino.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2005) Introducing Social Semiotics. New York: Routledge.
Verloo, M. (2006) Multiple inequalities, intersectionality and the European Union. European Journal of Women’s Studies 13(3): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506806065753
Walby, S., Armstrong, J. and Strid, S. (2012) Intersectionality: multiple inequalities in social theory. Sociology 46(2): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038511416164
Wood, H. and Skeggs, B. (eds) (2011) Reality Television and Class. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Yuval-Davis, N. (2011). The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations. London: Sage.
Bernal, V. (2013) Please forget democracy and justice: Eritrean politics and the powers of humor. American Ethnologist 40(2): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/amet.12022
Bernhardsson, J. and Bogren, A. (2012) Drink sluts, brats and immigrants as others: an analysis of Swedish media discourse on gender, alcohol and rape. Feminist Media Studies 12 (1): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2011.558344
Blommaert, J. (2005) Discourse: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610295
Blommaert, J. (2007) Sociolinguistics and discourse analysis: orders of indexicality and polycentricity. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 2(2): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/md089.0
Brah, A. and Phoenix, A. (2004) Ain’t I a woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Women's Studies 5(3): 75-86.
Brown, W. (2003) Neo-liberalism and the end of liberal democracy. Theory and Event 7(1): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tae.2003.0020
Bucholz, M. and Hall, K. (2010) Locating identity in language. In C. Llamas and D. Watt (eds) Language and Identities18–28. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Cameron, D. (1995) Verbal Hygiene. New York: Routledge.
Crenshaw, K. (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine. University of Chicago Legal Forum 140: 139–
67.
Crenshaw, K. (1991) Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review 43: 1241–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Davis, K. (2008) Intersectionality as buzzword: a sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful. Feminist Theory 9(1): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700108086364
Dlaske, K. (2014) Semiotics of pride and profit. Interrogating commodification in indigenous handicraft production. Social Semiotics 24(5): 582–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2014.943459
Fairclough, N. (1992) Language and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity.
Gill, R. (2007) Postfeminist media culture: elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies 10(2): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549407075898
Gill, R. (2008) Empowerment/Sexism: figuring female sexual agency in contemporary advertising. Feminism and Psychology 18 (1): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353507084950
Gill, R. (2009) Mediated intimacy and postfeminism: a discourse analytic examination of sex and relationships advice in a women’s magazine. Discourse and Communication 3(4): 345–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481309343870
Gill, R. and Arthurs, J. (2006) Editor’s introduction: new femininities? Feminist Media Studies 6(4): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680770600989855
Häkkinen, A. and Leppänen, S. (2013) YouTube meme warriors: mashup videos as political critique. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies 86: 1–27. Retrieved on 15 August 2014 from www.tilburguniversity.edu/upload/48f34eca-836a-4455-b6c8-ee6b7fbf650c_TPCS_86_HakkinenLeppanen.pdf.
Hall, K. (2013) Commentary I: ‘It’s a hijra!’ Queer linguistics revisited. Discourse and Society 24(5): 634–642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926513490321
Halonen, M. (2015) Presenting ‘pissis girls’: categorisation in a social media video. Discourse, Context and Media 8: 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2015.05.002
Helaakoski, A. (2012) Saamenmaan sanansaattajat [Messengers from Sámiland]. Kaleva (12 January).
Helander, E. (2000) Saamelainen maailmankuva ja luontosuhde [The Sámi world view and relation to nature]. In I. Seurujärvi-Kari (ed.) Beaivvi mánát: Saamelaisten juuret ja nykyaika [Children of the Sun: The Sámi in the Past and Present] 171–82. Helsinki: SKS.
Hietala, V. (1991) Sarjakuvatekniikkaa ja hybridihahmoja: Pulttiboisin lapsellinen tv-viihde [Comic book technique and hybrid characters: the childish TV entertainment of Pulttibois]. In E. Huhtamo and M. Lahti (eds) Elävän kuvan vuosikirja [Yearbook of Living Pictures] 43–51. Helsinki: Suomen Elokuvasäätiö.
Hiltunen, V.-P. (2012) Kälätys ei lopu [No end to the chatter]. Kainuun Sanomat (11 November): 7.
Hunt, L. (1998) British Low Culture:From Safari Suits to Sexploitation. London: Routledge.
Huru, J. (2012) Nuoret saamelaisnaiset nauravat itselleen [Young Sámi women laugh at themselves]. Kansan uutiset (5 January): 20–21.
Juntti, P. (2012) Hävyttömät [The shameless]. Aamulehti (12 January): 15–16.
Karkulehto, S., Saresma, T., Harjunen, H. and Kantola, J. (2012) Intersektionaalisuus metodologiana ja performatiivisen intersektionaalisuuden haaste [Intersectionality as a methodology, and the challenge of performative intersectionality]. Naistutkimus 4: 17–28.
Kauppinen, K. (2014) Welcome to the end of the world! Resignifying periphery under the new economy: a nexus analytical view of a tourist website. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 9(1): 1?19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2013.831422
Keskitalo-Foley, S. and Naskali, P. (2013) Tracing places and deconstructing knowledge. In Keskitalo-Foley, S., Naskali P. and Rantala, P. (eds) Northern Insights: Feminist Inquiries into Politics of Place, Knowledge and Agency 7–18. Rovaniemi: Lapland University Press.
Koller, V. (2009) Butch camp: on the discursive construction of a queer identity position. Gender and Language 3(2): 249–74.
