Generating Genre-Based Automatic Feedback on English for Research Publication Purposes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.26273Keywords:
genre-based feedback, automated writing evaluation, natural language processing, transformer network, writing for publicationAbstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) for supporting second language (L2) writing processes and practices has garnered increasing interest in recent years, establishing AI-mediated L2 writing as a new norm for many multilingual classrooms. As such, the emergence of AI-mediated technologies has challenged L2 writing instructors and their philosophies regarding computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and teaching. Technologies that can combine principled pedagogical practices and the benefits of AI can help to change the landscape of L2 writing instruction while maintaining the integrity of knowledge production that is so important to CALL instructors. To align L2 instructional practices and CALL technologies, we discuss the development of an AI-mediated L2 writing technology that leverages genre-based instruction (GBI) and large language models to provide L2 writers and instructors with tools to enhance English for research publication purposes. Our work reports on the accuracy, precision, and recall of our network classification, which surpass previously reported research in the field of genre-based automated writing evaluation by offering a faster network training approach with higher accuracy of feedback provision and new beginnings for genre-based learning systems. Implications for tool development and GBI are discussed.
References
Anthony, L., & Lashkia, G. V. (2003). Mover: A machine learning tool to assist in the reading and writing of technical papers. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 46(3), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2003.816789
Bahktin, M. M. (1986). Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analysing genre: Language use in professional settings. Harlow: Longman.
Boulton, A., & Vyatkina, N. (2021). Thirty years of data-driven learning: Taking stock and charting new directions over time. Language Learning & Technology, 25(3), 66–89. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/73450
Burstein, J., Elliot, N., & Molloy, H. (2016). Informing automated writing evaluation using the lens of genre: Two studies. CALICO Journal, 33(1), 117–141. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v33i1.26374
Cheng, A. (2008). Analyzing genre exemplars in preparation for writing: The case of an L2 graduate student in the ESP genre-based instructional framework of academic literacy. Applied linguistics, 29(1), 50–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amm021
Cheng, A. (2011). Language features as the pathways to genre: Students’ attention to non-prototypical features and its implications. Journal of Second Language Writing, 20(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2010.12.002
Cheng, A. (2021). The place of language in the theoretical tenets, textbooks, and classroom practices in the ESP genre-based approach to teaching writing. English for Specific Purposes, 64, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2021.07.001
Clark, K., Luong, M. T., Le, Q. V., & Manning, C. D. (2020). Electra: Pre-training text encoders as discriminators rather than generators. arXiv:2003.10555. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2003.10555
Cotos, E. (2014). Genre-based automated writing evaluation for L2 research writing: From design to evaluation and enhancement. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137333377
Cotos, E., & Huffman, S. (2013). Learner fit in scaling up automated writing evaluation. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 3(3), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2013070105
Cotos, E., & Pendar, N. (2016). Discourse classification into rhetorical functions for AWE feedback. CALICO Journal, 33(1), 92–116. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v33i1.27047
Cotos, E., Link, S., & Huffman, S. (2016). Studying disciplinary corpora to teach the craft of Discussion. Writing and Pedagogy, 8(1), 33–64. https://doi.org/10.1558/wap.v8i1.27661
Devitt, A. J. (2004). Writing genres. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Dizon, G., & Gayed, J. (2021). Examining the impact of Grammarly on the quality of mobile L2 writing. JALT CALL Journal, 17(2), 74–9. https://doi.org/10.29140/jaltcall.v17n2.336
Dudley-Evans, T., & St John, M. J. (1998). Developments in English for specific purposes: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Feng, H.-H., & Chukharev-Hudilainen, E. (2022). Genre-based AWE system for engineering graduate writing: Development and evaluation. Language Learning & Technology, 26(2), 58–77. https://doi.org/10125/73479
Fiacco, J., Cotos, E., & Rose, C. (2019). Towards enabling feedback on rhetorical structure with neural sequence models. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge (pp. 310–319). New York: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3303772.3303808
Flowerdew, L. (2015). Corpus-based research and pedagogy in EAP: From lexis to genre. Language Teaching, 48(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444813000037
Freedman, A. (1993). Show and tell? The role of explicit teaching in the learning of new genres. Research in the Teaching of English, 27(3), 222–251.
