The Bible in British Folklore
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/post.v2i2.241Keywords:
British folklore, exorcisms, supernaturalAbstract
This article surveys magical and mantic uses of the Bible as attested in British folklore reports, with an eye to developing a model of the Biblicist tradition as that tradition was received by the British laity. The evidence shows that (1) in contrast to the church’s emphasis on the Bible’s meaning, the laity exploited the Bible’s textual and artifactual properties as supernatural means to practical ends; (2) charmers made use of particular biblical (or taken-for-biblical) texts, whereas the Bible generally was used in exorcisms, which seem to have remained the purview of clergy; (3) lay traditions about the Bible seem to have been focused on specific issues, though a general uncertainty about what powers Bibles might have is also indicated.
References
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“Auguries.” 1899. Folklore 10: 115-16.
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———. 1943. “Gleanings from Magazines.” Folklore 54: 309-10.
Barclay, Isabella. 1894. “Scraps of Folklore.” Folklore 5: 336-38.
Baring-Gould, S. 1925. Further Reminiscences, 1864–1894. London: John Lane.
Barrett, Justin L., and Brian Malley. 2007. “A Cognitive Typology of Religious Actions.” Journal of Cognition & Culture 7(3-4): 201-11.
Billson, Charles James. 1895. Leicestershire & Rutland. London: Published for the Folklore Society by D. Nutt.
Black, William G. 1883. Folk-Medicine: A Chapter in the History of Culture. London: Published for the Folklore Society by E. Stock.
Bonser, Wilfrid. 1963. The Medical Background of Anglo-Saxon England: A Study in History, Psychology, and Folklore. London: Wellcome Historical Medical Library.
Boyer, Pascal. 1990. Tradition as Truth and Communication: A Cognitive Description of Traditional Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Briggs, K. M. 1957. “The English Fairies.” Folklore 68: 270-87.
Brown, Robert. 1884. “Notes and Queries.” The Folk-Lore Journal 2: 156-59.
Brown, Theo. 1961. “Some Examples of Post-Reformation Folklore in Devon.” Folklore 72: 388-99.
———. 1970. “Charming in Devon.” Folklore 81: 37-47.
Bruce, John. 1850. “Charm for the Toothache.” Notes and Queries (Fifth Serial) 1 (25): 397.
Burne, Charlotte S. 1897. “More Staffordshire Superstitions.” Folklore 8: 91-92.
———. 1909. “Reminiscences of Lancashire and Cheshire when George IV Was King.” Folklore 20: 203-207.
Burrows, J. A. 1939. “Medical Services in Our Countryside.” Transactions of the Southend-on-Sea Historical Society 3.
Carmichael, Alexander, Elizabeth Catherine Watson, and James Carmichael Watson. 1928. Carmina Gadelica: Hymns and Incantations with Illustrative Notes on Words, Rites, and Customs, Dying and Obsolete. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
Carrick, T. W. 1929. “Scraps of English Folklore, XVIII. Cumberland.” Folklore 40: 278-90.
“Charm for Ague.” 1852. Notes and Queries 5(131): 413.
“Charm for the Tooth-ache.” 1851. Notes and Queries (First Serial) 3(63): 20.
“Charms.” 1857. Notes and Queries (Second Serial) 4(80): 25.
“Charms.” 1933. Report and Transactions: The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art 55: 126-28.
“Charms from Devonshire.” 1851. Notes and Queries 3(75): 258-59.
Courtney, M. A. 1886. “Cornish Feasts and ‘Feasten’ Customs.” The Folk-Lore Journal 4: 109-32.
———. 1887. “Cornish Folk-Lore.” The Folk-Lore Journal 5: 14-61, 85-112, 177-220.
Craigie, W. A. 1898. “Some Highland Folklore.” Folklore 9: 372-79.
Davies, Jonathan Ceredig. 1908. “Ghost-Raising in Wales.” Folklore 19: 327-31.
———. 1911. Folk-Lore of West and Mid-Wales. Aberystwyth: Printed at the “Welsh Gazette” Offices.
