The playful and gendered use of insults and criticisms in romantic couples’ everyday banter
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.26777Keywords:
gender, insults, criticisms, discursive, affiliation, romantic relationshipsAbstract
The present study focuses on the gendered and playful ways that insults and criticisms are formulated by young adult romantic couples in their natural interactional contexts. A discourse analytic approach was used to examine how twenty young adult heterosexual romantic couples (ages 19–26) use gender to playfully pursue insults and criticisms in their natural ecological contexts. This study is motivated by a burgeoning arena of research that suggests that conflicts among contemporary young adults may often be sociable in nature, and thus may not pose the kind of adversarial face-threats for young adult intimates in the ways that would be traditionally expected. The analyses demonstrate three conspicuous patterns. First, that the vast majority of the insults and criticisms are gendered. Second, that nearly all of the excerpts involve the creative use of various forms of irony, laughter, rekeyings, abrupt non-sequiturs and topic shifts to allow the gendered insults/criticisms to appear playful. And finally, the analyses show how these gendered and playful insults/criticisms are consequential as preliminaries for affiliation.
References
Abraham, R. D. (1974) Black talking on the streets. In R. Bauman and J. Sherzer (eds) Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking 337–73. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P. and Levenson, S. (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chiou, W. (2006) Adolescents’ sexual self-disclosure on the Internet: deindividuation and impression management. Adolescence 41: 547–61.
Connolly, J. A. and Johnson, A. M. (1996) Adolescents’ romantic relationships and the structure and quality of their close interpersonal ties. Personal Relationships 3: 185–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00111.x
Conroy, T. M. (1999) ‘I don’t want to burst your bubble’: affiliation and disaffiliation in a joint accounting by affiliated pair partners. Human Studies 22: 339–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005452904364
Corsaro, W. and Rizzo, T.A. (1990) Disputes in the peer culture of American and Italian nursery-school children. In A. D. Grimshaw (ed.) Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversation 21–66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Drew, P. (1987) Po-faced receipts of teases. Linguistics 25: 219–53. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1987.25.1.219
Drew, P. and Walker, T. (2009) Going too far: complaining, escalating and disaffiliation. Journal of Pragmatics 41: 2400–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.046
Eder, D. (1990) Serious and playful disputes: variation in conflict talk among female adolescents. In A. D. Grimshaw (ed.) Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversation 67–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edwards, D. (1995) Two to tango: script formulations, dispositions, and rhetorical symmetry in relationship troubles talk. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28: 319–50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi2804_1
Edwards, D. (1997) Discourse and Cognition. London: Sage.
Edwards, D. (2005) Moaning, whinging and laughing: the subjective side of complaints. Discourse Studies 7: 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605048765
Edwards, D. (2007) Managing subjectivity in talk. In A. Hepburn and S. Wiggins (eds) Discursive Research in Practice: New Approaches to Psychology and Interaction 31–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511611216.002
Edwards, D. and Potter, J. (1992) Discursive Psychology. London: Sage.
Evaldsson, A. (2005) Staging insults and mobilizing categorizations in a multiethnic peer group. Discourse and Society 16: 763–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926505056663
Feiring, C. (1999) Gender identity and the development of romantic relationships in adolescence. In W. Furman, B. Brown and C. Feiring (eds) The Development of Romantic Relationships in Adolescence 211–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316182185.010
Georgakopoulou, A. (2001) Arguing about the future: on indirect disagreements in conversations. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 1881–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00034-5
Glenn, P. (2003) Laughter in Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511519888
Goffman, E. (1971) Relations in Public. New York: Harper Colophon Books.
Goldsmith, D. and Baxter, L. A. (1996) Constituting relationships in talk: a taxonomy of speech events in social and personal relationships. Human Communication Research 23: 87–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00388.x
Goodwin, M. (1990) He-Said-She-Said: Talk as Social Organization among Black Children. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Gottman, J. M. and Levenson, R. W. (2002) A two-factor model for predicting when a couple will divorce: exploratory analyses using 14-year longitudinal data. Family Process 41: 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.40102000083.x
Haiman, J. (1998) Talk is Cheap: Sarcasm, Alienation, and the Evolution of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heritage, J. (1985) Analyzing news interviews: aspects of the production of talk for an overhearing audience. In T. van Dijk (ed.) Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Vol.3: Discourse and Dialogue 95–117. London: Academic Press.
