Lexicography for loanwords and words with special orthography
loanwords in Modern Standard Chinese
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-020-00071-0Keywords:
Modern Standard Chinese, Loanwords, Lexicography, LinguisticsAbstract
Loanwords in Modern Standard Chinese have attracted increasing attention in recent years. We try to unravel the complexity that stems from the properties of the Chinese writing system itself, its variant systems (Japanese Kanji), the rich history of the Chinese lexicon, and its interactions with neighboring languages. We argue that the status of a loanword is not binary, but rather dynamic on a developmental continuum, due to the various intentional choices and cumulative efforts involved in loanword integration. We provide a metalanguage for loanword notation to make explicit throughout the study all relevant kinds of relationships between source and target languages during the borrowing process from any language into Chinese. Finally, we show examples for all major loanword categories, including a modified and notated categorization of loanwords in Chinese, based on Shi ([Chinese loanwords] Hanyu wailaici. Commercial Press, Beijing, 2013).
References
Baxter, W.H., and L. Sagart. 2014. Old Chinese: A new reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Booij, G., and J. Van Marle. 2001. Yearbook of morphology 1999, vol. 9. New York: Springer.
Cen, Q. 2015. [Chinese loanword dictionary] Hanyu wailaici cidian. Beijing: Commercial Press.
Chen, L. 2011. ‘‘[The Formation of Modern Chinese and Japanese Concepts and Their Interaction] Jindai zhong ri gainian de xingcheng ji qi xianghu yingxiang’’. In: Dongya guannian shi jikan bianshen weiyuanhui ta bian ’’dongya guannian shi jikan’’ 1, pp. 149–78.
Chen, K.-J. et al. 1996. ‘‘Sinica corpus: Design methodology for balanced corpora’’. In: Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, pp. 167-176.
Chen, J.-s. 2017. ‘‘[When Enlightment Meets ’’Qimeng Yundong’’: The Translation of ’’Enlightment’’ in Bilingual Dictionaries] Shuangyu cidian yu ciyuan kaosuo: yi qimengyundong wei li de taolun’’. In: Intellectual History. Taipei: Lianjing Chubanshe.
Chu, C.-N. 2006. [Research on Chinese Linguistics for Fifty Years] Wushi nianlai de zhongguo yuyan xue yanjiu`. Taiwan: Xuesheng Shuju.
Cook, A. 2018. A typology of lexical borrowing in Modern Standard Chinese. In Lingua Sinica 4.1, 6.
Ding, H. et al. 2017. A Preliminary Phonetic Investigation of Alphabetic Words in Mandarin Chinese. In INTERSPEECH, 3028–3032.
Feng, T. 2004. [Origin of New Languages: Cultural Interaction between China, the West, and Japan and the Generation of Modern Chinese Character Terms] Xinyutanyuan: zhongxiri wenhua hudong yu jindai hanzi shuyu shengcheng. Zhonghua Chubanshe.
Feng, T. 2016. [A study of the generation and evolution of modern terms in Chinese characters and the cultural interaction among China, the West and Japan] Jindai hanzi shuyu de shengcheng yanbian yu zhong xi ri wenhua hudong yanjiu. Beijing: Jingji Kexue Chubanshe.
Foley, T. S. 2009. Biblical translation in Chinese and Greek: Verbal aspect in theory and practice. Vol. 1. Brill.
Fu, Z. 2011. [Modern Chinese Lexicon] Xiandai hanyu cihui. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
Haspelmath, M. 2009. Lexical borrowing: Concepts and issues. Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook 35–54.
Haspelmath, M., and U. Tadmor. 2009. Loanwords in the world’s languages: a comparative handbook. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Haugen, E. 1972. Semicommunication: The language gap in Scandinavia. I: The ecology of language. Essays by Einar Haugen. Selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil. In: Stanford, Ca.[Tidigast tryckt 1966] 215.
Huang, C.-R. 2009. Semantics as an orthography-relevant level for Mandarin Chinese. In The 17th Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics, Paris, July 2–4 2009.
Huang, C. and H. Liu. 2017. Corpus-based automatic extraction and analysis of Mandarin alphabetic words. In Journal of Yunnan Teachers University. Philosophy and social science section.
Kang, Y. 2011. Loanword phonology. In The Blackwell companion to phonology, 1–25.
Li, Y. and B. Qian. 1998. [Complete Works of History of Science] Li Yan Qian Baozong kexue shi quanji. Ed. by S. Du, S. Guo, and L. Dun. Liaoning Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Li, X., and Z. Yu. 2005. [A Study of Variant Characters in Modern Chinese] Xiandai hanyu yuxingci yanjiu. Shanghai: Cishu Chubanshe.
Liu, S. (1900 (2018)). [Illustration of the Word Class in Cheng Ai Meng School] Cheng ai meng xuetang zike tushuo. Taipei: Yuanshen Chubanshe.
Liu, L. 2008. [Interlingual Practice: Literature, National Culture and Translated Modernity - China, 1900-1937], kuayuji shijian: wenxue, minzu wenhua yu bei yi jie de xiandaixing. Trans. by S. W. et al. Beijing: Shenghuo Dushu Xinzhi San Lian Shu Dian.