Davies, Owen. 1996. “Healing Charms in Use in England and Wales 1700–1950.” Folklore 107: 19-32.
———. 1998. “Charmers and Charming in England and Wales from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century.” Folklore 109: 41-52.
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Evans, Griff. 1892. “Exorcism in Wales.” Folklore 3: 274-77.
Eyre, Margaret. 1905. “Folk-Lore of the Wye Valley.” Folklore 16: 162-79.
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“First Report of the Committee on Devonshire Folk-lore.” 1876. Report and Transactions: The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art 9: 49-58.
“Folklore of South Northamptonshire.” 1850. Notes and Queries 2(33): 36-37.
Forby, Robert. 1830. The Vocabulary of East Anglia: An Attempt to Record the Vulgar Tongue of the Twin Sister Counties, Norfolk and Suffolk, as It Existed in the Last Twenty Years of the Eighteenth Century, and Still Exists; with Proof of Its Antiquity from Etymology and Authority. London: Printed by and for J. B. Nichols & Son.
Gerish, W. B. 1893. “Key Magic.” Folklore 4: 391-92.
Grattan, J. H. G., and Charles J. Singer. 1952. Anglo-Saxon Magic and Medicine. London: Oxford University Press.
Gregor, Walter. 1881. Notes on the Folk-Lore of the North-East of Scotland. London: Published for the Folklore Society by E. Stock.
———. 1883. “Stories of Fairies from Scotland.” The Folk-Lore Journal 1(2): 55-58.
Grey, Edwin. 1977 [1934]. Cottage Life in a Hertfordshire Village. Harpenden and District Local History Society.
Grinsell, L. V. 1937. “Some Aspects of the Folklore of Prehistoric Monuments.” Folklore 48: 245-59.
Groome, W. Wollaston. 1895. “Suffolk Leechcraft.” Folklore 6: 117-29.
Gurdon, Eveline Camilla. 1893. Suffolk. [London]: Published for the Folklore Society by D. Nutt.
Gutch, Eliza, and Mabel Geraldine Woodruffe Peacock. 1908. Examples of Printed Folk-Lore Concerning Lincolnshire. London: Published for the Folklore Society by D. Nutt.
Hadow, Grace E., and Ruth Anderson. 1924. “Scraps of English Folklore, IX. (Suffolk).” Folklore 35: 346-60.
Hardy, Thomas. 1997. Far from the Maddening Crowd. Seattle: World Wide School.
Harland, John. 1873. Lancashire Legends, Traditions, Pageants, Sports, etc., with an Appendix Containing a Rare Tract on the Lancashire Witches, &c. &c. London: G. Routledge & Sons.
Hartland, M. E. 1913. “Breconshire Village Folklore.” Folklore 24: 505-17.
Hayward, L. H. 1938. “Shropshire Folklore of Yesterday and To-Day.” Folklore 49: 223-43.
Henderson, William. 1879. Notes on the Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders. London: W. Stachell Peyton & Co.
Hockin, Frederick. 1882. “Notes.” The Folk-Lore Record 5: 147-78.
Hone, William. 1967. The Year Book of Daily Recreation and Information; Concerning Remarkable Men and Manners, Times and Seasons, Solemnities and Merry-Makings, Antiquities and Novelties, on the Plan of the Everyday Book and Table Book. Detroit: Gale Research Co.
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“Notes and Queries.” 1883. The Folk-Lore Journal 1: 330-35.
“Notes and Queries.” 1884. The Folk-Lore Journal 2: 377-82.
“Notes and Queries.” 1887. The Folk-Lore Journal 5: 71-75.
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“Auguries.” 1899. Folklore 10: 115-16.
Banks, M. M. 1927. “Keys in Coffins,” Folklore 38: 399.
———. 1943. “Gleanings from Magazines.” Folklore 54: 309-10.
Barclay, Isabella. 1894. “Scraps of Folklore.” Folklore 5: 336-38.
Baring-Gould, S. 1925. Further Reminiscences, 1864–1894. London: John Lane.