Hutchby, I. (1996) Confrontation Talk: Arguments, Asymmetries, and Power on Talk Radio. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Janes, L. M. and Olsen, J. M. (2000) Jeer pressure: the behavioral effects of observing ridicule of others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26: 474–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200266006
Jefferson, G. (2004) Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. Lerner (ed.) Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation 13–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.125.02jef
Jefferson, G., Sacks, H. and Schegloff, E. (1987) Notes on laughter in the pursuit of intimacy. In G. Button and J. Lee (eds) Talk and Social Organization 152–205. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Kakava, C. (2001) Discourse and conflict. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen and H. Hamilton (eds) The Handbook of Discourse Analysis 650–70. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Keim, I. (2007) Sociocultural identity, communicative style, and their change over time: a case study of a group of German–Turkish girls in Mannheim Germany. In P. Auer (ed.) Style and Social Identities: Alternative Approaches to Linguistic Heterogeneity 155–86. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Kochman, T. (1983) The boundary between play and non-play in black dueling. Language in Society 12: 329–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500009970
Korobov, N. (2005) Ironizing masculinity: how adolescent boys negotiate hetero-normative dilemmas in conversational interaction. The Journal of Men’s Studies 13: 225–46. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1302.225
Korobov, N. (2010) A discursive psychological approach to positioning. Qualitative Research in Psychology 7: 263–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880902822321
Korobov, N. (2011a) Mate-preference talk in speed-dating conversations. Research on Language and Social Interaction 44: 166–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2011.567102
Korobov, N. (2011b) Gendering desire in speed-dating interactions. Discourse Studies 13: 461–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611403357
Korobov, N. (2011c) Young men’s vulnerability in relation to women’s resistance of emphasized femininity. Men and Masculinities 14: 51–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X09356904
Korobov, N. and Laplante, J. (2013) Using improprieties to pursue intimacy in speed-dating interactions. Studies in Media and Communication 1: 15–33. https://doi.org/10.11114/smc.v1i1.49
Korobov, N. and Thorne, A. (2007) How late adolescent friends share stories about relationships: the importance of mitigating the seriousness of romantic problems. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 27: 971–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507084193
Korobov, N. and Thorne, A. (2009) The negotiation of compulsory romance in young women friends’ stories about romantic heterosexual experiences. Feminism and Psychology 19: 49–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353508098619
Kuiper, K. (1998) Sporting formulae in New Zealand English: two models of male solidarity. In J. Coats (ed.) Language and Gender: A Reader 285–94. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lee, D. A. and Pleck, J. J. (1995) Troubled waters: argument as sociability revisited. Language and Society 24: 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004740450001839X
Leggitt, J. S. and Gibbs, R. W., Jr. (2000) Emotional reactions to verbal irony. Discourse Processes 29: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326950dp2901_1
Mandelbaum, J. (1987) Couples sharing stories. Communication Quarterly 35: 144–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463378709369678
Mandelbaum, J. (2003) Interactive methods for constructing relationships. In P. Glenn, C. LeBaron and J. Mandelbaum (eds) Studies in Language and Social Interaction: In Honour of Robert Hopper 207–20. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates.
Nosko, A., Wood, E. and Molema, S. (2010) All about me: disclosure in online social networking profiles: the case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior 26: 406–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.012
Pichler, P. (2009) Talking Young Femininities. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230234598
Pomerantz, A. and Mandelbaum, J. (2005) A conversation analytic approach to relationships: their relevance for interactional conduct. In K. Fitch and R.E. Sanders (eds) Handbook of Language and Social Interaction 149–71. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.
