Negotiating the tall poppy syndrome in New Zealand workplaces
women leaders managing the challenge
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.31236Keywords:
workplace discourse, women leaders, the gender order, egalitarian ideology, Tall Poppy Syndrome, critical realismAbstract
The ‘tall poppy syndrome’ (TPS) is one example of a societal constraint whose function in Australasia is to enforce society-wide ideologies such as egalitarianism and the gender order. The TPS acts as an enforcement mechanism which keeps self-promoting discourse in check. While carefully managed selfpromotion is permissible in some contexts, there are others where New Zealanders are expected to behave with modesty and humility. Using a social realist approach and drawing on data from four different professional contexts (a commercial company, a medical clinic, a government department and a nongovernmental organisation), this paper explores the discursive instantiation of the TPS in combination with potentially competing leader and gender identities as experienced by New Zealand women leaders. Finally, we ask if the pressure to conform to the egalitarian ethic, alongside other downplaying strategies, is gendered in New Zealand workplaces.
References
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Connell, Raewyn W. and Messerschmidt, James W. (2005) Hegemonic masculinity: rethinking the concept. Gender and Society 19(6): 829–59.
Coupland, Nicholas (2001) Introduction: Sociolinguistic theory and social theory. In Nicholas Coupland, Srikant Sarangi and Christopher N. Candlin (eds) Sociolinguistics and Social Theory 1–26. London: Longman.
Eagly, Alice H. and Carli, L. (2007) Through the Labyrinth: The Truth about How Women Become Leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
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Ford, Jackie, Harding, Nancy and Learmonth, Mark (2008) Leadership as Identity: Constructions and Deconstructions. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230584181
Gumperz, John and Cook-Gumperz, Jenny (2012) Interactional sociolinguistics: perspectives on intercultural communication. In Christina Bratt Paulston, Scott F. Kiesling and Elizabeth S. Rangel (eds) Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Communication 63–76. Oxford: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118247273.ch4
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Hello Internet (undated) How to humblebrag. Retrieved on 9 February 2017 from www.hellointernet.fm/how-to-humblebrag.
Heron, Mei (2016) Refugees should have to ‘accept Kiwi values’. Retrieved on 9 February 2017 from www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/306315/refugees-should-have-to-’accept-kiwi-values’.
Hirst, J. (1988) Egalitarianism. In S. L. Goldberg and F. B. Smith (eds) Australian Cultural History 58–77. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Hirst, John (1998) Egalitarianism. In Graeme Davidson, John Hirst and Stuart McIntire (eds) The Oxford Companion to Australian History 208–9. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Hirst, John (2009) Sense and Nonsense in Australian History. Melbourne: Black Inc.
Holmes, Janet (1986) Functions of you know in women’s and men’s speech. Language in Society 15(1): 1–21.
Holmes, Janet (2006) Gendered Talk at Work: Constructing Gender Identity through Workplace Discourse. Malden, MA: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470754863
Holmes, Janet (in press) Leadership and change management: stereotypes and reality. In Stephanie Schnurr and Cornelia Ilie (eds) Challenging Leadership Stereotypes: Discourse and Power Management. New York: Springer.
Holmes, Janet and Marra, M. (2011a). Leadership discourse in a Maori workplace: negotiating gender, ethnicity and leadership at work. Gender and Language 5(2): 317–42. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v5i2.317
Holmes, Janet and Marra, M. (2011b) Relativity rules: politic talk in ethnicised workplaces. In Bethan L. Davies, Michael Haugh and Andrew J. Merrison (eds) Situated Politeness 27–52. London: Continuum.
Holmes, Janet and Riddiford, Nicky (2010) Professional and personal identity at work: achieving a synthesis through intercultural workplace talk. Journal of Intercultural Communication 22. Retrieved on 9 February 2017 from www.immi.se/intercultural/nr22/holmes.htm.
Holmes, Janet and Stubbe, Maria (2003) Power and Politeness in the Workplace: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Talk at Work. Harlow: Longman.
Holmes, Janet, Marra, M. and Vine, Bernadette (2011) Leadership, Discourse and Ethnicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holmes, Janet, Marra, M. and Vine, Bernadette (2012) Politeness and impoliteness in ethnic varieties of New Zealand English. Journal of Pragmatics 44(9): 1063–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.11.006
Human Rights Commission (2016) Public reporting needed to address gender pay gap. June 30. Retrieved on 9 February 2017 from www.hrc.co.nz/news/public-reporting-needed-address-gender-pay-gap.
Jackson, Brad (2008) Portraying leadership in New Zealand: from modest recognition to contemplative action. In Erin Griffey (ed.) The Power of Portraiture: Portraying Leadership in New Zealand from 1840 to the Present 10–17. Auckland: David Ling.
Jackson, Brad and Parry, Kenneth (2001) The Hero Manager: Learning from New Zealand’s Top Chief Executives. Auckland: Penguin Books.
Jackson, Brad and Parry, Kenneth (2011) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about Studying Leadership (2nd edn). London: Sage.