Barrett, Justin L., and Brian Malley. 2007. “A Cognitive Typology of Religious Actions.” Journal of Cognition & Culture 7(3-4): 201-11.
Billson, Charles James. 1895. Leicestershire & Rutland. London: Published for the Folklore Society by D. Nutt.
Black, William G. 1883. Folk-Medicine: A Chapter in the History of Culture. London: Published for the Folklore Society by E. Stock.
Bonser, Wilfrid. 1963. The Medical Background of Anglo-Saxon England: A Study in History, Psychology, and Folklore. London: Wellcome Historical Medical Library.
Boyer, Pascal. 1990. Tradition as Truth and Communication: A Cognitive Description of Traditional Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Briggs, K. M. 1957. “The English Fairies.” Folklore 68: 270-87.
Brown, Robert. 1884. “Notes and Queries.” The Folk-Lore Journal 2: 156-59.
Brown, Theo. 1961. “Some Examples of Post-Reformation Folklore in Devon.” Folklore 72: 388-99.
———. 1970. “Charming in Devon.” Folklore 81: 37-47.
Bruce, John. 1850. “Charm for the Toothache.” Notes and Queries (Fifth Serial) 1 (25): 397.
Burne, Charlotte S. 1897. “More Staffordshire Superstitions.” Folklore 8: 91-92.
———. 1909. “Reminiscences of Lancashire and Cheshire when George IV Was King.” Folklore 20: 203-207.
Burrows, J. A. 1939. “Medical Services in Our Countryside.” Transactions of the Southend-on-Sea Historical Society 3.
Carmichael, Alexander, Elizabeth Catherine Watson, and James Carmichael Watson. 1928. Carmina Gadelica: Hymns and Incantations with Illustrative Notes on Words, Rites, and Customs, Dying and Obsolete. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
Carrick, T. W. 1929. “Scraps of English Folklore, XVIII. Cumberland.” Folklore 40: 278-90.
“Charm for Ague.” 1852. Notes and Queries 5(131): 413.
“Charm for the Tooth-ache.” 1851. Notes and Queries (First Serial) 3(63): 20.
“Charms.” 1857. Notes and Queries (Second Serial) 4(80): 25.
“Charms.” 1933. Report and Transactions: The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art 55: 126-28.
“Charms from Devonshire.” 1851. Notes and Queries 3(75): 258-59.
Courtney, M. A. 1886. “Cornish Feasts and ‘Feasten’ Customs.” The Folk-Lore Journal 4: 109-32.
———. 1887. “Cornish Folk-Lore.” The Folk-Lore Journal 5: 14-61, 85-112, 177-220.
Craigie, W. A. 1898. “Some Highland Folklore.” Folklore 9: 372-79.
Davies, Jonathan Ceredig. 1908. “Ghost-Raising in Wales.” Folklore 19: 327-31.
———. 1911. Folk-Lore of West and Mid-Wales. Aberystwyth: Printed at the “Welsh Gazette” Offices.
Davies, Owen. 1996. “Healing Charms in Use in England and Wales 1700–1950.” Folklore 107: 19-32.
———. 1998. “Charmers and Charming in England and Wales from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century.” Folklore 109: 41-52.
Davies, T. A. 1937. “Folklore of Gwent: Monmouthshire Legends and Traditions.” Folklore 48: 41-59.
Dempster. 1888. “The Folk-Lore of Sutherland-Shire.” The Folk-Lore Journal 6: 149-89, 215-52.
Denham, Michael Aislabie. 1892. The Denham Tracts: A Collection of Folklore: Reprinted from the Original Tracts and Pamphlets Printed by Mr. Denham Between 1846 and 1859. London: Published for the Folklore Society by D. Nutt.
Dyer, T. F. Thiselton. 1880. English Folk-Lore. 2nd ed. London: D. Bogue.
Ettlinger, Ellen. 1943. “Documents of British Superstition in Oxford.” Folklore 54: 227-49.
Evans, Griff. 1892. “Exorcism in Wales.” Folklore 3: 274-77.
