A Theoretical Foundation for the Development of Pedagogical Tasks in Computer Mediated Communication
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v14i1.5-34Keywords:
CALL, computer mediated communication, internet, multimedia, natural versus classroom settings, second language acquisition, second language pedagogyAbstract
Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) permits users to engage in purposeful exchanges with other humans (and with on-line databases) both synchronously and asynchronously. Yet, disappointment with previous technological "revolutions" may cause language teachers to be less receptive to the pedagogical uses of this new medium. A historical review of some of pedagogical claims of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL), multimedia applications, and their eventual outcomes, as well as new research in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), support the proposition that CMC gives second language learners the opportunity to enhance their learning experience. A theoretical framework is suggested for the development of pedagogical tasks based on CMC environments.
References
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_____. and J. Repman (1994). "The Effects of Technology on Online Education." Journal of Research on Computing in Education 26, 4, 537-546.
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Bates, A.W. (1995). Technology, Open Learning, and Distance Education. London, UK: Routledge
Baumgartner, P., and S. Payr, Eds. (1995). Speaking Minds: Interviews with Twenty Eminent Cognitive Scientists. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Berge, Z. and M. Collins, Eds. (1995). Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Bloom, B. (1984). "The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-On-One Tutoring." Educational Researcher 13, 6, 3-16.
Boyd-Barret, O. and E. Scanlon, Eds. (1991). Computers and Learning. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Canale, M. and M. Swain (1980). "Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing." Applied Linguistics 1, 1, 1-47.
Chapelle, C. and J. Jamieson (1986). "Computer Assisted Language Learning as a Predictor of Success in Acquiring English as a Second Language." TESOL Quarterly 20, 1, 27-46.
Chompsky, N. (1988). Language and Problems of Knowledge: The Managua Lectures. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
_____. (1980). Rules and Representations. New York: Columbia University Press.
_____. (1959). "A Review of B.F. Skinner's 'Verbal Behavior.'" Language 35, 1, 26-58.
Crook, C. (1991). "Computers in the Classroom." Computers and Learning, edited by O. Boyd-Barret and E. Scanlon. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Crookes, G. and S. Gass, Eds. (1993). Tasks and Language Learning: Integrating Theory and Practice. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Dede, C. (1993). "The Future of Multimedia: Bridging to Virtual Worlds." Multimedia for Learning: Development, Application, and Evaluation, edited by D. Gayeski. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
DeKeyser, R. (1991). "Foreign Language Development During a Semester Abroad." Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom, edited by B. Freed. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath.
Dough, A. and J. Ryan (1987). "Preparing the Language Student for Professional Interaction." Interactive Language Teaching, edited by W. Rivers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Doughty, C. (1992). "Computer Application in Second Language Acquisition Research: Design, Description, and Discovery." Computers in Applied Linguistics: An International Perspective, edited by M. Pennington and V. Stevens. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
_____. and T. Pica (1986). "'Information Gap' Tasks: Do They Facilitate Second Language Acquisition?" TESOL Quarterly20, 2, 305-325.
Everett, D. and T. Ahern (1994). "Computer Mediated Communication as a Teaching Tool: A Case Study." Journal of Research on Computing in Education 26, 3, 336-357.
Fiske, J. (1990). Introduction to Communication Studies. London: Routledge.
Frawley, W. and J. Lantolf (1985). "Second Language Discourse: A Vygotskyan Perspective." Applied Linguistics 6, 1, 19-44.
Fredericksen, C., J. Donin, and M. Décary (1995). "A Discourse Processing Approach to Computer Assisted Language Learning." Intelligent Language Tutors: Theory Shaping Technology, edited by V.M. Holland, J. Kaplan, and M. Sams. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
Frizzler, K. (1995). The Internet as an Educational Tool in ESOL Writing Instruction. Unpublished Master's Thesis, San Francisco State University. WWW document http://the
city.sfsu.edu/~funweb/thesis.htm.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Book.
Garrett, N. (1995). "ICALL and Second Language Acquisition." Intelligent Language Tutors: Theory Shaping Technology, edited by V.M. Holland, J. Kaplan, and M. Sams. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
Gass, S. and E. Marlos Varonis (1994). "Input, Interaction, and Second Language Production." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16, 3, 283-302.
Gay, G. and M. Grosz-Ngate (1994). "collaborative Design in a Networked Multimedia Environment: Emerging Communication Patterns." Journal of Research on Computing in Education 26, 1, 418-432.
Gay, G. and J. Mazur (1993). "The Utility of Computer Tracking Tools for User Centered Design." Education Technology, April, 45-59.
