Acknowledging foreign language anxiety among student teachers of English

Preparing them for their classrooms

Authors

  • Maria Nilsson Uppsala University Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1558/slte.22121

Keywords:

foreign language anxiety, language teacher education, generalist teacher education, primary language instruction

Abstract

Foreign language anxiety (FLA) has been found among language learners in all educational contexts investigated. There is strong consensus as to the negative effects of FLA on various aspects of language learning, but also on teaching, affecting language use and teaching approaches. In primary language teacher education, FLA must be counteracted both for the sake of student teachers but also their future learners, as striving to alleviate FLA will be a crucial aspect of their profession. The current study investigated FLA among 193 Swedish pre-service non-native generalist teachers or English, by use of a questionnaire about oral classroom interaction. Results revealed that a third of student teachers experienced recurrent FLA. Furthermore, the instrument had previously been used with primary learners of English in the same educational region, which allowed for a comparison of levels and triggers of FLA (Nilsson, 2019). Student teachers reported more negative affect than young learners, and also confirmed the same contextual triggers of FLA. In light of the results, challenges and opportunities in relation to generalist language teacher education are discussed. In sum, explicitly addressing FLA during their education is a way of better preparing all student teachers for their future professional practice in primary school.

References

Arnaiz-Castro, P., & Guillén, F. (2013). Anxiety in Spanish EFL students in different university degree programs. Anales de Psicología / Annals of Psychology, 29(2), 335–344. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.2.130791

Briesmaster, M., & Briesmaster-Paredes, J. (2015). The relationship between teaching styles and NNPSETs’ anxiety levels. System, 49, 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2015.01.012

Cadierno, T., Hansen, M., Lauridsen, J. T., Eskildsen, S. W., Fenyvesi, K., Jensen, S. H., & Wieschen, M. V. aus der. (2020). Does younger mean better? Age of onset, learning rate and short term L2 proficiency in young Danish learners of English. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17, 57–86. https://doi.org/10.35869/vial.v0i17.1465

Copland, F., Garton, S., & Burns, A. (2014). Challenges in teaching English to young learners: Global perspectives and local realities. TESOL Quarterly, 48(4), 738–762. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.148

Csizér, K., & Piniel, K. (2013). Motivation, anxiety, and self-efficacy: The inter-relationship of individual variables in the secondary school context. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 3(4), 523–550. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2013.3.4.5

Dausend, H. (2017). Theory and practice in primary English teacher education. In E. Wilden & R. Porsch (Eds.), The professional development of primary EFL teachers: National and international research (pp. 109–128). Waxmann Verlag.

EF. (2021). EPI – English proficiency index. https://www.ef.com/wwen/epi/

Enever, J. (2014). Primary English teacher education in Europe. ELT Journal, 68(3), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/cct079

European Commission. (2017). Key data on teaching languages in school in Europe 2017. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2797/04255

Freeman, D., Katz, A., Garcia Gomez, P., & Burns, A. (2015). English-for-Teaching: Rethinking teacher proficiency in the classroom. ELT Journal, 69(2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccu074

Gkonou, C. (2017). Towards an ecological understanding of language anxiety. In C. Gkonou, M. Daubney, & J.-M. Dewaele (Eds.), New insights into language anxiety: Theory, research and educational implications (pp. 135–155). Multilingual Matters.

Gkonou, C., Daubney, M., & Dewaele, J.-M. (2017). New insights into language anxiety. Multilingual Matters.

Gregersen, T., & Horwitz, E. K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and non-anxious language learners’ reactions to their own oral performance. The Modern Language Journal, 86(4), 562–570. https://doi-org.ezproxy.its.uu.se/10.1111/1540-4781.00161

Gregersen, T., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2014). Capitalizing on language learners’ individuality: From premise to practice. Multilingual Matters.

Horwitz, E. K. (1996). Even teachers get the blues: Recognizing and alleviating language teachers’ feelings of foreign language anxiety. Foreign Language Annals, 29(3), 365–372. https://doi-org.ezproxy.its.uu.se/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1996.tb01248.x

Horwitz, E. K. (2016). Reflections on Horwitz (1986), ‘Preliminary evidence for the validity and reliability of a foreign language anxiety scale’. TESOL Quarterly, 50(4), 932–935. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.295

Horwitz, E. K. (2017). On the misreading of Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope (1986) and the need to balance anxiety research and the experiences of anxious language learners. In C. Gkonou, M. Daubney, & J.-M. Dewaele (Eds.), New Insights into Language Anxiety: Theory, Research and Educational Implications (pp. 31–47). Multilingual Matters.

Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125–132.

Johnson, K. E. (2015). Reclaiming the relevance of L2 teacher education. The Modern Language Journal, 99(3), 515–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12242

Kim, S. (2009). Questioning the stability of foreign language classroom anxiety and motivation across different classroom contexts. Foreign Language Annals, 42(1), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2009.01012.x

Krulatz, A., Neokleous, G., & Henningsen, F. V. (2016). Towards an understanding of target language use in the EFL classroom: A report from Norway. International Journal for 21st Century Education, 3, 137–152. https://doi.org/10.21071/ij21ce.v3iSpecial.5713

Liu, H., & Chen, T. (2013). Foreign language anxiety in young learners: How it relates to multiple intelligences, learner attitudes, and perceived competence. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(5), 932–938. https://doi.org/doi:10.4304/jltr.4.5.932-938

MacIntyre, P. D. (2017). An overview of language anxiety research and trends in its development. In C. Gkonou, M. Daubney, & J.-M. Dewaele (Eds.), New insights into language anxiety: Theory, research and educational implications (pp. 11–30). Multilingual Matters.

MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2002). Sex and age effects on willingness to communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2 motivation among junior high school French immersion students. Language Learning, 52(3), 537–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.00194

Mahn, H., & John-Steiner, V. (2002). The gift of confidence: A Vygotskian view of emotions. In G. Wells & G. Claxton (Eds.), Learning for life in the 21st century: Sociocultural perspectives on the future of education (pp. 46–58). Blackwell Publishers.

Malderez, A., & Wedell, M. (2007). Teaching teachers: Processes and practices. A&C Black.

Mihaljevic Djigunovic, J. (2009). Individual differences in early language programmes. In M. Nikolov (Ed.), The age factor and early language learning (pp. 199–225). Mouton de Gruyter.

Mihaljevic Djigunovic, J. (2015). Individual differences among young EFL learners: Age-or proficiency-related? A look from the affective learner factors perspective. In J. Mihaljevic Djigunovic & M. Medved Krajnovic (Eds.), Early learning and teaching of English: New dynamics of primary English (pp. 10–36). Multilingual Matters.

Nikolov, M., & Mihaljevic Djigunovic, J. (2019). Teaching young language learners. In X. Gao (Ed.), Second handbook of English language teaching (pp. 1–23). Springer International Publishing.

Nilsson, M. (2019). Foreign language anxiety: The case of young learners of English in Swedish primary classrooms. Apples – Journal of Applied Language Studies, 13(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.201902191584

Pizarro, M. A. (2019). Do prospective primary school teachers suffer from foreign language anxiety (FLA) in Spain? Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16, 9–30. https://doi.org/10.35869/vial.v0i16.91

Rich, S. (2019). Early language learning teacher education. In S. Garton & F. Copland (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of teaching English to young learners (pp. 44–59). Routledge.

Tum, D. O. (2015). Foreign language anxiety’s forgotten study: The case of the anxious preservice teacher. TESOL Quarterly, 49(4), 627–658. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.190

UKÄ. (2019). Viss minskning av tidiga avhopp från nya lärarutbildningen sedan 2011 [Decrease in early dropout from new teacher programs since 2011]. Universitetskanslersämbetet. https://www.uka.se/om-oss/aktuellt/nyheter/2019-09-06-viss-minskning-av-tidiga-avhopp-fran-nya-lararutbildningen-sedan-2011.html

UKÄ, A., & SCB. (2019). UF 46 SM 1901 Antalet sökande till sjuksköterskeutbild-ningen och lärarutbildningarna ökar [The number of applicants to nursing and teacher education are increasing]. https://www.uka.se/download/18.1f072a8e16e3a8a00df5194/1574178432654/SM1901-sokande-antagna-pa-grundniva-och-avancerad.pdf

Waddington, J. (2019). Developing primary school students’ foreign language learner self-concept. System, 82, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2019.02.012

Published

2022-07-15

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Nilsson, M. (2022). Acknowledging foreign language anxiety among student teachers of English: Preparing them for their classrooms. Second Language Teacher Education, 1(2), 159–183. https://doi.org/10.1558/slte.22121