Eyre, Margaret. 1905. “Folk-Lore of the Wye Valley.” Folklore 16: 162-79.
Fenwick, J. G. 1879. “Note.” The Folk-Lore Record 2: 205.
“First Report of the Committee on Devonshire Folk-lore.” 1876. Report and Transactions: The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art 9: 49-58.
“Folklore of South Northamptonshire.” 1850. Notes and Queries 2(33): 36-37.
Forby, Robert. 1830. The Vocabulary of East Anglia: An Attempt to Record the Vulgar Tongue of the Twin Sister Counties, Norfolk and Suffolk, as It Existed in the Last Twenty Years of the Eighteenth Century, and Still Exists; with Proof of Its Antiquity from Etymology and Authority. London: Printed by and for J. B. Nichols & Son.
Gerish, W. B. 1893. “Key Magic.” Folklore 4: 391-92.
Grattan, J. H. G., and Charles J. Singer. 1952. Anglo-Saxon Magic and Medicine. London: Oxford University Press.
Gregor, Walter. 1881. Notes on the Folk-Lore of the North-East of Scotland. London: Published for the Folklore Society by E. Stock.
———. 1883. “Stories of Fairies from Scotland.” The Folk-Lore Journal 1(2): 55-58.
Grey, Edwin. 1977 [1934]. Cottage Life in a Hertfordshire Village. Harpenden and District Local History Society.
Grinsell, L. V. 1937. “Some Aspects of the Folklore of Prehistoric Monuments.” Folklore 48: 245-59.
Groome, W. Wollaston. 1895. “Suffolk Leechcraft.” Folklore 6: 117-29.
Gurdon, Eveline Camilla. 1893. Suffolk. [London]: Published for the Folklore Society by D. Nutt.
Gutch, Eliza, and Mabel Geraldine Woodruffe Peacock. 1908. Examples of Printed Folk-Lore Concerning Lincolnshire. London: Published for the Folklore Society by D. Nutt.
Hadow, Grace E., and Ruth Anderson. 1924. “Scraps of English Folklore, IX. (Suffolk).” Folklore 35: 346-60.
Hardy, Thomas. 1997. Far from the Maddening Crowd. Seattle: World Wide School.
Harland, John. 1873. Lancashire Legends, Traditions, Pageants, Sports, etc., with an Appendix Containing a Rare Tract on the Lancashire Witches, &c. &c. London: G. Routledge & Sons.
Hartland, M. E. 1913. “Breconshire Village Folklore.” Folklore 24: 505-17.
Hayward, L. H. 1938. “Shropshire Folklore of Yesterday and To-Day.” Folklore 49: 223-43.
Henderson, William. 1879. Notes on the Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders. London: W. Stachell Peyton & Co.
Hockin, Frederick. 1882. “Notes.” The Folk-Lore Record 5: 147-78.
Hone, William. 1967. The Year Book of Daily Recreation and Information; Concerning Remarkable Men and Manners, Times and Seasons, Solemnities and Merry-Makings, Antiquities and Novelties, on the Plan of the Everyday Book and Table Book. Detroit: Gale Research Co.
Hunt, Robert. 1871. Popular Romances of the West of England: or, The Drolls, Traditions, and Superstitions of Old Cornwall. 2nd ed. London: J. C. Hotten.
Jackson, Georgina F., and Charlotte S. Burne. 1883. Shropshire Folk-Lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings. London: Trübner & Co.
Kilvert, Robert Francis, and William Plomer. 1960. Kilvert’s Diary, 1870–1879; Selections from the Diary of the Rev. Francis Kilvert, 1 January, 1870–19 August, 1871. 3 vols. London: Cape.
Kingsbury, J. B. 1950. “The Last Witch of England.” Folklore 61: 134-45.
Kirk, Robert, and Andrew Lang. 1893. The Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns & Fairies. A Study in Folk-lore & Psychical Research. London: D. Nutt.
Latham, Charlotte. 1878. “Some West Sussex Superstitions Lingering in 1868.” Folklore Record 1: 1-67.