Gayeski, D. Ed. (1993). Multimedia for Learning: Development, Application, and Evaluation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Graddol, D. (1991). "Some CMC Discourse Properties and Their Educational Significance." Computers and Learning, edited by O. Boyd-Barret and E. Scanlon. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Gregg, K. (1990). "The Variable Competence Model of Second Language Acquisition and Why It Isn't." Applied Linguistics 11, 4, 364-383.
_____. (1984). "Krashen's Monitor and Occam's Razor." Applied Linguistics 5, 79-100.
Harasim, L. Ed. (1990). Online Education: Perspectives on a New Environment. New York: Praeger.
Higgins, J. (1988). Language, Learners, and Computers: Human Intelligence and Artificial Unintelligence. Singapore: Longman.
Huebner, T. (1995). "The Effects of Overseas Language Programs." Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context, edited by B. Freed. John Benjamins.
Hymes, D. (1972). "On Communicative Competence." Sociolinguistics, edited by J. Pride and J. Holmes. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin books.
Jacobson, M. and R. Spiro (1995). "Hypertext Learning Environments, Cognitive Flexibility, and the Transfer of Complex Knowledge: An Empirical Investigation." Journal of Educational Computing Research 12, 4, 301-333.
Jonassen, D. and S. Wang (1993). "Acquiring Structural Knowledge from Semantically Structured Hypertext" Journal of Computer Based Instruction 20, 1, 1-8.
Kenning, M. M. and M. J. Kenning (1990). Computers and Language Learning: Current Theory and Practice. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
Kinner, J. and N. Coombs (1995). "Computer Access for Students with Special Needs." Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning, edited by Z. Berge and M. Collins. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Klein, W. and C. Perdue (1992). Utterance Structure: Developing Grammars Again. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Kossuth, Karen (1984). "Suggestions for Comprehension-Based Computer-Assisted Instruction in German." Die Unterrichtspraxis 17, 1, 109-115.
Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. Künzel, S. (1995). "Processors Processing: Learning Theory and CALL" CALICO Journal 12, 4, 106-113.
Lave, J. and E. Wenger (1991). Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Levy, S. (1995, December 25). "The Year of the Internet." Newsweek 21-46.
Liu, M. and W. Reed (1995). "The Effect of Hypermedia Assisted Instruction on Second Language Learning." Journal of Educational Computing Research 12, 2, 159-175.
Long, M. (1985). "Input and Second Language Acquisition Theory." Input in Second Language Acquisition, edited by S. Gass and C. Madden. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
McLaughlin, B. (1990). "'Conscious' Versus 'Unconscious' Learning" TESOL Quarterly 24, 4, 617-634.
Muns, R. (1995). "Online Scholarly Discussion Groups." Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning, edited by Z. Berge and M. Collins. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Murray, J. (1991). "Anatomy of a New Medium: Literary and Pedagogic Uses of Advanced Linguistic Computer Structures." Computers and the Humanities 25, 1, 1-14.
Nelson, J. R. (1995). Computer Aided Input in Second Language Instruction. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Arizona State University.
Nunan, D. (1992). Collaborative Language Learning and Teaching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
O'Malley, J.M. and A.U. Chamot (1990). Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford, R. (1995). "Linking Theories of Learning with Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL)." Intelligent Language Tutors: Theory Shaping Technology, edited by V.M. Holland, J. Kaplan, and M. Sams. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
Paulsen, M. F. (1995). "An Overview of CMC and the Online Classroom in Distance Education." Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning, edited by Z. Berge and M. Collins. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
_____. (1979). "Formal Models of Language Learning." Cognition 7, 3, 217-283.
Porter, P. (1986). "How Learners Talk to Each Other: Input and Interaction in Task-centered Discussions." Talking to Learn, edited by R. Day. New York: Newbury House.
Price, K. (1987). "The Use of Technology: Varying the Medium in Language Teaching." Interactive Language Teaching, edited by W. Rivers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Reddy, M. J. (1979). "The Conduit Metaphor." Metaphor and Thought, edited by A. Ortony. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 284-324.
Reeves, T. (1993). "Pseudoscience in Computer Based Instruction: The Case of Learner Control Research." Journal of Computer Based Instruction 20, 2, 39-46.
Resnick, L. (1994). "Situated Rationalism: Biological and Social Preparation for Learning." Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture, edited by L. Hirschfeld and S. Gelman. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rheingold, H. (1994). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Harper Perennial.