Potter, J. (1996) Representing Reality: Discourse, Rhetoric, and Social Construction. London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446222119
Rampton, B. (1995) Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents. London: Longman.
Sacks, H. (1978) Some technical considerations of a dirty joke. In J. N. Schenkein (ed.) Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction 249–70. New York: Academic Press.
Saunders, G. (1985) Silence and noise as emotion management styles: an Italian case. In D. Tannen and M. Saville-Troike (eds) Perspectives on Silence 165–83. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Schiffrin, D. (1984) Jewish argument as sociability. Language and Society 13: 311–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500010526
Speer, S. (2005) Gender Talk: Feminism, Discourse and Conversation Analysis. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203321447
Stivers, T. (2008) Stance, alignment, and affiliation during storytelling: when nodding is a token of affiliation. Research on Language and Social Interaction 41: 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810701691123
Stokoe, E. (2004) Gender and discourse, gender and categorization: current developments in language and gender research. Qualitative Research in Psychology 1: 107–29. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088704qp007oa
Stokoe, E. (2006) On ethnomethodology, feminism, and the analysis of categorical reference to gender in talk-in-interaction. Sociological Review 54: 467–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00626.x
Stokoe, E. (2010) Gender, conversation analysis, and the anatomy of membership categorization practices. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4: 428–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00261.x
Stokoe, E. and Smithson, J. (2001) Making gender relevant: conversation analysis and gender categories in interaction. Discourse and Society 12: 217–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926501012002005
Straehle, C. (1993) ‘Samuel?’ ‘Yes, dear?’ Teasing and conversational rapport. In D. Tannen (ed.) Framing in Discourse 210–30. New York: Oxford University Press.
Svennevig, J. (1999) Getting Acquainted in Conversation: A Study of Initial Interactions. Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
Trapp, R. and Hoff, N. (1985) A model of serial argument in interpersonal relationships. Journal of the American Forensic Association 22: 1–11.
Traverso, V. (2009) The dilemmas of third-party complaints in conversation between friends. Journal of Pragmatics 41: 2385–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.047
Valkenburg, P. M. and Peter, J. (2009) The effects of instant messaging on the quality of adolescents’ existing friendships: a longitudinal study. Journal of Communication 59: 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01405.x
Weisbuch, M., Ivcevic, Z. and Ambady, N. (2009) On being liked on the web and in the ‘real’ world: consistency in first impressions across personal webpages and spontaneous behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45: 573–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.009
Wilkinson, S. and Kitzinger, C. (2008) Using conversation analysis in feminist and critical research. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2: 555–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00049.x
Brown, P. and Levenson, S. (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chiou, W. (2006) Adolescents’ sexual self-disclosure on the Internet: deindividuation and impression management. Adolescence 41: 547–61.
Connolly, J. A. and Johnson, A. M. (1996) Adolescents’ romantic relationships and the structure and quality of their close interpersonal ties. Personal Relationships 3: 185–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00111.x
Conroy, T. M. (1999) ‘I don’t want to burst your bubble’: affiliation and disaffiliation in a joint accounting by affiliated pair partners. Human Studies 22: 339–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005452904364
Corsaro, W. and Rizzo, T.A. (1990) Disputes in the peer culture of American and Italian nursery-school children. In A. D. Grimshaw (ed.) Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversation 21–66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Drew, P. (1987) Po-faced receipts of teases. Linguistics 25: 219–53. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1987.25.1.219
Drew, P. and Walker, T. (2009) Going too far: complaining, escalating and disaffiliation. Journal of Pragmatics 41: 2400–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.046
Eder, D. (1990) Serious and playful disputes: variation in conflict talk among female adolescents. In A. D. Grimshaw (ed.) Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversation 67–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edwards, D. (1995) Two to tango: script formulations, dispositions, and rhetorical symmetry in relationship troubles talk. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28: 319–50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi2804_1
Edwards, D. (1997) Discourse and Cognition. London: Sage.
