A listener’s stance-taking in mediation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1558/mtp.33373Keywords:
eyebrow flashing, embodied stance-taking, conflict resolution, body language, acrimonious communicationAbstract
This article analyses a highly acrimonious conflict mediation session between a previous romantic couple in order to illustrate how one listening disputant’s embodied stances influence the trajectory of another disputant’s unfolding narrative. For example, even without speaking, the listener’s facial expression and postures serve to refuse the other speaker’s participant framework. In order to unpack the complexity of this interaction, we drew on both conversation analytic and dialogic notions of stance. We found that to analyse embodied stances in our data requires an understanding of both the local sequential analysis of the unfolding orientations of the participants as embodied stances are being deployed, as well as the larger interactional patterns that occur across the entire mediation session. This case study illustrates the challenge, to mediators and researchers alike, posed by unequal access to the disputant’s shared background knowledge.
References
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Clark, H. H. (1996) Using Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clayman, S. E. (1988) Displaying neutrality in television news interviews. Social Problems 35(4): 474–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/800598
Clayman, S. E. (1992) Footing in the achievement of neutrality: The case of news interview discourse. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds) Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings 163–98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clayman, S. E. (1993) Reformulating the question: A device for answering/not answering questions in news interviews and press conferences. Text 13(2):159–88. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1993.13.2.159
Clayman, S. E. and Heritage, J. (2002) The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on the Air. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cobb, S. and Rifkin, J. (1991) Practice and paradox: deconstructing neutrality in mediation. Law and Social Inquiry 16(1): 35–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1991.tb00283.x
Conley, J. M. and O’Barr, W. M. (1998) Just Words: Law, Language, and Power. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Douglas, S. (2008) Neutrality in mediation: a study of mediator perceptions. Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 8(1): 139–57. Retrieved from www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/QUTLJJ/2008/7.html.
Drew, P. and Heritage, J. (1992) Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Du Bois, J. W. (2007) The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson (ed.) Stance-taking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction 139–82. Amsterdam; John Benjamins.
Du Bois, J.W. and Karkkainen, E. (2012) Taking a stance on emotion: affect, sequence, and intersubjectivity in dialogic interaction. Text and Talk 32(4): 433–51. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2012-0021
Englebretson, R. (2007) Stance-taking in discourse. In R. Englebretson (ed.) Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction 1–25. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Garcia, A. C. (1991) Dispute resolution without disputing: how the interactional organization of mediation hearings minimizes argument. American Sociological Review 56(6): 818–35. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096258
Garcia, A. C. (1996) Moral reasoning in interactional context: strategic uses of care and justice arguments in mediation hearings. Sociological Inquiry 66(2): 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1996.tb00217.x
Garcia, A. C. (2010) The role of interactional competence in mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 28(2): 205–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.20020
Garcia, A. C., Vise, K. and Whitaker, P. S. (2002) Disputing neutrality: a case study of a bias complaint during mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20(2): 205–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.20
Glenn, P. (2010) A mediator’s dilemma: acknowledging or disregarding stance displays. Negotiation Journal 26(2): 155–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2010.00263.x
Glenn, P. and Kuttner, R. (2013) Dialogue, dispute resolution, and talk-in-interaction: on empirical studies of ephemeral phenomena. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 6(1): 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12001
Goodwin, C. (1984) Notes on story structure and the organization of participation. In J. M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis 225–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, C. (2007) Participation, stance and affect in the organization of activities. Discourse and Society 18(1): 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926507069457
Goodwin, M. H. (1980) Processes of mutual monitoring implicated in the production of description sequences. Sociological Inquiry 50(3–4): 303–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00024.x
Goodwin, M. H. (1983) Aggravated correction and disagreement in children’s conversations. Journal of Pragmatics 7(6): 657–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(83)90089-9
Goodwin, M. H. (1991) He-Said-She-Said: Talk as Social Organization among Black Children. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Goodwin, M. H. and Goodwin, C. (1986) Gesture and coparticipation in the activity of searching for a word. Semiotica 62(1/2): 51–75. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1986.62.1-2.51
Goodwin, M. H. and Goodwin, C. (2004) Participation. In A. Duranti (ed.) A Companion to linguistic Anthropology 222–43. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Greatbatch, D. (1988) A turn-taking system for British news interviews. Language in Society 17: 401–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500012963
Greatbatch, D. and Dingwall, R. (1989) Selective facilitation: some preliminary observations on a strategy used by divorce mediators. Law and Society Review 23(4): 613–41. https://doi:10.2307/3053850https://doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.1990.tb01230.x
Greatbatch, D. and Dingwall, R. (1994) The interactive construction of interventions by mediators. In J. Folger and T. Jones (eds) New Directions in Mediation: Communication Research and Perspectives 84–109. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage:
Greatbatch, D. and Dingwall, R. (1999a) Professional neutralism in family mediation. In S. Sarangi and C. Roberts (eds) Talk, Work and Institutional Order: Discourse in Medical, Mediation and Management Settings 271–92. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Greatbatch, D. and Dingwall, R. (1999b) The marginalization of domestic violence in divorce mediation. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 13(2): 174–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/13.2.174
Haddington, P. (2004) Stance taking in news interviews. Sky Journal of Linguistics 17: 101–42.