Lean, Vincent Stuckey, Julia Lucy Woodward, and T. W. Williams. 1902. Lean’s Collectanea. 2 vols. Bristol: J. W. Arrowsmith.
Leather, Ella Mary. 1912. The Folk-Lore of Herefordshire. Hereford: Jakeman & Carver.
Malley, Brian. 2004. How the Bible Works: An Anthropological Study of Evangelical Biblicism. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
“Manx Folk-Lore and Superstitions.” 1891. Folklore 2: 284-313.
Maple, Eric. 1965. “Witchcraft and Magic in the Rochford Hundred.” Folklore 76: 213-24.
March, H. Colley. 1899. “Dorset Folklore Collected in 1897.” Folklore 10: 478-89.
Miscellanies, Upon the Following Subjects. I. Day-Fatality. II. Local-Fatality. … XXII. The Discovery of Two Murders by an Apparition. Collected by John Aubrey. 1721. 2nd ed. with large additions. London: Printed for A. Bettesworth and J. Battley J. Pemberton and E. Curll.
Morgan, W. E. T. 1895. “Charms.” Folklore 6: 202-204.
Moss, Fletcher. 1898. Folk-Lore, Old Customs and Tales of My Neighbours. Published by the author from his home the Old parsonage, Didsbury; and from his room in the Spread Eagle hotel, Hanging Ditch.
Naipaul, V. S. 1961. A House for Mr. Biswas. London: A. Deutsch.
Napier, James. 1879. Folklore, or, Superstitious Beliefs in the West of Scotland Within This Century. Paisely: Alex Gardner.
Newall, Venetia. 1978. “Some Examples of the Practice of Obeah by West Indian Immigrants in London.” Folklore 89: 29-51.
Newman, L. F. 1946. “Some Notes on the History and Practice of Witchcraft in the Eastern Counties.” Folklore 57: 12-33.
Northall, G. F. 1892. English Folk-Rhymes: A Collection of Traditional Verses Relating to Places and Persons, Customs, Superstitions, etc. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner.
“Notes and Queries.” 1883. The Folk-Lore Journal 1: 330-35.
“Notes and Queries.” 1884. The Folk-Lore Journal 2: 377-82.
“Notes and Queries.” 1887. The Folk-Lore Journal 5: 71-75.
“Old Charms.” 1850. Notes and Queries (first serial) 1: 293-94.
Opie, Iona Archibald, and Moira Tatem, eds. 1989. A Dictionary of Superstitions. New York: Oxford University Press. Available through Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press: http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/BOOK%5FSEARCH.html?book=t72&subject=s17.
Opie, Peter. 1963. “The Tentacles of Tradition.” Folklore 74: 507-26.
“Orkney Charms.” 1854. Notes and Queries 10(255): 220-21.
Owen, Elias. 1896. Welsh Folk-Lore: A Collection of the Folk-Tales and Legends of North Wales; Being the Prize Essay of the National Eisteddfod, 1887. Oswestry and Wrexham: Woodall.
Ozanne, Christine, and F. Carey. 1915. “Notes on Guernsey Folklore.” Folklore 26: 195-202.
Parker, Angelina. 1913. “Oxfordshire Village Folklore (1840–1900).” Folklore 24: 74-91.
Paton, C. I. 1940. “Manx Calendar Customs.” Folklore 51: 43-63, 90-96, 179-94, 277-94.
———. 1941. “Manx Calendar Customs.” Folklore 52: 35-69, 120-35, 184-97, 254-71.
Peacock, Edward. 1889. “Notes and Queries.” The Folk-Lore Journal 7: 313-22. The Physicians of Myddvai; Meddygon Myddfai. 1861. Llandovery: D. J. Roderic.
Read, D. H. Moutray. 1911. “Hampshire Folklore.” Folklore 22: 292-329.
Rhys, John. 1901. Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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Published
2008-03-14
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
Malley, B. (2008). The Bible in British Folklore. Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts, 2(2-3), 241-272. https://doi.org/10.1558/post.v2i2.241