Lazar, M. (2006) ‘Discover the power of femininity!’Analyzing global ‘power femininity’ in local advertising. Feminist Media Studies 6(4): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680770600990002
Lazar, M. (2009) Entitled to consume: postfeminist femininity and a culture of post-critique. Discourse and Communication 3(4): 371–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481309343872
Lazar, M. (2014) Recuperating feminism, reclaiming femininity: hybrid postfeminist I-dentity in consumer advertisements. Gender and Language 8(2): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/genl.v8i2.205
Lehtola, J. (2000) Lailasta Lailaan: Tarinoita elokuvien sitkeistä lappalaisista [From Laila to Laila: Stories of Tenacious Lapps in the Films]. Inari: Kustannus-puntsi.
Lehtola, J. (2012) Pohjoinen tuulettaa [The north is cheering]. Apu (February): 63.
Lehtola, V.-P. (1997) Saamelaiset. Historia, yhteiskunta, taide. Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
Lehtola, V.-P. (1999) Aito Lappalainen ei syö haarukalla ja veitsellä [A real Lapp does not eat with knife and fork]. In M. Tuominen, S. Tuulentie, V-P. Lehtola and M. Autti (eds) Pohjoiset identiteetit ja mentaliteetit 1 [Northern Identities and Mentalities 1] 15–32. Inari: Kustannus-Puntsi.
Leppänen, S. and Häkkinen, A. (2012) Buffalaxed superdiversity: representations of the other on YouTube. Diversities 14(2): 17–33. Retrieved on 15 August 2014 from www.unesco.org/shs/diversities/vol14/issue2/art2.
Loomba, A. (1998) Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203194911
Lopez, C. (2014) Aggressively feminine: the linguistic appropriation of sexualized blackness by white female characters in film. Gender and Language 8(3): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/genl.v8i3.289
Lünenborg, M. and Fürsich, E. (2014). Media and the intersectional other. Feminist Media Studies 14(6): 959?75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2014.882857
Markelin, M., Husband, C. and Moring, T. (2013) Sámi media professionals and the role of language and identity. Sociolinguistica 28: 101–15.
McCall, L. (2005) The Complexity of Intersectionality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30(3): 1771–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/426800
McRobbie, A. (2009) The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage Publications.
Pietikäinen, S. (2008) Broadcasting indigenous voices: Sami minority media production. European Journal of Communication 22(2): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323108089221
Pietikäinen, S. (2013) Heteroglossic authenticity in Sámi heritage tourism. In S. Pietikäinen and H. Kelly-Holmes (eds) Multilingualism and the Periphery 77–94. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199945177.003.0005
Pietikäinen, S. and Dlaske, K. (2013) Cutting across media spaces and boundaries: the case of a hybrid indigeneous Sámi comedy. Sociolinguistica 27: 87–100.
Pietikäinen, S. and Leppänen, S. (2007) Saamelaiset toisin sanoin [The Sámi in other words]. In J. Kuortti, M. Lehtonen and O. Löytty (eds) Kolonialismin jäljet. Keskustat, periferiat ja Suomi [The Traces of Colonialism. Centers, Peripheries, and Finland] 175–89. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.
Pietikäinen, S. and Mäntynen, A. (2009) Kurssi kohti diskurssia [Course towards Discourse]. Tampere: Vastapaino.
Pope, R. (1995) Textual Intervention: Critical and Creative Strategies in Literary Research. London: Routledge.
Reisigl, M. and Wodak, R. (2001) Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Anti-Semitism. London: Routledge.
Römpötti, H. (2012) Tarvitseeko Saamenmaakin omat pissiksensä [Does Sámiland need its own party girls?]. Helsingin Sanomat (12 February): C29.
Rose, M. A. (1993) Parody: Ancient, Modern, and Postmodern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ruotsalainen, M. (2012) Saamelaiset myytit saavat huutia [Ventilating myths about Sámi]. Etelä-Suomen Sanomat (7 February).
Schlafani, J. (2009) Martha Stewart behaving badly: parody and the symbolic meaning of style. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(5): 613–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00427.x
Scollon R. and S. Scollon. (2004) Nexus Analysis: Discourse and the Emerging Internet. London: Routledge.
Silverstein, M. (2003) Indexical order and the dialectics of social life. Language and Communication 23: 193–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00013-2
Skeggs, B. (2004) Class, Self, Culture. London: Routledge.
Tannen, D. (1991) You Just Don’t Understand. Women and Men in Conversation. London: Virago.
Tapanainen, M. (2013) Huumoria Suomen päälaelta [Humour from the top of Finland]. Maailman kuvalehti 4. Retrieved on 4 June 2016 from www.maailmankuvalehti.fi/artikkelit/12622.
Tyler, I. (2008) ‘Chav mum chav scum’: class disgust in contemporary Britain. Feminist Media Studies 8(1): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680770701824779
Tyler, I. (2013) Revolting Subjects: Social Abjection and Resistance in Neoliberal Britain. London: Zed Books.
Valkonen, S. (2009) Poliittinen saamelaisuus [Political Sáminess]. Tampere: Vastapaino.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2005) Introducing Social Semiotics. New York: Routledge.
Verloo, M. (2006) Multiple inequalities, intersectionality and the European Union. European Journal of Women’s Studies 13(3): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506806065753
Walby, S., Armstrong, J. and Strid, S. (2012) Intersectionality: multiple inequalities in social theory. Sociology 46(2): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038511416164
Wood, H. and Skeggs, B. (eds) (2011) Reality Television and Class. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Yuval-Davis, N. (2011). The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations. London: Sage.
Published
2016-07-15
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Dlaske, K., & Jäntti, S. (2016). Girls strike back: the politics of parody in an indigenous TV comedy. Gender and Language, 10(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v10i2.24055