Heath, C. (1992) Gesture’s discreet tasks: multiple relevancies in visual conduct and in the contextualisation of language. In P. Auer and A. di Luzio (eds) The Contextualisation of Language 101–128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Heisterkamp, B. L. (2006) Conversational displays of mediator neutrality in a courtbased program. Journal of Pragmatics 38(12): 2051–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.03.005
Heritage, J. (1984) Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Heritage, J. (1985) Analysing news interviews: aspects of the production of talk for overhearing audience. In T.A. van Dijk (ed.) Handbook of Discourse Analysis: Volume 3 95–119. London: Academic Press.
Iwasaki, S. (2015) Collaboratively organized stance-taking in Japanese: sharing and negotiating stance within the turn constructional unit. Journal of Pragmatics 83(1): 104–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.04.007
Jacobs, S. and Aakhus, M. (2002) What mediators do with words: implementing three models of rational discussion in dispute mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20(2): 177–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.19
Jacobs, S., Jackson, S., Stearns, S. and Hall, B. (1991) Digressions in argumentative discourse: multiple goals, standing concerns and implicatures. In K. Tracy (ed.) Understanding Face-to-Face Interaction: Issues Linking Goals and Discourse 43–61. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis.
Jaffe, A. (2009) Introduction: the sociolinguistics of stance. In A. Jaffe (ed.) Stance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives 1–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jefferson, G. (2004) Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. H. Lerner (ed.), Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation 13–23. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Jenks, C., Firth, J. and Trinder, L. (2012) When disputants dispute: interactional aspects of arguments in family mediation sessions. Text and Talk 32(3): 307–27. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2012-0015
Karkkainen, E. (2006) Stance taking in conversation: from subjectivity to intersubjectivity. Text and Talk 26(6): 699–731. https://doi.org/10.1515/TEXT.2006.029
Kaukomaa, T., Perakyla, A. and Ruusuvuori, J. (2013) Turn-opening smiles: facial expression constructing emotional transition in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 55: 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.05.006
Kaukomaa, T., Perakyla, A. and Ruusuvuori, J. (2014) Foreshadowing a problem: turn-opening frowns in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 71: 132–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.08.002
Matoesian, G. (2005) Struck by speech revisited: embodied stance in jurisdictional discourse. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9(2): 167–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00289.x
Mittelberg, I. (2007) Methodology for multimodality: one way of working with speech and gesture data. In M. Gonzalez- Marquez, I. Mittelberg, S. Coulson and M. J. Spivey (eds) Methods in Cognitive Linguistics 225–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mondada, L. (2012) Video analysis and temporality of inscriptions within social interaction: the case of architects at work. Qualitative Research 12(3): 304–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112438149
Moore, C. W. (2003) The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Nir, B., Maschler, Y. and Dori-Hacohen, G. (2014) Formulations on Israeli political talk radio: from actions and sequences to stance via dialogic resonance. Discourse Studies 16(4): 534–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445613519525
Perakyla, A. and Ruusuvuori, J. (2006) Facial expression in an assessment. In H. Knoblauch, B. Schnettler, J. Raab and H. G. Soeffner (eds) Video-Analysis: Methodology and Methods 127–42. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Rendle-Short, J. (2011) Address terms in the Australian political news interview. In M. Ekstrom and M. Patrona (eds) Talking Politics in Broadcast Media: Crosscultural Perspectives on Political Interviewing Journalism and Accountability 92–111. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ruusuvuori, J. and Perakyla, A. (2009) Facial and verbal expression in assessing stories and topics. Research on Language and Social Interaction 42(4): 377–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810903296499
Schegloff, A. E. (1987) Analyzing single episodes of interaction: an exercise in conversation analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly 50(2): 101–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786745
Schegloff, A. E. (1996) Turn organization: one intersection of grammar and interaction. In E. Ochs, A. E. Schegloff and S. Thompson (eds) Interaction and Grammar 52–133. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, A. E. (1998) Body torque. Social Research 65(3): 535–96.
