Did Gurdjieff Write Scripture?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/post.20841Keywords:
G.I. Gurdjieff (?1877–1949), P.D. Ouspensky (1878–1947), John Godolphin Bennett (1897–1974), Jeanne de Salzmann (1889–1990), objective art, scripture, Beelzebub’s Tales to his Grandson, esoteric Western literatureAbstract
Did Gurdjieff write scripture? Can we understand Gurdjieff’s writings in terms of a category he did not use? Conversely, can Gurdjieff’s ideas and practices be used to understand scripture in other traditions? For Gurdjieff, the important lens of scrutiny was not “scripture” but his own categories of “objective art” and “subjective art.” He considered at least some of his writings to be objective art, constructed in accordance with cosmic laws. For him, the being-state (the total condition) of both the writer and the reader or listener, was as important as the ideas imbibed, for delivery and reception are in dynamic relation. Finally, the controversy surrounding the revision of his First Series, published in 1992 and retranslated by 2006, is examined. The evidence suggests that while Gurdjieff did contemplate that typographical and minor errors might be corrected, he would have deprecated the full-scale revision of the entire English text which was undertaken, as substituting “subjective” for “objective” art.
References
Anonymous, 2003. Guide and Index to G.I. Gurdjieff’s Beelzebub’s Tales to his Grandson. 2nd ed. Toronto: Traditional Studies Press.
Anonymous, 2012. Gurdjieff and the Women of the Rope, (anonymously edited notes by various writers). London: Book Studio.
Anonymous. ed. 2013. Proceedings of the 18th International Humanities Conference, All & Everything, 2013. First edition ebook (www.aandeconference.org)
Azize, Joseph. 2019. Gurdjieff: Mysticism, Contemplation, and Exercises. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190064075.001.0001
Bennett, Elizabeth. 2015. My Life, J.G. Bennett and G.I. Gurdjieff. Petersham, MA: J. G. Bennett Foundation.
Bennett, John G. 1962. Witness: The Story of a Search. London: Hodder and Staughton. 1997 reprint of revised version Santa Fe: Bennett Books.
———. 1973. Gurdjieff: Making a New World. New York: Harper & Row.
———. 2014. “Introduction.” In G.I. Gurdjieff. Life Is Real only then, when ‘I AM’. London: Book Studio.
Blom, Gert-Jan. 2006. Gurdjieff/de Hartmann, Oriental Suite. Netherlands: Basta.
Daniel-Spitz, Linda, Charles Ketcham and Laurence Rosenthal, editors. 1996. Gurdjieff/De Hartmann, Music for the Piano, Vol. II, Music of the Sayyids and the Dervishes. Mainz: Schott.
———. 2002. Gurdjieff/De Hartmann, Music for the Piano, Vol. III, Hymns, Prayers and Rituals. Mainz: Schott.
van Dullemen, Wim. 2014. Gurdjieff’s Movements: The Pattern of All and Everything. (no publisher or place of publication shown)
Ferapontoff, Boris. 2017. Constantinople Notes on the Transition to Man Number 4. Mount Desert: Maine Beech Hill.
Graham, William A. 1987. “Scripture.” In The Encyclopedia of Religion, editor in chief, Mircea Eliade. vol. 13, 133–145. New York: Macmillan.
Gurdjieff, George I. 1931. The 1931 Manuscript of “Beelzebub’s Tales to his Grandson.” Reprinted and edited 2014 by Robin Bloor: Austin: Karnak.
———. 1933. The Herald of Coming Good. Paris: privately published. Reprinted 1988 by Edmonds Washington: Sure Fire
———. 1950. Beelzebub’s Tales to his Grandson. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Reprinted 1993. Aurora: Two River Press.
———. 1950 Beelzebub’s Erzählungen für seinen Enkel. Innsbruck: Verlag der Palme.
———. 1956. Récits de Belzébuth à son petit-fils, vol. I. Editions Janus: Paris. Reprinted 1983: Monaco: Rocher.
———. 1963. Meetings with Remarkable Men. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Reprinted in 1985. London: Arkana.
———. 1975. Life Is Real, only then, When ‘I Am’. Privately printed. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. for Triangle Editions, Inc.
———. 1996. Beelzebub’s Tales to his Grandson. Revised edition. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin.
———. 2010. Beelzebub’s Tales to his Grandson. Russian edition. Moscow: Ripol Classic.
———. 2014. Gurdjieff’s Early Talks. Anonymously edited. London: Book Studio.
———. 2017. Paris Meetings 1943. Anonymously edited. Toronto: Dolmen Meadow.
Hands, Rina. 1991. Diary of Madame Egout pour Sweet. Aurora: Two Rivers Press.
de Hartmann, Thomas and Olga. 1992. Our Life with Mr Gurdjieff. Definitive edition. London: Arkana.
Hulme, Kathryn C. 1966. Undiscovered Country: The Search for Gurdjieff. Boston, MA:
Little, Brown & Co. 1997. New edition with additional material. Lexington: Natural Bridge Editions.
March, Louise. 2012. The Gurdjieff Years 1929–1949. Expanded edition. Utrecht: Eureka.
Moore, James. 1991. Gurdjieff: The Anatomy of a Myth. Rockport, MA: Element.
———. 2005. Gurdjieffian Confessions. Hove, UK: Gurdjieff Studies.
Nicoll, Maurice. 1952. Psychological Commentaries on the Teaching of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky, vol. 3. London: Vincent Stuart. Reissued 1996. York Beach: Red Wheel/Weiser.
———. 1997. Selections from Meetings in 1953 at Great Amwell House. Utrecht: Eureka Editions.
Nott, C.S. 1969. Further Teachings of Gurdjieff. New York: Samuel Weiser.
Ouspensky, Piotr D. 1949. In Search of the Miraculous. New York: Harcourt Brace.
———. 1957. The Fourth Way. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Petsche, Johanna. 2015. Gurdjieff and Music: The Gurdjieff/de Hartmann Piano Music and its Esoteric Significance. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004284449
Rawlinson, Andrew. 1997. The Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions. Chicago, IL: Open Court.
Sawyer, John F.A. 1999. Sacred Languages and Sacred Texts. London: Routledge.
Taylor, Paul Beekman. 1998. Shadows of Heaven: Gurdjieff and Toomer. York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser.
———. 2001. Gurdjieff and Orage: Brothers in Elysium. York Beach, ME: Weiser Books.
———. 2010. Gurdjieff in the Public Eye. Utrecht: Eureka.
———. 2012. Real Worlds of G.I. Gurdjieff: Chapters in the Life of a Master. Utrecht: Eureka.
Two Rivers Farm. 1993. “A Protest Made In Sorrow on the Revision of Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson.” https://digitalseance.wordpress.com/all-posts/concerning-the-revision-of-gurdjieffs-all-and-everything/ accessed 20 September 2020.
Watts, James W. 2019. How and Why Books Matter: Essays on the Social Function of Iconic Texts. Sheffield: Equinox.
Webb, James. 1980. The Harmonious Circle: An Exploration of the Lives and Work of G.I. Gurdjieff, P.D. Ouspensky and others. London: Thames and Hudson.
Welch, Louise. 1982 Orage with Gurdjieff in America. Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Wellbeloved, Sophia. 2002. Gurdjieff, Astrology & Beelzebub’s Tales. Revised second edition. New Paltz: Solar Bound.
———. Gurdjieff: The Key Concepts. London and New York: Routledge.