Edwards, D. (2005) Moaning, whinging and laughing: the subjective side of complaints. Discourse Studies 7: 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605048765
Edwards, D. (2007) Managing subjectivity in talk. In A. Hepburn and S. Wiggins (eds) Discursive Research in Practice: New Approaches to Psychology and Interaction 31–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511611216.002
Edwards, D. and Potter, J. (1992) Discursive Psychology. London: Sage.
Evaldsson, A. (2005) Staging insults and mobilizing categorizations in a multiethnic peer group. Discourse and Society 16: 763–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926505056663
Feiring, C. (1999) Gender identity and the development of romantic relationships in adolescence. In W. Furman, B. Brown and C. Feiring (eds) The Development of Romantic Relationships in Adolescence 211–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316182185.010
Georgakopoulou, A. (2001) Arguing about the future: on indirect disagreements in conversations. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 1881–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00034-5
Glenn, P. (2003) Laughter in Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511519888
Goffman, E. (1971) Relations in Public. New York: Harper Colophon Books.
Goldsmith, D. and Baxter, L. A. (1996) Constituting relationships in talk: a taxonomy of speech events in social and personal relationships. Human Communication Research 23: 87–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00388.x
Goodwin, M. (1990) He-Said-She-Said: Talk as Social Organization among Black Children. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Gottman, J. M. and Levenson, R. W. (2002) A two-factor model for predicting when a couple will divorce: exploratory analyses using 14-year longitudinal data. Family Process 41: 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.40102000083.x
Haiman, J. (1998) Talk is Cheap: Sarcasm, Alienation, and the Evolution of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heritage, J. (1985) Analyzing news interviews: aspects of the production of talk for an overhearing audience. In T. van Dijk (ed.) Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Vol.3: Discourse and Dialogue 95–117. London: Academic Press.
Hutchby, I. (1996) Confrontation Talk: Arguments, Asymmetries, and Power on Talk Radio. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Janes, L. M. and Olsen, J. M. (2000) Jeer pressure: the behavioral effects of observing ridicule of others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26: 474–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200266006
Jefferson, G. (2004) Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. Lerner (ed.) Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation 13–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.125.02jef
Jefferson, G., Sacks, H. and Schegloff, E. (1987) Notes on laughter in the pursuit of intimacy. In G. Button and J. Lee (eds) Talk and Social Organization 152–205. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Kakava, C. (2001) Discourse and conflict. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen and H. Hamilton (eds) The Handbook of Discourse Analysis 650–70. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Keim, I. (2007) Sociocultural identity, communicative style, and their change over time: a case study of a group of German–Turkish girls in Mannheim Germany. In P. Auer (ed.) Style and Social Identities: Alternative Approaches to Linguistic Heterogeneity 155–86. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Kochman, T. (1983) The boundary between play and non-play in black dueling. Language in Society 12: 329–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500009970
Korobov, N. (2005) Ironizing masculinity: how adolescent boys negotiate hetero-normative dilemmas in conversational interaction. The Journal of Men’s Studies 13: 225–46. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1302.225
Korobov, N. (2010) A discursive psychological approach to positioning. Qualitative Research in Psychology 7: 263–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880902822321
Korobov, N. (2011a) Mate-preference talk in speed-dating conversations. Research on Language and Social Interaction 44: 166–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2011.567102
Korobov, N. (2011b) Gendering desire in speed-dating interactions. Discourse Studies 13: 461–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445611403357
Korobov, N. (2011c) Young men’s vulnerability in relation to women’s resistance of emphasized femininity. Men and Masculinities 14: 51–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X09356904
Korobov, N. and Laplante, J. (2013) Using improprieties to pursue intimacy in speed-dating interactions. Studies in Media and Communication 1: 15–33. https://doi.org/10.11114/smc.v1i1.49
Korobov, N. and Thorne, A. (2007) How late adolescent friends share stories about relationships: the importance of mitigating the seriousness of romantic problems. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 27: 971–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507084193
Korobov, N. and Thorne, A. (2009) The negotiation of compulsory romance in young women friends’ stories about romantic heterosexual experiences. Feminism and Psychology 19: 49–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353508098619
Kuiper, K. (1998) Sporting formulae in New Zealand English: two models of male solidarity. In J. Coats (ed.) Language and Gender: A Reader 285–94. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lee, D. A. and Pleck, J. J. (1995) Troubled waters: argument as sociability revisited. Language and Society 24: 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004740450001839X
Leggitt, J. S. and Gibbs, R. W., Jr. (2000) Emotional reactions to verbal irony. Discourse Processes 29: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326950dp2901_1
Mandelbaum, J. (1987) Couples sharing stories. Communication Quarterly 35: 144–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463378709369678
Mandelbaum, J. (2003) Interactive methods for constructing relationships. In P. Glenn, C. LeBaron and J. Mandelbaum (eds) Studies in Language and Social Interaction: In Honour of Robert Hopper 207–20. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates.
