Improving the consistency of usage labelling in dictionaries with TEI Lex?0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-019-00061-xKeywords:
Lexicography, Usage labels, Diasystemic information, TEIAbstract
This paper analyzes the application of usage labels in three representative lexicographic works, namely the Portuguese, Spanish, and French Academy Dictionaries as a starting point for creating a consistent classifcation of usage labels and their encoding in accordance with TEI Lex-0. The use of labels is not always entirely consistent within individual dictionaries and even less so across diferent lexicographic projects. This makes the tasks of accurately classifying and encoding them quite diffcult. This difculty is compounded by the diferences and partial incompatibilities found in the lexicographic literature on the treatment of diasystemic information. We address the existing literature and the initial classifcation of TEI Lex-0, and argue for the need to introduce some changes to TEI Lex-0, most notably in terms of diatextual labels. Finally, we argue that the existing classifcations based on examples rather than on clear and explicit defnitions of classifcation categories will always lack in precision and lead to mutually incompatible encodings of diferent dictionaries. We propose a set of defnitions for usage label categories that can be adopted by TEI Lex-0 and used in other similar attempts to create interoperable lexical resources. An agreement on usage label categories is a frst and necessary step before proceeding in the direction of harmonizing and standardizing the actual values of usage labels across various dictionaries and across diferent languages.
References
Dictionaries
Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea. 2001. João Malaca Casteleiro (coord.), 2 vols. Lisboa: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa & Editorial Verbo. New digital edition under revision.
Diccionario de la Lengua Española (24.ª ed.). Real Academia Española, 2001–2018, www.rae.es/rae.
Dictionnaire de l´Académie Française (9.ª ed.). Académie Française, 2019, http://www.dictionnaireacademie.fr/.
Other literature
Ahumada, I. (ed.). 2002. Diccionarios y lenguas de especialidad. Jaén: Universidad de Jaén.
Atkins, B. T. S., and M. Rundell. 2008. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bergenholtz, H., and S. Tarp. 1995. Manual of Specialised Lexicography. The Preparation of Specialised Dictionaries. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Considine, J. 2014. Academy dictionaries 1600–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fedorova, I. V. 2004. Style and Usage Labels in Learner’s Dictionaries: Ways of Optimization. In Proceedings of the 11th Euralex International Congress, ed. Geofrey Williams and Sandra Vessier, pp. 265–272. Lorient: Université de Bretagne-Sud, Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines.
Hausmann, F. J. 1989. Die Markierung in eineim allgemeinen einsprachigen Wörterbuch: eine Übersicht. In Wörterbücher. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie, ed. F. J. Hausmann, O. Reichmann, H. E. Wiegand and L. Zgusta, pp. 649–657. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Jackson, H. 2002. Lexicography: An Introduction. London/New York: Routledge.
Landau, S. 1989. Dictionaries. The Art and Craft of Lexicography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Milroy, J., and L. Milroy. 1990. Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English. Routledge.
Monson, S. C. 1973. "Discussion Paper: Restrictive Labels – Descriptive or Prescriptive?". In Lexicography in English. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 211, ed. McDavid Jr., R. I., Duckert. A. R., pp. 208–212.
Rey, A. 2008. De l´artisanat des dictionnaires à une science du mot. Images et modèles. Paris: Armand Colin.
Romary, L., and T. Tasovac. 2018. TEI Lex-0: A Target Format for TEI-Encoded Dictionaries and Lexical Resources. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference of Japanese Association for Digital Humanities, pp. 274–275. https://tei2018.dhii.asia/AbstractsBook_TEI_0907.pdf.
Sakwa, L. N. 2011. Problems of Usage Labelling in English Lexicography. Lexicos 21, pp. 305–315. https://doi.org/10.5788/21-1-47.
Salgado, A., R. Costa, T. Tasovac, and A. Simões. 2019. TEI Lex-0 In Action: Improving the Encoding of the Dictionary of the Academia das Ciências de Lisboa. In Proceedings of the eLex 2019 conference, 1–3 October 2019, Sintra, Portugal, pp. 417–433. Brno: Lexical Computing CZ, s.r.o.
Svensén, B. 2009. A Handbook of Lexicography: The Theory and Practice of Dictionary Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
TEI Consortium, eds. TEI P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. [Version 3.5.0]. [Last updated on 29th January 2019, revision 3c0c64ec4]. TEI Consortium. http://www.tei-c.org/Guidelines/P5/ ([13.07.2019]).
Yong, H., and J. Peng. 2007. Bilingual Lexicography from a Communicative Perspective. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