Schegloff, A. E. (2007) Sequence Organization in Interaction, Volume 1: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Starr, A. and Page, N. (2005) Dealing with nonverbal cues: a key to mediator effectiveness. Retrieved on 2 November 2017 from www.mediate.com/articles/starrpage1.cfm#comments.
Stewart, K. A. and Maxwell, M. M. (2010) Storied Conflict Talk: Narrative Construction in Mediation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Stivers, T. (2008) Stance, alignment, and affiliation during storytelling: when nodding is a token of affiliation. Research on Language and Social Interaction 41(1): 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810701691123
Stivers, T., Mondada, L. and Steensig, J. (2011) Knowledge, morality and affiliation in social interaction. In T. Stivers, L. Mondada and J. Steensig (eds) The Morality of Knowledge in Conversation 3–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stokoe, E. (2013) Overcoming barriers to mediation in intake calls to services: research based strategies for mediators. Negotiation Journal 29(3): 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12026
Streeck, J. (2007) On projection. In E. N. Goody (eds) Social Intelligence and Interaction 87–110. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Streeck, J. and Hartge, U. (1992) Previews: Gestures at the transition place. In P. Auer and A. di Luzio (eds) The Contextualisation of Language 135–57. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Tracy, K. and Spradlin, A. (1994) Talking like a mediator: conversational moves of experienced divorce mediators. In J. Folger and T. Jones (eds) New Directions in Mediation 110–132. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Vasilyeva, A. L. (2012a) Topics as indication of being on-task/off-task in dispute mediation. Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication 3(1): 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1386/ejpc.3.1.61_1
Vasilyeva, A. L. (2012b) Argumentation in the context of mediation activity. Journal of Argumentation in Context 1(2): 209–33. https://doi.org/10.1075/jaic.1.2.04vas
Chovil, N. (1991) Discourse?oriented facial displays in conversation. Research on Language and Social Interaction 25: 163–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351819109389361
Clark, H. H. (1996) Using Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clayman, S. E. (1988) Displaying neutrality in television news interviews. Social Problems 35(4): 474–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/800598
Clayman, S. E. (1992) Footing in the achievement of neutrality: The case of news interview discourse. In P. Drew and J. Heritage (eds) Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings 163–98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clayman, S. E. (1993) Reformulating the question: A device for answering/not answering questions in news interviews and press conferences. Text 13(2):159–88. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1993.13.2.159
Clayman, S. E. and Heritage, J. (2002) The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on the Air. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cobb, S. and Rifkin, J. (1991) Practice and paradox: deconstructing neutrality in mediation. Law and Social Inquiry 16(1): 35–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1991.tb00283.x
Conley, J. M. and O’Barr, W. M. (1998) Just Words: Law, Language, and Power. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Douglas, S. (2008) Neutrality in mediation: a study of mediator perceptions. Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 8(1): 139–57. Retrieved from www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/QUTLJJ/2008/7.html.
Drew, P. and Heritage, J. (1992) Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Du Bois, J. W. (2007) The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson (ed.) Stance-taking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction 139–82. Amsterdam; John Benjamins.