Liu, Z., et al. 1984. [Chinese Loanword Dictionary] Hanyu wailaici cidian. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe.
Lu, S. 1992. Outline of Chinese Grammar, vol. 1. Beijing: Commercial Press.
Masini, F. 1997. [The formation of modern Chinese lexicon and its evolution toward a national language: the period from 1840 to 1898] Xiandai hanyu cihui de xingcheng: shijiu shiji hanyu wailaici yanjiu. Trans. by H. Huang.
Novotna´, Z. 1967. Contributions to the study of loan-words and hybrid words in modern Chinese. Archiv Orientalni 35: 613–648.
Pan, G. 2019. [Creating World Knowledge in Modern China] Chuangzao jindai zhongguo de shijie zhishi. Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe.
Paradis, C. and A. Tremblay. 2009. Nondistinctive features in loanword adaptation. In C. a. Wetzels (Ed.), Loan Phonology. Current Issues in linguistics Theory, 307, 211–224.
Peperkamp, S., I. Vendelin, and K. Nakamura. 2008. On the perceptual origin of loanword adaptations: experimental evidence from Japanese. Phonology 25 (1): 129–164.
Pu, Z. 2001. [The sheep culture and lucky symbols of the Yi people] Yizu yang wenhua yu jifu. Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe.
Qu, L. 1973. [Studying abroad in the Late Qing] Qingmo liuxue jiaoyu. Taipei: Sanmin Shuju.
Schmidt, C. and J.-s. Chen (Unpublished). ‘‘Silent Revolution—The Western contribution to the Chinese lexicon’’. Forthcoming.
Shen, G. 2017. [A Cycle of Modern English-Chinese Dictionaries: From W. Lobscheid through Inoue Tetsujiro to the Commercial Press]. In Intellectual History. Taipei: Lianjing Chubanshe, 63–102.
Shi, Y. (ed.). 2019. [Xinhua Loanword Dictionary] Xinhua wailaici cidian. Beijing: Commercial Press.
Shi, Y. 2000. [Loanwords in Chinese] Hanyu wailaici. Changchun: Jilin Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Shi, Y. 2013. [Chinese loanwords] Hanyu wailaici. Beijing: Commercial Press.
Shi, X., Y. Lin, and X. Liyan. 1989. [Eternal mystery] Qiangu zhi mi. Zhongzhou: Guji Chubanshe.
Takeyoshi, S. 1996. [’’Chinese words of Japanese origin’’ Chinese Encyclopedia Dictionary] ’’Hezhi hanyu’’ hanyu baike dacidian. Meiji Shoin.
Tan, H. 2018. [History of Japanese Study Abroad in China in Modern Times] Jindai riben dui hua guan pai liuxue shi. Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe.
Tian, S. 2005. [Westernization of Chinese Mathematics] Zhongguo shuxue de xihua licheng. Jinan: Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Tranter, N. 2009. Graphic loans: East Asia and beyond. Word 60 (1): 1–37.
Wang, L. 2015. [History of the Chinese lexicon] Hanyu cihui shi. Zhonghua Shuju.
Wang, L. 1958. [Borrowed Words from Japanese in Modern Chinese] Xiandai hanyu zhong cong riyu jie lai de cihui. Zhongguo Yuwen 2: 90–94.
Wang, L. 1980. [History of Chinese] Hanyu shigao. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Weinreich, U. 1953. Languages in contact. In The Hague: Mouton.
Wiebusch, T. and U. Tadmor. 2009. Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese. In 575–598.
Xu, Z. 2013. [Dictionary of Lianmianci] Lianmianci da cidian. Beijing: Commercial Press.
Xu, P., and H. Zhang. 2006. [History of Mathematical Symbols] Shuxue fuhao shi. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe.
Xue, C. 2007. [Language contact and language comparison] Yuyan jiechu yu yuyan bijiao. Shanghai: Shiji Chubanshe.
Yang, X. 2007. [Research on Chinese Loanwords] Hanyu wailaici yanjiu. Shanghai: Renmin Chubanshe.
Zeng, X. 2017. [A Study of Loanwords in Modern Chinese under the Theory of Complex Dynamic Systems] Fuza dongtai xitong lilun xia de xiandai hanyu wailaici yanjiu. Guangzhou: Shijie Tushu Chubanshe.
Zhang, L., L. Ni, and L. Pan, eds. 2018. [Cantonese Macao Dictionary] Xianggang aomen da cidian. Tiandi Tushu Chubanshe.
Zhang, Y. 1958. [Can there be so many Japanese loanwords in Mandarin Chinese?] Xiandai hanyu zhong nengyou zheme duo jieci ma? Zhongguo yuwen 6: 299–299.
Zhao, M. 2016. [A Study of Chinese Loanwords in Ming and Qing Dynasties] Ming qing hanyu wailaici shi yanjiu. Xiamen: Xiamen University Press.
Zhou, J. 1995. [Outline of Chinese vocabulary research history] Hanyu cihui yanjiu shigang.
Zhou, Y. 1998. [On loanwords from Japanese loanwords from Chinese origins via Chinese characters - Japanese loangraphs] Lun you hanzi dailai de hanyu riyuan wailaici - riyu jiexingci. Hanzi wenhua 4: 18–22.