Nosko, A., Wood, E. and Molema, S. (2010) All about me: disclosure in online social networking profiles: the case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior 26: 406–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.012
Pichler, P. (2009) Talking Young Femininities. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230234598
Pomerantz, A. and Mandelbaum, J. (2005) A conversation analytic approach to relationships: their relevance for interactional conduct. In K. Fitch and R.E. Sanders (eds) Handbook of Language and Social Interaction 149–71. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.
Potter, J. (1996) Representing Reality: Discourse, Rhetoric, and Social Construction. London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446222119
Rampton, B. (1995) Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents. London: Longman.
Sacks, H. (1978) Some technical considerations of a dirty joke. In J. N. Schenkein (ed.) Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction 249–70. New York: Academic Press.
Saunders, G. (1985) Silence and noise as emotion management styles: an Italian case. In D. Tannen and M. Saville-Troike (eds) Perspectives on Silence 165–83. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Schiffrin, D. (1984) Jewish argument as sociability. Language and Society 13: 311–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500010526
Speer, S. (2005) Gender Talk: Feminism, Discourse and Conversation Analysis. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203321447
Stivers, T. (2008) Stance, alignment, and affiliation during storytelling: when nodding is a token of affiliation. Research on Language and Social Interaction 41: 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810701691123
Stokoe, E. (2004) Gender and discourse, gender and categorization: current developments in language and gender research. Qualitative Research in Psychology 1: 107–29. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088704qp007oa
Stokoe, E. (2006) On ethnomethodology, feminism, and the analysis of categorical reference to gender in talk-in-interaction. Sociological Review 54: 467–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00626.x
Stokoe, E. (2010) Gender, conversation analysis, and the anatomy of membership categorization practices. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4: 428–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00261.x
Stokoe, E. and Smithson, J. (2001) Making gender relevant: conversation analysis and gender categories in interaction. Discourse and Society 12: 217–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926501012002005
Straehle, C. (1993) ‘Samuel?’ ‘Yes, dear?’ Teasing and conversational rapport. In D. Tannen (ed.) Framing in Discourse 210–30. New York: Oxford University Press.
Svennevig, J. (1999) Getting Acquainted in Conversation: A Study of Initial Interactions. Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
Trapp, R. and Hoff, N. (1985) A model of serial argument in interpersonal relationships. Journal of the American Forensic Association 22: 1–11.
Traverso, V. (2009) The dilemmas of third-party complaints in conversation between friends. Journal of Pragmatics 41: 2385–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.09.047
Valkenburg, P. M. and Peter, J. (2009) The effects of instant messaging on the quality of adolescents’ existing friendships: a longitudinal study. Journal of Communication 59: 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01405.x
Weisbuch, M., Ivcevic, Z. and Ambady, N. (2009) On being liked on the web and in the ‘real’ world: consistency in first impressions across personal webpages and spontaneous behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45: 573–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.009
Wilkinson, S. and Kitzinger, C. (2008) Using conversation analysis in feminist and critical research. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2: 555–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00049.x
Published
2017-06-20
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Korobov, N. (2017). The playful and gendered use of insults and criticisms in romantic couples’ everyday banter. Gender and Language, 11(2), 278–305. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.26777