Du Bois, J.W. and Karkkainen, E. (2012) Taking a stance on emotion: affect, sequence, and intersubjectivity in dialogic interaction. Text and Talk 32(4): 433–51. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2012-0021
Englebretson, R. (2007) Stance-taking in discourse. In R. Englebretson (ed.) Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction 1–25. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Garcia, A. C. (1991) Dispute resolution without disputing: how the interactional organization of mediation hearings minimizes argument. American Sociological Review 56(6): 818–35. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096258
Garcia, A. C. (1996) Moral reasoning in interactional context: strategic uses of care and justice arguments in mediation hearings. Sociological Inquiry 66(2): 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1996.tb00217.x
Garcia, A. C. (2010) The role of interactional competence in mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 28(2): 205–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.20020
Garcia, A. C., Vise, K. and Whitaker, P. S. (2002) Disputing neutrality: a case study of a bias complaint during mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20(2): 205–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.20
Glenn, P. (2010) A mediator’s dilemma: acknowledging or disregarding stance displays. Negotiation Journal 26(2): 155–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2010.00263.x
Glenn, P. and Kuttner, R. (2013) Dialogue, dispute resolution, and talk-in-interaction: on empirical studies of ephemeral phenomena. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research 6(1): 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12001
Goodwin, C. (1984) Notes on story structure and the organization of participation. In J. M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis 225–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, C. (2007) Participation, stance and affect in the organization of activities. Discourse and Society 18(1): 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926507069457
Goodwin, M. H. (1980) Processes of mutual monitoring implicated in the production of description sequences. Sociological Inquiry 50(3–4): 303–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00024.x
Goodwin, M. H. (1983) Aggravated correction and disagreement in children’s conversations. Journal of Pragmatics 7(6): 657–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(83)90089-9
Goodwin, M. H. (1991) He-Said-She-Said: Talk as Social Organization among Black Children. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Goodwin, M. H. and Goodwin, C. (1986) Gesture and coparticipation in the activity of searching for a word. Semiotica 62(1/2): 51–75. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1986.62.1-2.51
Goodwin, M. H. and Goodwin, C. (2004) Participation. In A. Duranti (ed.) A Companion to linguistic Anthropology 222–43. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Greatbatch, D. (1988) A turn-taking system for British news interviews. Language in Society 17: 401–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500012963
Greatbatch, D. and Dingwall, R. (1989) Selective facilitation: some preliminary observations on a strategy used by divorce mediators. Law and Society Review 23(4): 613–41. https://doi:10.2307/3053850https://doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.1990.tb01230.x
Greatbatch, D. and Dingwall, R. (1994) The interactive construction of interventions by mediators. In J. Folger and T. Jones (eds) New Directions in Mediation: Communication Research and Perspectives 84–109. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage:
Greatbatch, D. and Dingwall, R. (1999a) Professional neutralism in family mediation. In S. Sarangi and C. Roberts (eds) Talk, Work and Institutional Order: Discourse in Medical, Mediation and Management Settings 271–92. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Greatbatch, D. and Dingwall, R. (1999b) The marginalization of domestic violence in divorce mediation. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 13(2): 174–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/13.2.174
Haddington, P. (2004) Stance taking in news interviews. Sky Journal of Linguistics 17: 101–42.
Heath, C. (1992) Gesture’s discreet tasks: multiple relevancies in visual conduct and in the contextualisation of language. In P. Auer and A. di Luzio (eds) The Contextualisation of Language 101–128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Heisterkamp, B. L. (2006) Conversational displays of mediator neutrality in a courtbased program. Journal of Pragmatics 38(12): 2051–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2006.03.005
Heritage, J. (1984) Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Heritage, J. (1985) Analysing news interviews: aspects of the production of talk for overhearing audience. In T.A. van Dijk (ed.) Handbook of Discourse Analysis: Volume 3 95–119. London: Academic Press.
Iwasaki, S. (2015) Collaboratively organized stance-taking in Japanese: sharing and negotiating stance within the turn constructional unit. Journal of Pragmatics 83(1): 104–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.04.007
Jacobs, S. and Aakhus, M. (2002) What mediators do with words: implementing three models of rational discussion in dispute mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20(2): 177–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.19
Jacobs, S., Jackson, S., Stearns, S. and Hall, B. (1991) Digressions in argumentative discourse: multiple goals, standing concerns and implicatures. In K. Tracy (ed.) Understanding Face-to-Face Interaction: Issues Linking Goals and Discourse 43–61. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis.