Kendall, Shari and Tannen, Deborah (1997) Gender and language in the workplace. In Ruth Wodak (ed.) Gender and Discourse 81–105. London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250204.n5
Kennedy, Jeffrey C. (2007) Leadership and culture in New Zealand. In Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Felix C. Brodbeck and Robert J. House (eds) Culture and Leadership across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-depth Studies of 25 Societies 397–432. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kirkwood, Jodyanne (2007) Tall Poppy Syndrome: Implications for entrepreneurship in New Zealand. Journal of Management and Organisation 13: 366–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200003606
Kluth, Andreas (2009) Tall poppies, crabs and success. Retrieved on 9 February 2017 from http://andreaskluth.org/2009/09/02/tall-poppies-crabs-and-success.
Koenig, Anne M., Eagly, Alice H., Mitchell, Abigail A. and Ristikari, Tina (2011) Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin 137: 616–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023557
Lippitt, John (2004) Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling. London: Routledge.
Lipson Leslie ([1948]2011) The Politics of Equality: New Zealand’s Adventures in Democracy. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Liu, Helena, Cutcher, Leanne and Grant, David (2015) Doing authenticity: the gendered construction of authentic leadership. Gender, Work and Organization 22(3): 237–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12073
Marra, Meredith (2008) Recording and analyzing talk across cultures. In Hellen Spencer-Oatey (ed.) Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness (2nd edn) 304–21. London: Continuum.
Marra, Meredith, Vine, Bernadette and Holmes, Janet (2008) Heroes, fathers and good mates: leadership styles of men at work. Paper presented at Power and Place, ANZCA08 Conference, Wellington, New Zealand, July. Retrieved on 9 February 2016 from https://tinyurl.com/zjb6hxg.
McCabe, Darren and Knights, David (2015) Learning to listen? Exploring discourses and images of masculine leadership through corporate videos. Management Learning 47(2): 179–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507615586334
McLeod, Alan L. (1968) The Pattern of New Zealand Culture. New York: Cornell University Press.
Mitchell, Austin (1972) The Half-Gallon Quarter-Acre Pavlova Paradise. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs.
Mouly, Suchitra and Sankaran, Jayaram (2001) The tall poppy syndrome in New Zealand: an exploratory investigation. Working paper no. 222. Auckland, New Zealand: Department of Management Science and Information Systems, University of Auckland.
Mullany, Louise (2007) Gendered Discourse in the Professional Workplace. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592902
Nielsen, Sabina (2009) Why do top management teams look the way they do? A multilevel exploration of the antecedents of TMT heterogeneity. Strategic Organization 7(3): 277–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127009340496
Nolan, Melanie (2007) The reality and myth of New Zealand egalitarianism: explaining the pattern of a labour historiography at the edge of empires. Labour History Review 72(2): 113–34. https://doi.org/10.1179/174581807X224560
Olssen, Erik, Gri, Clyde and Jones, Frank (2011) An Accidental Utopia? Social Mobility and the Foundations of an Egalitarian Society 1880–1940. Dunedin: University of Otago Press.
Orsman, Harold W. (1997) The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Osborn, Richard N., Hunt, James G. and Jauch, Lawrence R. (2002) Toward a contextual theory of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 13: 797–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00154-6
Oxley, Harry G. (1974) Mateship in Local Organization: a Study of Egalitarianism, Stratification, Leadership, and Amenities Projects in a Semi-industrial Community of Inland New South Wales. Queensland: University of Queensland Press.
Pearson, David G. (2000) The ties that unwind: civic and ethnic imaginings in New Zealand. Nations and Nationalism 6(1): 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00091.x
Pearson, Judy C., Turner, Lynn H. and Todd-Mancillas, William R. (1991) Gender and Communication (2nd edn). Dubuque: William C. Brown.
Peeters, Bert (2004a) Tall poppies and egalitarianism in Australian discourse: From keyword to culture value. English World Wide 25(1): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.25.1.02pee
Peeters, Bert (2004b) ‘Thou shalt not be a tall poppy’: describing an Australian communicative (and behavioral) norm. Intercultural Pragmatics 1(1): 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1515/iprg.2004.008
Peeters, Bert (2015) Tall poppies in the land down under: an applied ethnolinguistic approach. International Journal of Language and Culture 2(2): 219–43. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.2.2.04pee
Rampton, Ben (2016) Foucault, Gumperz and governmentality: interaction, power and subjectivity in the twenty-first century. In Nikolas Coupland (ed) Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates 303–28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rashbrooke, Max (2014) How New Zealand’s rich-poor divide killed its egalitarian paradise. The Guardian (12 December). Retrieved on 9 February 2017 from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/12/how-new-zealands-richpoor-divide-killed-its-egalitarian-paradise.
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Published
2017-03-28
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Holmes, J., Marra, M., & Lazzaro-Salazar, M. (2017). Negotiating the tall poppy syndrome in New Zealand workplaces: women leaders managing the challenge. Gender and Language, 11(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.31236