Rivers, W., Ed. (1987). "Interaction as the Key to Teaching Language for Communication." Interactive Language Teaching. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Rumelhart, D. and J. McClelland, Eds. (1986). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
Santoro, G. (1995). "What is Computer Mediated Communication?" Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning, edited by Z. Berge and M. Collins. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Sato, C. (1990). The Syntax of Conversation in Interlanguage Development. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Savignon, S. (1983). Communicative Competence: Theory and Classroom Practice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Schmidt, R. (1983). "Interaction, Acculturation and the Acquisition of Communicative Competence."
Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, edited by N. Wolfson and E. Judd. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
_____. and S. Frota (1986). "Developing Basic Conversational Ability in a Second Language : A Case Study of an Adult Learner of Portuguese." Talking to Learn, edited by R. Day. New York: Newbury House.
Schmitt, R. (1991). "Methodological Weaknesses with CAI Research. "Journal of Computer Based Instruction 18, 1, 75-76.
Schön, D. (1983). "On Explicit and Negative Data Effecting and Affecting Competence and Linguistic Behavior." Second Language Research 15, 2, 147-163.
_____. (1988). "A Reply to Gregg: In Defense of Theory Building." Second Language Research 4, 2, 157-173.
_____. (1986). "The Epistemological Status of Second Language Acquisition." Second Language Research 2, 2, 120-159.
Steinberg, E. (1992). "The Potential of Computer Based Telecommunications for Instruction." Journal of Computer Based Instruction 19, 1, 42-46.
_____. (1991). Computer Assisted Instruction : A Synthesis of Theory, Practice, and Technology. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
Stevens, V. (1992). "Humanism and CALL: A Coming of Age." Computers in Applied Linguistics: An International Perspective, edited by M. Pennington and V. Stevens. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Strevens, P. (1987). "Interaction Outside the Classroom: Using the Community." Interactive Language Teaching, edited by W. Rivers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Tarone, E. and G. Yule, Eds. (1989). Focus on the Language Learner. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Underwood, J. H. (1984). Linguistics, Computers and the Language Teacher: a Communicative Teacher. Mass.: Rowley.
Veasey D'Souza, P. (1991). "The Use of Electronic Mail as an Instructional Aid: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Computer Based Instruction 18, 1, 106-110.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Warschauer, M. (1995). E-mail for English Teaching. Alexandria, Virginia: TESOL Publications, Inc.
Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer Power and Human Reason. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Wertsch, J., Ed. (1985). Culture, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
_____. and J. Repman (1994). "The Effects of Technology on Online Education." Journal of Research on Computing in Education 26, 4, 537-546.
Anderson, J. (1990). Cognitive Psychology and its Implications. New York, NY: W. Freeman and Co.
Bates, A.W. (1995). Technology, Open Learning, and Distance Education. London, UK: Routledge
Baumgartner, P., and S. Payr, Eds. (1995). Speaking Minds: Interviews with Twenty Eminent Cognitive Scientists. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Berge, Z. and M. Collins, Eds. (1995). Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Bloom, B. (1984). "The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-On-One Tutoring." Educational Researcher 13, 6, 3-16.
Boyd-Barret, O. and E. Scanlon, Eds. (1991). Computers and Learning. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Canale, M. and M. Swain (1980). "Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing." Applied Linguistics 1, 1, 1-47.
Chapelle, C. and J. Jamieson (1986). "Computer Assisted Language Learning as a Predictor of Success in Acquiring English as a Second Language." TESOL Quarterly 20, 1, 27-46.
Chompsky, N. (1988). Language and Problems of Knowledge: The Managua Lectures. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
_____. (1980). Rules and Representations. New York: Columbia University Press.
_____. (1959). "A Review of B.F. Skinner's 'Verbal Behavior.'" Language 35, 1, 26-58.
Crook, C. (1991). "Computers in the Classroom." Computers and Learning, edited by O. Boyd-Barret and E. Scanlon. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Crookes, G. and S. Gass, Eds. (1993). Tasks and Language Learning: Integrating Theory and Practice. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Dede, C. (1993). "The Future of Multimedia: Bridging to Virtual Worlds." Multimedia for Learning: Development, Application, and Evaluation, edited by D. Gayeski. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
DeKeyser, R. (1991). "Foreign Language Development During a Semester Abroad." Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom, edited by B. Freed. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath.