Jaffe, A. (2009) Introduction: the sociolinguistics of stance. In A. Jaffe (ed.) Stance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives 1–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jefferson, G. (2004) Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. H. Lerner (ed.), Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation 13–23. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Jenks, C., Firth, J. and Trinder, L. (2012) When disputants dispute: interactional aspects of arguments in family mediation sessions. Text and Talk 32(3): 307–27. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2012-0015
Karkkainen, E. (2006) Stance taking in conversation: from subjectivity to intersubjectivity. Text and Talk 26(6): 699–731. https://doi.org/10.1515/TEXT.2006.029
Kaukomaa, T., Perakyla, A. and Ruusuvuori, J. (2013) Turn-opening smiles: facial expression constructing emotional transition in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 55: 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.05.006
Kaukomaa, T., Perakyla, A. and Ruusuvuori, J. (2014) Foreshadowing a problem: turn-opening frowns in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 71: 132–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.08.002
Matoesian, G. (2005) Struck by speech revisited: embodied stance in jurisdictional discourse. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9(2): 167–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00289.x
Mittelberg, I. (2007) Methodology for multimodality: one way of working with speech and gesture data. In M. Gonzalez- Marquez, I. Mittelberg, S. Coulson and M. J. Spivey (eds) Methods in Cognitive Linguistics 225–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Mondada, L. (2012) Video analysis and temporality of inscriptions within social interaction: the case of architects at work. Qualitative Research 12(3): 304–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112438149
Moore, C. W. (2003) The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Nir, B., Maschler, Y. and Dori-Hacohen, G. (2014) Formulations on Israeli political talk radio: from actions and sequences to stance via dialogic resonance. Discourse Studies 16(4): 534–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445613519525
Perakyla, A. and Ruusuvuori, J. (2006) Facial expression in an assessment. In H. Knoblauch, B. Schnettler, J. Raab and H. G. Soeffner (eds) Video-Analysis: Methodology and Methods 127–42. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Rendle-Short, J. (2011) Address terms in the Australian political news interview. In M. Ekstrom and M. Patrona (eds) Talking Politics in Broadcast Media: Crosscultural Perspectives on Political Interviewing Journalism and Accountability 92–111. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ruusuvuori, J. and Perakyla, A. (2009) Facial and verbal expression in assessing stories and topics. Research on Language and Social Interaction 42(4): 377–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810903296499
Schegloff, A. E. (1987) Analyzing single episodes of interaction: an exercise in conversation analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly 50(2): 101–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786745
Schegloff, A. E. (1996) Turn organization: one intersection of grammar and interaction. In E. Ochs, A. E. Schegloff and S. Thompson (eds) Interaction and Grammar 52–133. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, A. E. (1998) Body torque. Social Research 65(3): 535–96.
Schegloff, A. E. (2007) Sequence Organization in Interaction, Volume 1: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Starr, A. and Page, N. (2005) Dealing with nonverbal cues: a key to mediator effectiveness. Retrieved on 2 November 2017 from www.mediate.com/articles/starrpage1.cfm#comments.
Stewart, K. A. and Maxwell, M. M. (2010) Storied Conflict Talk: Narrative Construction in Mediation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Stivers, T. (2008) Stance, alignment, and affiliation during storytelling: when nodding is a token of affiliation. Research on Language and Social Interaction 41(1): 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351810701691123
Stivers, T., Mondada, L. and Steensig, J. (2011) Knowledge, morality and affiliation in social interaction. In T. Stivers, L. Mondada and J. Steensig (eds) The Morality of Knowledge in Conversation 3–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stokoe, E. (2013) Overcoming barriers to mediation in intake calls to services: research based strategies for mediators. Negotiation Journal 29(3): 289–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12026
Streeck, J. (2007) On projection. In E. N. Goody (eds) Social Intelligence and Interaction 87–110. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Streeck, J. and Hartge, U. (1992) Previews: Gestures at the transition place. In P. Auer and A. di Luzio (eds) The Contextualisation of Language 135–57. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Tracy, K. and Spradlin, A. (1994) Talking like a mediator: conversational moves of experienced divorce mediators. In J. Folger and T. Jones (eds) New Directions in Mediation 110–132. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Vasilyeva, A. L. (2012a) Topics as indication of being on-task/off-task in dispute mediation. Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication 3(1): 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1386/ejpc.3.1.61_1
Vasilyeva, A. L. (2012b) Argumentation in the context of mediation activity. Journal of Argumentation in Context 1(2): 209–33. https://doi.org/10.1075/jaic.1.2.04vas
Published
2017-12-15
Issue
Section
Research Articles
How to Cite
Ingram, M. B., & Maxwell, M. M. (2017). A listener’s stance-taking in mediation. Mediation Theory and Practice, 2(2), 93-130. https://doi.org/10.1558/mtp.33373