Gayed, J. M., Carlon, M. K. J., Oriola, A. M., & Cross, J. S. (2022). Exploring an AI-based writing assistant’s impact on English language learners. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100055
Habibie, P., & Starfield, S. (2023). AI-mediated English for research publication purposes: Are we there yet? Journal of English for Research Publication Purposes, 4(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1075/jerpp.00013.hab
Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
Howard, J., & Ruder, S. (2018). Universal language model fine-tuning for text classification. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (vol. 1: Long papers, pp. 328–339). Melbourne: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P18-1031
Huang, J. C. (2014). Learning to write for publication in English through genre-based pedagogy: A case in Taiwan. System, 45, 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2014.05.010
Hyland, K. (2007). Genre pedagogy: Language, literacy and L2 writing instruction. Journal of Second Language Writing, 16(3), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.07.005
Hyon, S. (1996). Genre in three traditions: Implications for ESL. TESOL Quarterly, 30(4), 693–722. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587930
Johns, A. M. (Ed.) (2002). Genre in the classroom: Multiple perspectives. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410604262
Kershaw, D., & Koeling, R. (2020). Elsevier CC-BY corpus (V3) [Dataset]. Elsevier Data Repository. https://doi.org/10.17632/zm33cdndxs.3
Knight, S., Shibani, A., Abel, S., Gibson, A., Ryan, P., Sutton, N., Wight, R., Lucas, C., Sándor, A., Kitto, K., Liu, M., Mogarkar, R. V., & Buckingham Shum, S. (2020). AcaWriter: A learning analytics tool for formative feedback on academic writing. Journal of Writing Research, 12(1), 141–186. https://doi.org/10.17239/jowr-2020.12.01.06
Link, S., Mehrzad, M., & Rahimi, M. (2022). Impact of automated writing evaluation on teacher feedback, student revision, and writing improvement. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(4), 605–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.1743323
McCarthy, K. S., Roscoe, R. D., Allen, L. K., Likens, A. D., & McNamara, D. S. (2022). Automated writing evaluation: Does spelling and grammar feedback support high-quality writing and revision? Assessing Writing, 52, 100608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2022.100608
Paltridge, B. (2019). Focusing on language in second language writing classrooms: Rethinking the approach. Journal of Second Language Writing, 46, 100680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2019.100680
Park, L. A., & Read, J. (2019). A blended metric for multi-label optimisation and evaluation. In M. Berlingerio, F. Bonchi, T. Gärtner, N. Hurley, & G. Ifrim (Eds.), Machine learning and knowledge discovery in databases (pp. 719–734). ECML PKDD 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11051. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10925-7_44
Ranalli, J., Link, S., & Chukharev-Hudilainen, E. (2017). Automated writing evaluation for formative assessment of second language writing: Investigating the accuracy and usefulness of feedback as part of argument-based validation. Educational Psychology, 37(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2015.1136407
Saeli, H., Rahmati, P., & Koltovskaia, S. (2023). Learner engagement with written corrective feedback: The case of automated writing evaluation. Journal of Response to Writing, 9(2), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.32038/frsl.2023.01.08
Singh, M. K. M. (2014). Challenges in academic reading and overcoming strategies in taught master programmes: A case study of international graduate students in Malaysia. Higher Education Studies, 4(4), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v4n4p76
Swales, J. M. (1981). Aspects of article introductions. Birmingham: University of Aston.
Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre Analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swales, J. M. (2004). Research genres: Explorations and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524827
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2012). Academic writing for graduate students: Essential tasks and skills (3rd ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.2173936
Tardy, C. M. (2006). Researching first and second language genre learning: A comparative review and a look ahead. Journal of Second Language Writing, 15(2), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2006.04.003
Tardy, C. M. (2009). Building genre knowledge. West Lafayette: Parlor Press.
Tardy, C. M. (2017). The challenge of genre in the academic writing classroom: Implications for L2 writing teacher education. In J. Bitchener, N. Storch, & R. Wette (Eds.), Teaching writing for academic purposes to multilingual students: Instructional approaches (pp. 69–83). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315269665-5
Tardy, C. M., Sommer-Farias, B., & Gevers, J. (2020). Teaching and researching genre knowledge: Toward an enhanced theoretical framework. Written Communication, 37(3), 287–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088320916554
Tardy, C. M., Caplan, N. A., & Johns, A. M. (2023). Genre explained: Frequently asked questions and answers about genre-based instruction. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11714330
Truscott, J. (1996). The case against grammar correction in L2 writing classes. Language Learning, 46(2), 327–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1996.tb01238.x
Truscott, J. (1999). The case for “The case against grammar correction in L2 writing classes”: A response to Ferris. Journal of Second Language Writing, 8(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1060-3743(99)80124-6
Williams, J. M., & Colomb, G. G. (1993). The case for explicit teaching: Why what you don’t know won’t help you. Research in the Teaching of English, 27(3), 252–264. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40171226
Yasuda, S. (2011). Genre-based tasks in foreign language writing: Developing writers’ genre awareness, linguistic knowledge, and writing competence. Journal of Second Language Writing, 20(2), 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2011.03.001
Zhai, N., & Ma, X. (2022). The effectiveness of automated writing evaluation on writing quality: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 61(4), 875–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331221127300
Zhang, Z. V. (2020). Engaging with automated writing evaluation (AWE) feedback on L2 writing: Student perceptions and revisions. Assessing Writing, 43, 100439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2019.100439