Dough, A. and J. Ryan (1987). "Preparing the Language Student for Professional Interaction." Interactive Language Teaching, edited by W. Rivers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Doughty, C. (1992). "Computer Application in Second Language Acquisition Research: Design, Description, and Discovery." Computers in Applied Linguistics: An International Perspective, edited by M. Pennington and V. Stevens. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
_____. and T. Pica (1986). "'Information Gap' Tasks: Do They Facilitate Second Language Acquisition?" TESOL Quarterly20, 2, 305-325.
Everett, D. and T. Ahern (1994). "Computer Mediated Communication as a Teaching Tool: A Case Study." Journal of Research on Computing in Education 26, 3, 336-357.
Fiske, J. (1990). Introduction to Communication Studies. London: Routledge.
Frawley, W. and J. Lantolf (1985). "Second Language Discourse: A Vygotskyan Perspective." Applied Linguistics 6, 1, 19-44.
Fredericksen, C., J. Donin, and M. Décary (1995). "A Discourse Processing Approach to Computer Assisted Language Learning." Intelligent Language Tutors: Theory Shaping Technology, edited by V.M. Holland, J. Kaplan, and M. Sams. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
Frizzler, K. (1995). The Internet as an Educational Tool in ESOL Writing Instruction. Unpublished Master's Thesis, San Francisco State University. WWW document http://the
city.sfsu.edu/~funweb/thesis.htm.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Book.
Garrett, N. (1995). "ICALL and Second Language Acquisition." Intelligent Language Tutors: Theory Shaping Technology, edited by V.M. Holland, J. Kaplan, and M. Sams. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
Gass, S. and E. Marlos Varonis (1994). "Input, Interaction, and Second Language Production." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16, 3, 283-302.
Gay, G. and M. Grosz-Ngate (1994). "collaborative Design in a Networked Multimedia Environment: Emerging Communication Patterns." Journal of Research on Computing in Education 26, 1, 418-432.
Gay, G. and J. Mazur (1993). "The Utility of Computer Tracking Tools for User Centered Design." Education Technology, April, 45-59.
Gayeski, D. Ed. (1993). Multimedia for Learning: Development, Application, and Evaluation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Graddol, D. (1991). "Some CMC Discourse Properties and Their Educational Significance." Computers and Learning, edited by O. Boyd-Barret and E. Scanlon. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Gregg, K. (1990). "The Variable Competence Model of Second Language Acquisition and Why It Isn't." Applied Linguistics 11, 4, 364-383.
_____. (1984). "Krashen's Monitor and Occam's Razor." Applied Linguistics 5, 79-100.
Harasim, L. Ed. (1990). Online Education: Perspectives on a New Environment. New York: Praeger.
Higgins, J. (1988). Language, Learners, and Computers: Human Intelligence and Artificial Unintelligence. Singapore: Longman.
Huebner, T. (1995). "The Effects of Overseas Language Programs." Second Language Acquisition in a Study Abroad Context, edited by B. Freed. John Benjamins.
Hymes, D. (1972). "On Communicative Competence." Sociolinguistics, edited by J. Pride and J. Holmes. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin books.
Jacobson, M. and R. Spiro (1995). "Hypertext Learning Environments, Cognitive Flexibility, and the Transfer of Complex Knowledge: An Empirical Investigation." Journal of Educational Computing Research 12, 4, 301-333.
Jonassen, D. and S. Wang (1993). "Acquiring Structural Knowledge from Semantically Structured Hypertext" Journal of Computer Based Instruction 20, 1, 1-8.
Kenning, M. M. and M. J. Kenning (1990). Computers and Language Learning: Current Theory and Practice. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
Kinner, J. and N. Coombs (1995). "Computer Access for Students with Special Needs." Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning, edited by Z. Berge and M. Collins. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Klein, W. and C. Perdue (1992). Utterance Structure: Developing Grammars Again. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Kossuth, Karen (1984). "Suggestions for Comprehension-Based Computer-Assisted Instruction in German." Die Unterrichtspraxis 17, 1, 109-115.
Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. Künzel, S. (1995). "Processors Processing: Learning Theory and CALL" CALICO Journal 12, 4, 106-113.
Lave, J. and E. Wenger (1991). Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Levy, S. (1995, December 25). "The Year of the Internet." Newsweek 21-46.
Liu, M. and W. Reed (1995). "The Effect of Hypermedia Assisted Instruction on Second Language Learning." Journal of Educational Computing Research 12, 2, 159-175.
Long, M. (1985). "Input and Second Language Acquisition Theory." Input in Second Language Acquisition, edited by S. Gass and C. Madden. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
McLaughlin, B. (1990). "'Conscious' Versus 'Unconscious' Learning" TESOL Quarterly 24, 4, 617-634.
Muns, R. (1995). "Online Scholarly Discussion Groups." Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning, edited by Z. Berge and M. Collins. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Murray, J. (1991). "Anatomy of a New Medium: Literary and Pedagogic Uses of Advanced Linguistic Computer Structures." Computers and the Humanities 25, 1, 1-14.
Nelson, J. R. (1995). Computer Aided Input in Second Language Instruction. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Arizona State University.
Nunan, D. (1992). Collaborative Language Learning and Teaching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
O'Malley, J.M. and A.U. Chamot (1990). Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford, R. (1995). "Linking Theories of Learning with Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL)." Intelligent Language Tutors: Theory Shaping Technology, edited by V.M. Holland, J. Kaplan, and M. Sams. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
Paulsen, M. F. (1995). "An Overview of CMC and the Online Classroom in Distance Education." Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning, edited by Z. Berge and M. Collins. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
_____. (1979). "Formal Models of Language Learning." Cognition 7, 3, 217-283.
Porter, P. (1986). "How Learners Talk to Each Other: Input and Interaction in Task-centered Discussions." Talking to Learn, edited by R. Day. New York: Newbury House.
Price, K. (1987). "The Use of Technology: Varying the Medium in Language Teaching." Interactive Language Teaching, edited by W. Rivers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Reddy, M. J. (1979). "The Conduit Metaphor." Metaphor and Thought, edited by A. Ortony. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 284-324.
Reeves, T. (1993). "Pseudoscience in Computer Based Instruction: The Case of Learner Control Research." Journal of Computer Based Instruction 20, 2, 39-46.
Resnick, L. (1994). "Situated Rationalism: Biological and Social Preparation for Learning." Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture, edited by L. Hirschfeld and S. Gelman. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rheingold, H. (1994). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Harper Perennial.
Rivers, W., Ed. (1987). "Interaction as the Key to Teaching Language for Communication." Interactive Language Teaching. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Rumelhart, D. and J. McClelland, Eds. (1986). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
Santoro, G. (1995). "What is Computer Mediated Communication?" Computer Mediated Communication and the Online Classroom in Distance Learning, edited by Z. Berge and M. Collins. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Sato, C. (1990). The Syntax of Conversation in Interlanguage Development. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Savignon, S. (1983). Communicative Competence: Theory and Classroom Practice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Schmidt, R. (1983). "Interaction, Acculturation and the Acquisition of Communicative Competence."
Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, edited by N. Wolfson and E. Judd. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
_____. and S. Frota (1986). "Developing Basic Conversational Ability in a Second Language : A Case Study of an Adult Learner of Portuguese." Talking to Learn, edited by R. Day. New York: Newbury House.
Schmitt, R. (1991). "Methodological Weaknesses with CAI Research. "Journal of Computer Based Instruction 18, 1, 75-76.
Schön, D. (1983). "On Explicit and Negative Data Effecting and Affecting Competence and Linguistic Behavior." Second Language Research 15, 2, 147-163.
_____. (1988). "A Reply to Gregg: In Defense of Theory Building." Second Language Research 4, 2, 157-173.
_____. (1986). "The Epistemological Status of Second Language Acquisition." Second Language Research 2, 2, 120-159.
Steinberg, E. (1992). "The Potential of Computer Based Telecommunications for Instruction." Journal of Computer Based Instruction 19, 1, 42-46.
_____. (1991). Computer Assisted Instruction : A Synthesis of Theory, Practice, and Technology. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
Stevens, V. (1992). "Humanism and CALL: A Coming of Age." Computers in Applied Linguistics: An International Perspective, edited by M. Pennington and V. Stevens. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Strevens, P. (1987). "Interaction Outside the Classroom: Using the Community." Interactive Language Teaching, edited by W. Rivers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Tarone, E. and G. Yule, Eds. (1989). Focus on the Language Learner. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Underwood, J. H. (1984). Linguistics, Computers and the Language Teacher: a Communicative Teacher. Mass.: Rowley.
Veasey D'Souza, P. (1991). "The Use of Electronic Mail as an Instructional Aid: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Computer Based Instruction 18, 1, 106-110.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Warschauer, M. (1995). E-mail for English Teaching. Alexandria, Virginia: TESOL Publications, Inc.
Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer Power and Human Reason. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Wertsch, J., Ed. (1985). Culture, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
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2013-01-14
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Salaberry, M. R. (2013). A Theoretical Foundation for the Development of Pedagogical Tasks in Computer Mediated Communication. CALICO Journal, 14(1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.v14i1.5-34
